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CHAPTER - III

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

Scientific problem can be resolved only on the basis of data and a major

responsibility of the scientists is to set up a research design capable of providing

data necessary to the solution of the problems, while the utilities of the research

makes it difficult to say that one aspect is more crucial than other. The collection

of data is of paramount importance in the conduct of research, since obviously no

solution can be more adequate than the data on which it is based. (Mouley, 1964)

Methods and techniques are important pre-requisites of any study. It is

necessary to give the details of gathering the material and a technique followed in

a particular study. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study

the skill efficiency of inter-university male volleyball players in relation to their

strength measures, body composition and anthropometric variables. In addition,

selection of subjects, tools used administration of tests, collection of data,

reliability of data and statistical tools employed have been explained. These

samples were collected from the northern Indian universities. An attempt has been

made to elucidate the method and procedure adopted to determine the strength

measures, skill efficiency, body composition and anthropometric variables for

male volleyball players.

To achieve the objectives of the study, the investigator has to plan the entire

process of the work in terms of research design suited to the study, therefore, the

design of present study is presented systematically under following headings: -

3. DESIGN OF THE STUDY

3.1 Sample of the study: -

It is not possible to collect the data for each and every university volleyball

players of northern India so, the subject for the present study were consisted of 210

male inter-university volleyball players from Northern India age ranging from 18

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to 25 years belonging to Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Himachal, Western U.P., and

Chandigarh states of Northern India having minimum level of participation was

Inter-university.

The purposively sampling technique was utilized to collect the required

data of the subject during the evening and morning session camps before the

North-East Zone Inter-University and All-India University competitions. The

participants were keenly examined and tested.

The data was collected during the period of December, 2006 to January,

2012. The players were contacted in (i) training centers, (ii) coaching camps held

prior to participation in north-east zone inter-university championship and (iii)

coaching camps held prior to participation in all-India inter-university

championship. The data collected by the investigator from the various places:

(I) University inter-university volleyball camps.

(II) M.D. University inter-university volleyball camps.

(III) C.D.L. University inter-university volleyball camp.

(IV) Punjabi University, Patiala inter-university volleyball camps and during North-

East Zone inter-university volleyball competition.

(V) Delhi university inter-university volleyball camps and during North-East Zone

inter-university volleyball competition.

(VI) G.N.D. university, Amritsar inter-university camps and during North-East

Zone inter-university volleyball competition.

(VII) Punjab university, Chandigarh inter-university camps and during North-East

Zone inter-university volleyball competition.

(VIII) G.A.D.V.A.S. University, during North-East Zone inter-university competition.

(IX) P.T. University, Jalandher during North-East Zone inter-university volleyball

competition.

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(X) C.C.S. University, Meerut inter-university camp and during North-East Zone

inter-university volleyball competition.

(XI) Berali University, Berali inter-university camp and during North-East Zone

inter-university volleyball competition.

3.2 Selection of Variables:

Discussing with the experts in the field, reviewing the literature and

considering the feasibility especially from the point of view of availability of

equipment and time factor the following anthropometric variables and strength

measures were selected for the study.

Volleyball Skill Efficiency Test Variables: -

Helmen Volleyball Test (1971-73) was used to measure the skills of

Volleyball game. The battery of test was as follows:

1. Helmen Volleyball test Item Number I - Face Pass (Overhead Volley Test)

skill test of volleyball.

2. Helmen Volleyball test Item Number II - Forearm Pass (Bump-to-Self Test)

skill test of volleyball.

3. Helmen Volleyball test Item Number III - Wall Spike Test of volleyball.

Strength Measures: -

1. Explosive Arm Strength.

2. Explosive Leg Strength.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

Body Weight

Linear Measurements: -

1. Height 2. Sitting height

3. Trunk Length 4. Total Arm Length

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5. Upper Arm Length 6. Fore Arm Length

7. Hand Length 8. Hand Breadth

9. Leg Length 10. Thigh Length

11. Lower Leg Length 12. Foot Length

Bone Diameters: -

1. Wrist Diameter 2. Elbow Diameter

3. Shoulder Diameter 4. Hip Diameter

5. Knee Diameter 6. Ankle Diameter

Body Circumferences (Girths): -

1. Shoulder girth 2. Upper Arm girth

3. Chest girth 4. Abdomen girth

5. Hip girth 6. Thigh girth

7. Calf girth

Skin fold Measurements: -

1. Biceps skin fold 2. Triceps skin fold

3. Sub Scapular skin fold 4. Supra iliac skin fold

5. Thigh skin fold 6. Calf skin fold

Body Composition Variables: -

1. Body density 2. Fat Percentage

3. Fat Weight 4. Lean Body Mass

3.3 Tools used: -

The following tools were used on the subjects to collect the data: -

(i) Three Volleyball skill test.

