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CHAPTER – III

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

Methodology is a potent factor as it does the most

dominant contribution towards the success or failure of any

research work or investigation. It also depicts the scientific

attitude and validity of the work. Thus, it is an essential and

important part of any research project.

To implement general plans of research, accurate

collection of data and efficient method must be used. There is

always a mutual interplay between problem and method.

Problem indicates methods to a considerable extent, but

methods and their availability, feasibility and relevance

influence the research problem.

For collection of data the investigator has to set up the

design, describe the sampling method, the nature of population

and sample, the tools used for the collection of data, their

tabulation, organization and statistical techniques. In any

research one of the most important prerequisite is the collection

of appropriate data without worth while study can be possible.

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To achieve the objectives of the study, the investigator

has to plan the entire process of the work in the terms of the

research design suited to the study. Therefore, the design of the

present study is presented systematically under following

headings.

In this chapter selection of subjects, selection of variables

criterion measures, collection of data, administration of test

and statistical technique of data have been described

3.1 SELECTION OF DATA

After defining a population and listing all the units, a

researcher selects a sample of units from the sampling frame.

The process of such a selection is called sampling. In order to

serve a useful purpose, sampling should be unbiased or

representative. A good sample must be as nearly representative

of the entire population as possible and ideally it must provide

the whole of information about the population from which the

sample has been drawn.

The subjects selected for the present study were those

who have played kabaddi game at different levels i.e. district,

state and national level. For the present study 300 kabaddi

players from the different universities of India particularly from

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north zone were selected. The purposive sampling was used for

the study. Beside this some of the players were selected from

various Colleges, Schools and Sai centres of Haryana.

The teams were selected for the research purpose from

North Zone are, M.D. University Rohtak, Kurukshetra

university kurukshetra, Punjab university Chandigarh, Delhi

University Delhi, C.C.S.University Meerut, Guru Nanak Dev

University Punjab, H.P. University Shimla, Punjabi University

Patilala, State teams Sonipat, Rohtak, Haryana police, panipat,

jind, Jhajjar, Bhiwani, Hissar, Inter College teams are S.D

college Panipat, I.B.PG College panipat, Arya College Panipat,

Govt College Bapoli, Jaat College Kathal, DAV. College Ambala

City, DAV College Pehowa, B.A.R. Janta college kaul.

3.2 SELECTION OF VARIABLES:-

Based on literary evidence, correspondence with the

experts and the scholar‟s own understanding the following

variables were selected for the study

i) Co-ordinative abilities

- Balancing Ability – Long Nose test

- Differentiation Ability – Back word medicine ball

throw test

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- Rhythmic Ability

- Orientation ability – Number of medicine ball run

test

- Agility – Zig – Zag run test

- Flexibility – Sit and Reach

ii). Adjustment Inventory

Dr. A.K.. Sinha and Dr. R.P. Singh

iii). Self-concept Inventory

Dr. J.K. Virk and Dr. B.R. Chauhan

iv). Physiological variables

Resting Pulse Rate

Vital lung Capacity

3.3 COLLECTION OF DATA

Data were collected from the respective centres/clubs of

the subjects, when they were not busy and had enough time to

spare for testing. Necessary instructions were given to the

subjects before the administration of each test. It was also

declared that each information of all subjects of the

performance will be kept top secret and not disclosed anywhere.

The research scholar motivated the respondents by promising

to send a separate abstract of conclusions of his study to each

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of the subject the required data was collected during the course

of three days in their centres/ clubs. On the first day, the

research scholar had a brief orientation and discussion with the

kabbadi players. On the second day the scholar visited the

centres/ clubs and administered the test related to

physiological variables. Lastly on the third day, the scholar

administered the coordinative abilities tests and collected the

required data.

3.4 TOOLS USED:

The following tools were used to collect the data:

CO-ORDINATIVE ABILITY TEST

1. LONG NOSE TEST:

OBJECTIVE: The test was administered to measure the

balance ability of subjects.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Balance Beam

2. One medicine ball weighing 2 kg

3. Five medicine ball weighing 1 kg.

4. Stop watch

5. Pencil, paper and pad.

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DESCRIPTION:

A balancing beam of standard size was kept on the floor

one and half meter away from the starting line. The subjects are

asked to stand behind the starting line with one kg medicine

ball on his strong hand fully stretched inward and the other

hand holding the opposite earlobe. On clapping, the subject

had to move over balancing beam toward the 2 kg medicine ball

which was kept at the other end of the beam and push down

the medicine ball with any of foot without losing the balance.