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Helmen Volleyball Test (1971-73) consisting of three test items-

Face Pass (Overhead Volley Test) skill efficiency test of volleyball players,

Forearm Pass (Bump-to-Self Test) skill efficiency test of volleyball players and

Wall Spike Test of volleyball players were used to measure the skill efficiency of

volleyball players, with the help of the qualified volleyball coaches and experts.

(ii) Strength Measures: -

The following tools were used to collect the required data of strength

measures: -

Explosive Arm Strength

Explosive Leg Strength

Wall, marking pen, measuring tape, medicine ball and white powder were used.

(iii) For measuring the height and weight, the anthropometric rod and portable lever

actuated weighing machine were used.

(iv) A flexible steel tape was used to measure the circumferences.

(v) Diameters were taken with the help of Vernier Caliper and anthropometric

compass.

(vi) The Skin fold Calipers was used to measure the skin fold.

Prior to the administration of tests, a meeting of the subjects was held in

presence of the volleyball coaches, lecturers of physical education and experts. The

requirements of the testing procedure were explained to them in detail. All the

subjects and other officials agreed voluntarily to co-operate in testing procedure.

The subjects were very enthusiastic and co-operative throughout the project.

3.4 Reliability of measurements:-

Reliability of data: -

The reliability of data was ensured by establishing the instruments

reliability.

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Instrument Reliability: -

Measuring steel tape, skin fold calipers, vernier calipers, anthropometric

rod and stop watches used in the study were obtained from standard firm, and most

of the instruments were available in the research laboratory of Department of

Physical Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. Their calibrations were

observed and accepted as accurate enough for the purpose of the study.

Reliability of Measurements: -

To ensure that the investigator was well versed in the technique of

conducting the tests, he had a number of practice sessions in the testing procedure

under the guidance of the expert Dr. M. S. Chauhan, (Prof.) Department of

Physical Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. The performance of the

20 subjects selected at random on the selected variables taken. Reliability of the

data was ensured through test and retest method. The test for strength measures,

skill efficiency and anthropometric measurements for different sites i.e. linear,

circumferences, diameters and skin folds were taken and recorded. On the

proceeding day, same measurements were taken on the same subjects and under

the similar conditions. Then the co-efficient of correlation by Pearson’s Product

moment method was calculated which provided the reliability as shown in the

following tables-

Table-3.1 Reliability of volleyball Skill Efficiency Test:

Sr.No. Variables correlated Co-efficient of correlation

1. Face Pass (Overhead Volley Test) skill

efficiency test of volleyball players

.96*

2. Fore Arm Pass (Bump-to-Self Test) skill

efficiency test of volleyball players

.98*

3. Wall Spike Test of volleyball players .88*

N =20 Significant at .01 level r . 01 (18) = .561

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Table-3.2 Reliability of Strength Measures Test (N=20)

Sr. No. Variables correlated Co-efficient of correlation

4. Arm Strength .97*

5. Leg Strength .95*

N =20 Significant at .01 level r . 01 (18) = .561

Table: 3.3 Reliability of Anthropometric Variables (N=20, df. =18)

N =20 Significant at .01 level r . 01 (18) = .561

Sr.

No.

Variables correlated Co-efficient of correlation

6. Weight .99*

7. Height .98*

8. Sitting height .95*

9. Trunk Length .97*

10. Arm Length .96*

11. Upper Arm Length .96*

12. Fore Arm Length .96*

13. Hand Length .98*

14. Hand Breadth .96*

15. Leg Length .95*

16. Thigh Length .97*

17. Lower Leg Length .95*

18. Foot Length .96*

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Table: - 3.4 Reliability of body diameters. (N= 20)

Sr.No. Variables correlated Co-efficient of correlation

19. Wrist diameter .93*

20. Elbow diameter .94*

21. Shoulder diameter .92*

22. Hip diameter .96*

23. Knee diameter .96*

24. Ankle diameter .97*

N =20 Significant at .01 level r . 01 (18) = .561

Table: -3.5 Reliability of body Circumferences.