Each subject was given only one chance.

INSTRUCTION:

1. The arm with which the ball is carried should be kept

straight.

2. The medicine ball kept on the balancing below should be

rolled down with either foot.

SCORING:-

The time taken in second to complete the course was

taken as the score. At the same time the subject who failed to

complete the task were not given further trail and no scores

was awarded to them.

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2. BACKWARD MEDICINE BALL THROW TEST

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the differentiation ability of the subjects.

EQUIPMENT

1. a gymnastic mat, size 3‟ x 6‟

2. one medicine ball weighting 2 kg

3. five medicine balls weighing 1 kg each

4. pencil, papers and clipboard

DESCRIPTION:

A gymnastic mat was kept 2 meters, away from the

starting line. A circle of 40 cm. radius was drawn in the middle

of the mat and a medicine ball of 2 kg, was kept at the center of

the circle. The subjects were asked to stand behind the starting

LONG NOSE TEST

STARTING & FINISHING LINE

MEDICINE BALL 2 KG

BALANCING BEAM

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line facing the opposite direction. They were asked to throw five

medicine balls (1kg. each) over the head to hit the 2 kg. ball

kept on the mat, one after another by using both the hands.

One practice trial was given to the entire subject

Gymnastic mat

Starting line

BACKWARD MEDICINE BALL THROW TEST

Instruction:

1) Only overhead throw was permitted

2) The students were not allowed to look back

Medicine ball 2kg

Circle

2 meter

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Scoring:

1. Medicine ball touching the mat- 1 point

2. Medicine ball touching the circle line- 2 point

3. Medicine ball touching inside the circle - 3 points

4. Medicine ball touching the 2 kg medicine ball- 4 point

Points were decided considering the first pitch of the ball.

The score of the individual was the total points scored in all the

five throws.

3. RHYTHMIC ABILITY TEST:

Purpose:

To measure rhythmic ability.

Facilities and Equipment:

One l2×6 ft. Court divided into six (6) single and two double

sectors of equal width, a stop watch, and score sheet.

Procedure:

The event was explained and demonstrated before the test

commenced. The subject assumed standing/ starting position

and on the signal 'go' stepped on one leg on first, second and

third sector with both legs on fourth and fifth, one leg on sixth,

both legs on seventh and eighth jumped to turn seventh and

eight stepped on one leg on sixth, both legs on fourth and fifth,

single leg on third, second and first and jumped to finish out

side.

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Scoring:

The timing in seconds was recorded from the signal 'go' to

finish of the routine.

4. NUMBERED MEDICINE BALL RUN TEST

OBJECTIVE:

To determine orientation ability of the subject

EQUIPMENT:

1. Five medicine ball weighing 3 kg

2. One medicine ball weighing 4 kg

3. Stop watch

4. Clapper

5. Pencil, paper and pad.

Description:

All the medicine ball weighing 3 kg was arranged on an

20 M

10 M 10 M

5

M

5

M

Rhythm Ability Test

FINISHING LINE STARTING LINE

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even ground in a semicircular with a distance of 1.5 meter

between the ball. The subject‟s medicine ball weighing 4 kg was

kept 3 meter away from these medicine balls. Behind all the

medicine balls of 3 kg weight, metallic number plates of 1 sq.

foot size were kept from 1 to 5. Before the start of the test the

subjects were asked to stand behind the sixth medicine ball

facing towards the opposite direction. On signal the subjects

turned and ran towards the number called by the tester and

touched the medicine ball and ran back to touch the sixth

medicine ball.

Immediately another number was called. Similarly, a total

of three times the number was called by the tester and the

subjects performed accordingly. Before the actual test was

administered, one demonstration that was given to all subjects.

Scoring:

The time taken to complete the course was tested in

seconds two trails were given to each subject and the lowest

one was recorded as score.