Sr.No. Variables correlated Co-efficient of correlation

25. Shoulder .91*

26. Upper arm .93*

27. Chest .95*

28. Abdomen .96*

29. Hip .96*

30. Thigh .93*

31. Calf .94*

N =20 Significant at .01 level r . 01 (18) = .561

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Table: -3.6 Reliability of body Skin fold Measurements (N=20, df =18)

Sr.No. Variables correlated Co-efficient of correlation

32. Biceps skin fold .96*

33. Triceps skin fold .97*

34. Sub Scapular skin fold .94*

35. Supra iliac skin fold .85*

36. Thigh skin fold .88*

37. Calf skin fold .85*

N= 20 Significant at .01 level r . 01 (18) = .561

Subjects Reliability: -

The above test-retest co-efficient of correlation method also established that

subject reliability was significant at 0.01 level of confidence as the same subjects

were used under similar conditions by the same tester and no motivational device

was used nor any training was given.

3.5 Administration of Tests and Collection of Data: -

(i). Administrating the tests for the chosen Skill Efficiency, Strength measures and

Anthropometric variables on data collection. All the tests were administrated at

the inter-university level volleyball players covered under delimitation area of

the study.

(ii). Technique and landmarks used for taking Skill efficiency of volleyball players,

strength measures and Anthropometric measurements.

(iii). All the Anthropometric measurements were taken on the right side of the

individual according to standard technique described by Weiner and Lourie

(1969). The necessary anatomical landmarks and the sites for skin folds were

marked with a sketch pen. The body weight was recorded to the nearest of half

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a kilograms and all other measurements were recorded to the nearest of a

centimeter/millimeter.

(iv). Helmen Volleyball Test (1971-73) i.e., Face Pass (Overhead Volley Test), Fore

Arm Pass (Bump to Self Test) and Wall Spike Test of volleyball players were

used to measure the skill efficiency of volleyball players.

(v). For the strength measures, the battery and land marking measures were used

original.

(vi). At the beginning of the collection of the data, the researcher gathered all the

subjects to explain them the purpose of the present investigation and

demonstrated before them the various activities. The researcher had to take

help of his friends, physical education lecturers and physical education students

to work properly and to collect data and to help the researcher time to time.

(vii). An assistant was also trained for recording the data which was well versed with

the chosen Anthropometric measurements. He accompanied the investigator to

all places in connection with collection of data. Standard equipment was used

to collect the data. Necessary instructions and demonstrations were given to the

subjects before the conduct of the test.

Test Administration:

Helmen Volleyball Test (1971-73) consisting of three test items- Face Pass

(Overhead Volley Test) skill test, Forearm Pass (Bump-to-Self Test) skill test,

Wall Spike test for volleyball players.

Purpose:- A measure of volleyball skills necessary in the modern power

volleyball game.

Evaluation:- The responses of 31 volleyball experts indicated that the forearm

pass, the face pass and the spike were the 3 most important skills to be tested.

Consequently, Helmen developed tests for these 3 skills crucial to power

volleyball. Seventy-six college women who were enrolled in volleyball classes

served as subjects. Four pilot studies were used to establish the face validity of

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the items. The final battery selected from the experimental tests included the face

pass test, forearm pass and wall spike test. Three experienced volleyball players

rated the 76 students on their general playing ability using a nine point rating scale.

Helmen reported a sufficient degree of consistency among the ratings of three

judges to consider their scores as criterion measures. The test-retest method was

used to estimate reliability. Helmen also reported that height was not a significant

factor in the performance of either the three separate test items or the total battery.

In addition she found low correlations between both the test items and the battery

with general motor ability scores indicating the specificity of the skills to

volleyball.

Item Reliability

Test-Retest

Validity

Judges Ratings

Face pass (Total of two trials) .76 .69

Forearm pass (Total of two trials) .76 .50

Wall Spike (Total of three trials) .66 .56

Battery (Total of three trials) .84 .73

Level and Sex:- Helmen suggested that further study needs to be done on different

age groups and with men players. Modifications in wall and floor markings and the

length and the number of trials could be determined. The essential ideas of the test

items, however, seem to be universally appropriate to all who play volleyball.

Administrative Considerations:- The three items can be given by the station

method using four wall areas of a gymnasium. Each area is 15 feet wide. On 2 of

the items, the restraining line is 15 feet, and it is 13 feet on the third item. The

restraining lines could be indicated on the floor using different colors for each line.

Two items use a line on the wall 12 feet high. This line can be disregarded for the

third item (Fig. 3.1 & 3.2). Similarity of the testing area and limited number of

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lines to make add to the administrative efficiency of the tests. Score recorders were

positioned at each testing station. One central timer was provided to give the

“Ready, Go” command and to stop the trial with a whistle.

Equipment:- Tape for marking lines, Tape measure, stop watch, one ball per area,

score sheets, pens and one hard cover file for each area.

Item Number I

Face Pass (Overhead Volley Test):

Purpose:- To test the players ability to set pass and control the ball with the

fingers pads of both hands.

Personnel:- One tester.

Equipments:- Volleyball, Marking powder, Stop watch score cards or recording

sheets, and pencils.

Procedure:- The player with volleyball in hand stood facing the ball. On signal

‘Go’ the subject tossed the ball up volleys the above the head with two hands with

finger tips controlled and with a full extension of the arms. Each time that control

was lost, the subject recovered his ball with the count restarting at zero.

Rules:- If the ball hits the wall or below the twelve feet height or both of the

subjects feet were out of area the volleyball was disallow.

Scoring:- (i) Two non-consecutive 30 seconds trials were given to each subject.

(ii) The score for a trial was the highest no. of consecutive volleys.

(iii)The score for the test was the total of two trials.

(iii) Number II

Fore Arm Pass (Bump To Self Test):

Purpose:- To test the subjects ability to control the ball with correct underhand

pass and the fore arm pass.

Personnel:- One tester.

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Equipments:- Volleyball, Marking powder, stopwatch score cards or recording

sheets, and pencils.

Procedure:- The subject with volleyball in hand stood facing the wall. On signal

‘go’ the subject tossed the ball up and executed the forearm pass by joining both

hand sands receiving the ball on the forearms for the best control.

Rules:- (i) Two non-consecutive 30 seconds trials were given to each subject.

(ii) The score for the test was the total of two trials.

Marking for Helmen Overhead Volley Test and Bump to Self Test. Item

Item Number III

Wall Spike Test:-

15’

Figure (3.1)

Target Marking

for Overhead

Volley Test

(Face Pass)

and Bump to

Self Test

(Forearm Pass)

Floor

Wall Floor

12’

15’

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Purpose:- To measure the subject’s ability to hit the ball repeatedly with

controlled power and accuracy against the wall.

Personnel:- One tester.

Equipment:- Volleyball, Marking powder, stopwatch score cards or recording

sheets, and pencils.

Procedure:- The subjects with volleyball in hand stood behind the 13-foot

restarting line. The ball was started with a toss to self. The subject spiked in the

ball, hit the floor and after making contact with the wall, rebounds directly to the

players. The student repeated the action each time the ball returns, if control lost,

the ball was restarted, and the spikes were added to the score.

Rules:- The spiking hand was open and the ball was contacted from a height above

the shoulder.

Scoring:- (i) Three non-consecutive 20-second trials were administered.

(ii) The total number of times the ball legally hits the wall during each trial was

totaled for the final score.

250c m

13’

Wall

Floo

r

Figure-3.2 Target

markings for the

Measurement of

Wall Spike Test

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Explosive Arm Strength:-

The purpose of the test was “to measure arm and shoulder girdle strength

primarily and power, agility arm and shoulder girdle co-ordination, speed and

balance secondarily.”

6lbs medicine ball was used for administrating the test. Before starting the

test, the subjects are to be given the following instructions. Medicine ball is not to

be thrown but to put. The subject is to stand between the two restraining lines and

the ball is to be put straight down the course. Each subject is to take three trails:

fouls count a trail. However, in three continuous or more fouls the subject will be

asked to attempt until he makes a fair put. After giving above instructions, the

event is explained by giving a live demonstration. Then the subject was asked to

take a position in the throwing area and put the medicine ball as explained and

demonstrated. Three trails were given to each subject.