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5. ZIG. ZAG RUN TEST:

PURPOSE:

To measure the agility ability test.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT:

Stop watch, 5 cones for a 16'xl0' marking of ground with a

starting and finish line, marking powder, score sheet.

PROCEDURE:

The event was explained and demonstrated before the test

commenced. The subject assumed standing/start position

behind the starting line. On sticks, his path of running was in

the figure of Eight (8) and like this be completed three rounds

in continuation. And at the finish of the third round the time

was recorded.

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SCORING:

When the subject completed the third round the time was

recorded in seconds.

D C

B

E A

Finishing

6. SIT AND REACH TEST:

Equipment:

A testing box or a flexomeasure and a yardstick.

Procedure:

The subject was asked to place her feet against the testing

box while sitting on the floor with straight knees. Now the

subject is asked to place one hand on top of other so that the

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middle fingers of both hands are together at the same length.

The tester keeps her hand on the knees of the subject to keep

them straight not allowing any bending of the knees. The

instructed to lean forwards and place his/her hands over the

measuring scale lying on the top of the box with its 10 inch

mark coinciding with the front edge of the testing box. Then,

the subject is asked to slide her hands along the measuring

scale as far as possible without bouncing and to hold the

farther position for at least one second.

Scoring:

Each subject is given three trails and the highest score

nearest to an inch is recorded.

3.5 RELIABILITY OF THE TESTS

A data collection test must be reliable, that is, it must

have the ability to consistently yield the same results when

repeated measurements are taken of the same individuals

under the same conditions. It is an individual, receives a score

of 30 subjects of their achievements of test, for example, and is

assigned a rank; he should receive approximately the same

rank when the test is administered on the second occasion. In

the words of Freeman (1965,p.66). The term reliability has two

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closely related but some what different connotations in

psychological testing. First, it refers to the extent to which a

test is internally consistent, that is consistency of results

obtained throughout the test when administered once. In order

words, how accurately is the test measuring at a particular

time? Second reliability refers to the extent to which a

measuring device yields consistent results upon testing and

retesting.

In the present study for determining the reliability of

various co-ordinative ability test retest method were used.

The test re-test methods, the same test is re-administered

shortly after the first administration, and the two sets of scores

are correlated to obtain the reliability of the test. The chief

disadvantage of this method is that if the time interval between

the two administration of the test is short, the immediate

memory effects, practice and the confidence induced by

familiarity with the test material may overestimate the

reliabl1ity of the test. On the other hand, if the time interval is

long, the real changes in behaviour in terms of growth may

under estimate the reliability of the test. Owing to the

difficulties in controlling conditions which influence test scores

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on the second administration of the test, the test retest method

is generally less useful than the other methods.

3.6 Test-Retest Reliability Co-Efficient Analysis

The reliability of data for Co- Ordinative physiological and

psychology variables was established by the test retest method.

Tests in all the variables were represented after four day‟s gap

on five randomly selected Kabaddi Players under more or less

similar condition and the same tester recorded the

measurement. The reliability of test re-test scores were given in

Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 and Table 3.3.

TABLE 3.1

TEST- RETEST CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

S. No. Variables Coefficient

1.

2.

Adjustment

Self- Concept

0.83

0.76

From the above table it was evident that the

Reliability of Coefficient for the psychology variable was

between 0.76 and 0.83, which was assumed to be high

correlation for the purpose of this study.

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TABLE 3.2

TEST- RETEST CORRELATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL

VARIABLES

S. No.

Variables Coefficient

1.

2.

Vital Capacity

Resting Pulse Rate

0.80

0.87

From the above table it was evident that the Reliability of

Coefficient for the physiological variable was between 0.80 to 0.87,

which was assumed to be high correlation for the purpose of this

study.

TABLE 3.3

TEST -RETEST CORRELATION OF CO-ORDINATIVE VARIABLES

S.

No.

Variables Coefficient

1.

Coordination Ability

a) Balance Ability

b) Differentiation ability

c) Rhythmic Ability

d) Orientation Ability

e) Agility

f) Flexibility

0.86

0.91

0.90

0.88

0.93

0.89

From the above tables it was evident that Reliability of

Coefficient for the physical variables was between 0.88 and

0.93 which was assumed to be high correlation for the purpose

of this study

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST

For collecting the data for psychological variables, the

following tests were used:

ADJUSTMENT INVENTORY

Purpose:

Designed to study Adjustment

Author:

Dr. A.K.P. Sinha and Dr. R.P. Singh

Publisher:

National Psychological Corporation 4/230, Kacheri Ghat,

Agra – 282004 (U.P.) India.