Scoring:- The maximum distance out of three trials of putting the medicine ball,

the best effort was recorded as a score up to the nearest centimeter.

Explosive Leg Strength:-

The legs power of the subjects was measured by the Sergent jump/

vertical jump.

Equipments:- A smooth and plain wall be painted black or black board of 4.5 X 2

feet painted with green and red lines (parallel to the ground), one inch apart (green

lines) and one feet apart (red lines) respectively for use in this test.

Test Administration:- In the beginning a demonstration of the vertical jump, the

subject was asked to stand erect facing the wall. His dominant hand’s fingertips

were marked with chalk powder and the subject is asked to raise the marked finger

tips to a maximum height on the wall without lifting the heels so as to marks his

maximum rich point. The finger tips were re -chalked. With the chalked hand side

towards the wall, a vertical jump was performed by the subject to make another

mark at the maximal height of the jump. The subject was not allowed to run or

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hop. However, the subject was properly instructed to take a good jump by bending

the knees and swinging the arms. The subjects were given 3 to 5 trials at his will

and the best performance was considered.

Scoring:- The maximum distance between the reaching height and the jumping

height provides the score of the test.

Body weight:-

The body weight has been taken on a portable machine to the accuracy of

500 gms. The pointer of balance is set at zero and individual is asked to stand in

the center of the plate form of machine with minimum clothing i.e. (short only).

The reading is recorded from the dial.

Height:-

It is the vertical distance from vertex to the horizontal floor. The subject

was made to stand erect with both heels touching each other and the toes about 300

apart, with hips and upper scapular part touching the wall while stretching upward

and looking forward in F.H. plane. Anthropometer rod was held vertically in front

of the subject in mid sagittal plane. The horizontal moveable arm was brought

down to the point vertex.

Sitting Height:-

It is the vertical distance from vertex to the sitting plane. The subject was

made to sit on a table with his back stretched keeping the head in F.H. plane, with

the thighs resting completely on the tabletop and the legs hanging freely. The

anthropometer rod was held vertically towards the back of the subject in mid

sagital plane. The horizontal moveable arm was brought down to the point vertex.

Trunk Length:-

It is straight distance between anterior superior boarders of the manubrium

sternum to the sitting plane. The subject was asked to sit erect on a table with his

feet unsupported and the hands resting on the thighs. The head was oriented in the

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F.H. plane, gentle upward traction was erected on the mastoid region and the

distance between the anterior superior boarders of manubrium sternum and the

sitting plane was recorded with the anthropometer rod up to one tenth of a

centimeter.

Total Arm Length:-

It is the distance between acromion point and dectylion point. The subject

was asked to stand in a comfortable position. One end of the anthropometer was

fixed at an acromion point and the anthropometer was adjusted up to dectylion

point. The reading was recorded up to nearest 1/10 centimeter.

Upper Arm Length:-

It is the straight distance between acromion point to the mid olecranon

point on the back of the elbow. The subject was asked to stand in an erect position

with hands hanging sideways. One end of the anthropometer was fixed at the

olecranon point and the other was adjusted on the acromion point and the reading

was recorded up to 1/10 of a centimeter.

Fore Arm Length: -

It is the straight distance between the point’s radial and stylion, measured

with the anthropometric upper segment while the individual stood with his arms

hanging down freely.

Hand Length: -

It is the straight distance between the point’s pisifarm and the third

metacarpus, measured with the anthropometric upper segment while the individual

stood erect with his arms hanging down freely.

Hand Breadth:-

It measures the straight distance between the point’s metacarpal radiale and

metacarpal ulnare. Maximum value nearest to 1/10 of a centimeter was noted

down.

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Total Leg Length:-

The distance between the anterior superior iliac and the standing surface

was measured with the anthropometric rod with the subject in the same position as

that for stature.

Thigh Length:-

The subject was asked to stand in an erect position. One end of the

anthropometric rod was fixed at the patella line and the other end of the

anthropometric rod was adjusted to such position that touches the point of

tangency to a vertical line contacting the buttocks. The measurement was taken up

to 1/10 of centimeter.

Fore Leg Length:-

It is the straight distance between the superior surface of the medial

condylayer of the tibia and the floor. The subject was asked to stand in an erect

position. The distance between the tibial and the standing surface was measured

with the anthropometric rod. The reading was recorded up to 1/10 of a centimeter.

Foot Length:-

It is the distance between the tip of the most tarsal phalange and the most

posterior part of the calceneus. The measurement was taken with the help of

anthropometric rod. The subject was asked to stand in a comfortable position with

feet slightly apart and reading was recorded up to 1/10 of centimeter.

Wrist Diameter:-

The individual was asked to stand in an erect position. The arm was raised

horizontally at 900. The distance between triquetral and scaphoid of lateral and

medial edges was measured with the help of Vernier caliper with slight pressure on

the cross bar up to 1/10 of a centimeter.

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Elbow Diameter:-

The individual was asked to stand in an erect position. The elbow was

raised horizontally and forearm at 900. The distance between medial and lateral

epicondyles was measured with the help of Vernier caliper with slight pressure on

the cross bar up to 1/10 of a centimeter.

Shoulder Diameter:-

With the individual standing in a relaxed position and arm hanging down

freely, the distance between the most lateral point of acromial processes on either

side was measured with the help of anthropometric rod upper segment by standing

behind the subject.

Hip diameter:-

The individual was asked to stand in an erect position with feet together.

The measurement was taken with the help of anthropometric rod compass. The

anthropometric rod upper segment was adjusted on the hip of the level of greater

trochanter of the two sides and the measurement was recorded up to 1/10 of a

centimeter.

Knee Diameter:-

With the individual seated on a table and the knee bent at a right angle,

greatest distance between the lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur was

measured with the help of Vernier Caliper with slight pressure on the cross bar.

Ankle Diameter:-

It is the straight distance between the medial tibia and lateral malleous of

the fibula. The Vernier Caliper was used to measure the ankle diameter.

Upper Arm circumference:-

With the arm extended and hanging loose in normal position. The upper

arm is divided two equal halves from the point acromin and radiale. Then the tape

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was placed around a center point of the upper arm. The circumference was

measured in centimeter by the unit of 0.1 of a centimeter.

Chest circumference:-

It is the circumference of the chest at the level of nipples. Measurement was

taken by winding a steel tape just under the lower corner of scapula and right

above the arm-pit hollow and the nipple at the body. The subject kept both his

arms a little apart from the body then lowered his arm on both the sides when

measurement was taken. It was also observed that the pressure of the steel tape has

not disturbed the skin contours. Reading is recorded in centimeter by the unit of

1/10 of a centimeter.

Abdomen circumference:-

It measures the minimum girth of abdomen above the navel cavity. The

tape was wound around the place where right and left abdomen wall are most sunk

between costal bow and iliac edges. The measurement was recorded in centimeter

by the unit of 0.1 cm.

Hip circumference:-

It is the maximum circumference of the hip at the level of trochanteria

when the individual was standing with both feet together. The measurement was

taken from behind the subject by placing the tap on the most prominent portion of

the buttocks in the horizontal plane. The measurement was recorded in centimeter

by unit of 0.1 cm.

Thigh circumference:-

It was measured just below the gluteal fold or maximum thigh girth.

Subject was asked to stand in a relaxed position with feet slightly apart and weight

equally distributed on both the feet. Steel tape was located horizontally around the

right thigh at point of greatest girth. Reading was made to nearest 1/10 of a

centimeter.

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Calf circumference:-

The subject was standing with his feet slightly apart and with his weight

equally distributed on both legs. The tape was placed around the calf at most

building part and the circumference was obtained. The circumference was

measured in centimeter by the unit of 0.1 centimeter.

Skin folds measurements:-

Body composition refers to the relative percentage of fat and nonfat tissues

in the body. A body composition measurement estimates the amount of fat-free

mass and the percent of body fat. Body composition can be assessed in several

possible ways; absorptiometry, air displacement, and skin fold techniques.