Description:

1. It is a self administering inventory. The examiner should

read the instructions given on the front page and the

examiner should also read them silently along with

examiner.

2. There is no time limit for answering it. Ordinarily an

individual takes 10 minutes in completing the test.

3. Examiners should interpret the meaning of the sentences

themselves. However, meaning of different words, if any

should be given by the examiner.

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4. Co-operation of the examiner in answering the inventory is

very essential. The examiner should assure them that their

answers and scores will be treated with strictest

confidence.

5. The examiners should indicate frankly and honestly the

purpose of the test, if and when any question regarding

this is raised by the examinees.

6. There is no need of telling why letters and numbers are

placed before the questions. If a question is asked about

these the examiners should tell meaning of the letters.

Scoring:

The inventory is reusable with answer sheet for responses

given by the examinee. It contained 102 items. Each item was

provided with two alternatives, 'yes' indicated lack of

adjustment and 'No' indicated well adjusted. One number was

provided for 'Yes' and 'No' was provided with zero. Low scores

indicated good adjustment and high score indicated poor

adjustment.

The overall scores of five areas of adjustment (a) Home (b)

Health (c) Social (d) Emotional (e) Educational adjustment of

the subjects. The scoring key has been explained in the manual

of the inventory.

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SELF-CONCEPT INVENTORY:

Purpose : Designed to study Self Concept

Author : Dr. J.K. Virk and Dr. B.R. Chauhan

Publisher : Azad Publications opp. IIIrd Gate of K.U.

Kurukshetra.

Description:

For the construction of this inventory a set of 90

questions was selected. After analysis the inventory consist a

set of 24 questions, which includes emotional, constructive and

aspect of an individual. In these 24 questions first 12 questions

have measured the positive and 12 questions measure the

negative aspects.

Each question has 5 options. First option have lowest value in

creasing order the last option have highest value of rating Scale

i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

This inventory was not developed for the “internal consistency”

but for the “Inter-Sample consistency analysis.”

Scoring:

In this inventory each question has options.

First option has – 1 point

Second option has – 2 point

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Third option has – 3 point

Fourth option has – 4 point

Fifth option has – 5 point

The sum of all the 24 questions was the final score of an

Individual.

Reliability:

Split half reliability = 0.79

Test retest reliability = 0.76

Validity:-

With Mohsin Self-Concept Inventory r = 0.68

Norms and Standards:-

96-120 - High Self Concept

49-95 - Medium Self Concept

48-below - Low Self Concept

PHYSIOLOGYICAL VARIABLES

RESTING HEART RATE

Purpose: To measure the resting pulse rate

Equipment: Stop watch

Procedure: At first subject was asked to relax in a bed in

supine lying position for about 30 minutes. The arm that was

going to be used was well supported in the extended position.

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The scholar recorded the pulse rate by gently pressing over the

radial artery for one minute by using a stop watch.

Scoring:

The beats in numbers were recorded for one minute.

VITAL CAPACITY

Objective :- To measure the vital capacity

Equipment :- Dry spirometer, Nose clip

Description :- The spirometer was brought into zero

position the subject was asked to take maximum inspiration

and after clipping the nose, the air was blown out as intensely

as possible into the mouth piece.

Scoring:- The amount of expired air was read directly

from the calibrated scale and that was the score of vital

capacity and recorded in litres.

3.6 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

For analysis and interpretation of data, analysis of

variances (one-way) is used. When more than two groups are

compared, the procedure used for comparison is as Analysis of

Variance (One Way ANOVA). A test statistic called the „F‟

statistic named after Fisher, the man who devised it. „F‟ statistic

is that, if the calculated value of „F‟ is greater than the table

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value of „F‟, then the null hypothesis is accepted and if it is less

then the table value of „F‟ than rejected, vies versa for

alternative hypothesis

When there is a significant „F‟ in an ANOVA of three or

more groups, then there are numerable Post Hoc test available

to determine which group is causing that significant result.