Body fat was estimated through skin fold measurements, which were taken

with the help of an Indian version of Lange’s skin fold caliper, manufactured by

Una and Company, New Delhi. In the present study the following skin fold

measurements were selected: -

(I) Biceps (II) Triceps

(III) Sub scapular (IV) Supra iliac

(V) Thigh (VI) Calf Skin fold

All the measurements were taken on the right side of the body with the

subjects in the standing position. Each side was measured twice, whenever there

was a discrepancy of more than one percent between the two values, a third

measurement was taken. To eliminate the possibility of experimenter bias, the first

series of measurement was completed prior to starting the second series of

measurements so that there was no recollection of the measurements for anyone

site. The mean of the measurements scores was taken as the score of the individual

players.

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Skin fold Measurements:-

Biceps Skin fold:-

The upper arm is divided into two equal halves from the point acromion

and radial. So parallel to middle line the skin fold was lifted over the muscle

biceps in the vertical position and the caliper was placed just 1 cm. below the fold

.the reading is noted down immediately by the unit of 0.1 millimeters.

Triceps Skin fold:-

With the subject arm hanging loosely, a fold was picked up at the back of

the arm at a level half way on a line connecting the acromion and the radiale. The

caliper was placed just 1 cm below the fold. Unit of 0.1 millimeters notes the

reading down immediately.

Sub scapular Skin fold:-

A skin fold was lifted obliquely at 450 (lateral-medial) below the inferior

angle of the scapula (left). The caliper was placed just 1 cm below the fold. The

subject was asked to stand in the normal way. Unit of 0.1mm notes the reading

down immediately.

Mid -Auxilary Skin fold:-

It is a vertical fold on the mid-axillary line approximately at the level of the

fifth rib. The fold was held firmly between the thumb and finger and the

measurement was taken with the help of skin fold calipers. The measurement was

recorded in millimeters. Two consecutive measurements were taken and the mean

was taken the final score.

Thigh Skin fold:-

This skin fold measurement was taken on the anterior surface midway

between the mid-inguinal point and the superior border of patella. The subject was

asked to stand in a relaxed position. Unit of 0.1 mm notes the reading down

immediately.

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Calf Skin fold:-

It was taken when the subject was asked to sit on the table /chair and the

knee bent at a right angle. A vertical fold was picked up at the maximum girth of

the calf and caliper was placed 1 cm above the fold. Unit of 0.1 mm notes the

reading down immediately.

Estimation of Body Composition:-

The four skin fold measurements were used to estimate body density,

present fat, fat weight and lean body mass as the main constituents of body

composition. The description of these variables and the method of their estimation

are given below.

Body Density:-

This indicates the weight in grams per cubic centimeter of body tissues.

Body density is estimated from the sum of four skin fold measurements (Biceps,

Triceps, subscapular, and superailiac). In the present study body density was

estimated using Durnin and Rehman’s equation (1967). The formula is as follow:-

Body Density (Y) = 1.1533 - 0.0643 X

Where X=sum of four skin fold in millimeters converted in Logarithms.

Present Fat:-

Present fat is the amount of fat in 100 kg. of body weight. It was calculated

from body Density using Siri’s (1951) formula which is given as under:-

4.95

Percent fat = ( --------------------- -- 4.5 ) 100

(Body density)

Fat Weight:-

This is the weight of the overall body fat, which is deposited in the

subcutaneous area of the body. About fifty percent of the depot fat is stored in

specialized cells under the skin, the thickness of which depends upon the amount

of fat in the body. This is calculated from the weight of the body and percent of the

74

body and percent fat. The formula of Durnin and Rehman was used to estimates fat

weight, which is given below.

Percent Fat

Fat Weight = Body weight X ( ----------------- )

100

Lean Body Mass:-

This is the amount of muscle mass in the body. Lean body mass is

considered to be divisible into biological constant proportions. These would

include water (70-72%) Minerals (7) and organic substances including an

undermined but probably constant percentage (2-3%) of essential liquids in bone-

marrow, the central nervous systems and other organs. in other words, the lean

body mass includes the weight of the essential fat (Behnke and Wilmore, 1974).

this is calculated by subtracting the fat weight from the total body weight. again

Durnin and Rehman’s formula is used to estimate the amount of lean body mass.

Lean body mass = Body weight - Fat weight

3.6 Statistical Analysis:-

The obtained data was analyzed by applying appropriate statistical tools

using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 11.5 version). The analysis

most pertinent to the main objectives of the study was the statistical parameters,

like Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple correlation and Regression

equation.