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CHAPTER II
Review of Literature of Small Scale Industry
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY
A lot of studies have been made on small Scale Industries, in general.
Both the Central and State Governments have taken a number of researches on
small scale industries through people from the academic and non-academic side
since they provide employment potentialities to millions of workers besides
bringing enhanced national income in terms of domestic income and foreign
exchange.
There are numerous works dealing with various problems of SSI units.
This field of study is so voluminous and flexible views of various kinds are in
existence regarding financial, production, marketing and personnel management of
SSI Units. Every aspect of small scale units and its problems is studied and some
concrete results are arrived at. Still the scope to study the management and the
problems of small scale industrial units is open and wide, as ever.' This chapter
attempts to review literature related to small scale units.
In his study on industrial entrepreneurship in Madras State, James J. Bema
has analysed the reasons for the problem of SSI units as follows.
1. Raw material Problem
2. Problem of Working capital
3. Labour Problems
1. James J. Bema, Industrial Entrepreneurship in Madras State: Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1960 p. 10
47
Though he has analysed the various aspects of the SSI units he did not
study the financial and marketing problems of SSI units, Since it was beyond the
scope of his research work.
George Rosan (1955) studied the potential expansion of SSI and growth of
government owned industries and its cumulative effect of supporting a relative
risk in industries contribution to national income.^ the substitution of more labour
extensive technologies were also studied by the author.
The Report of Japanese Delegation (1959) on Small Scale Industries stated,
that the most knotty point in the operation of small scale and cottage industry was
that it was isolated from the market and unable to understand quickly and
accurately the trend of the market .̂ The delegation was of the opinion that lack
of market was the underlying cause for poor performance of SSI in India.
Staley and Morse (1956) discussed the issues connected with the
development of small industries and technical assistance, guidance and promotion
of modernisation'^. It was stressed that the SSIs are lagging far behind the
modernisation.
Lakshmanan, T.R (1966) took an attempt to find out the various issues and
problems of cottage and small industries while conducting a study on "Cottage
2. George Rosan, Industrial Change in India, New Delhi, Asia Publishing House, 1995
3. Government of India, Report Of Japanese Delegation On Small Scale Industries, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi, 1959, p.54
4. Staley and Morse, Modern Small Industry for Developing Countries, New York, McGraw Hill, 1965.
5. Lakshmanan, T.R. Cottage And Small Scale Industries in Mysore, Rao and Ragavan Publishers, 1966, p. 35.
-48 -
and SSI in Mysore", he has discussed the definition, concept and role of small
industries and presented fifteen case studies covering economic and techno -
economic aspects, integrating all into a composite picture .̂ The study reveals the
contribution of SSI towards the economic development. Further the issues like
equipment, obsolescence, capacity utilization, productivity, raw material supply,
marketing and problems of finance have been discussed.
George Rosen (1975) studied the potential expansion of SSI and growth of
Government owned industries and its cumulative effect of supporting a relative
rise in Industry's contribution to national income .̂ The substitution of more
labour-intensive technologies and social requirements for the expansion of the
small scale industries were also studied by the author.
Vasant Desai (1979, 1985, 1988) critically examined the problem and
prospects of small industries ^ . According to him this sector accounts for roughly
45 percent of total industrial production in our country. However, small industries
face a lot of problems relating to finance, marketing arrangements and
modernization. The author suggests ways & means to overcome all the hurdles
with the co-ordinate efforts of all concerned namely the Government, the financial
institutions and the small entrepreneurs.
6. George Rosen, Industrial Change In India. Asia Publishing House, New Delhi. 1975, p. 230.
7. Vasant Desai, Management of Small Scale Industry, S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1979, p. 112.
49
Bala, Shasi conducted a study (1980) on the 'Management of Small Scale
Industries, Government Policy and its Implementation'. She has made an attempt
to make it a comprehensive study of all aspects related to the management of
small scale industries .̂ The field survey for the study was done in Ludhiana
District of Punjab. The study stated that the procedure for choosing the method of
scale was determined by trial and error and small industries did not make
organized sales. Regarding the selection of area of sales, the selection was made
not on the basis of market research or information. Its main focus was towards
selling of products of SSL
It is found from the Kotharis Industrial Directory that the Industrial Policy
Statement of February 1973 emphasised that the state industrial sector should
cover wider field to promote growth with social justice, self-reliance and
satisfaction of basic minimum needs, which would be possible by the development
of small scale industries ^'
Raghunathan (1988) focused his attention in his study on 'Small Scale
Sector has a long way to go' towards the growth trends of SSI units. '° He points
out that the rate of growth of industries has not been even as between different
states and territories. Besides, progress has not been to the expectations in
realising certain objectives like rapid development of ancillary industries.
8. Bala, Shashi, Management Of Small Scale Industries, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1984, pp. 152-158
9. Kothari Enterprises, Kothari's Industrial Directory Of India, Chennai, 1988, pp. 1-62 10. Raghunathan, N., Small Scale Sector Has A Long Way To Go. Yojana,
March 1-15, 1988, p.l2.
50
Inspite of a number of measures already undertaken to prevent the
incidence of sickness, it is still defying meaningful solution. More concerted
efforts are required for prevention of sickness at the incipient stage itself as well as
rehabilitation of potentially viable sick units.
Rao K.Vepa (1988) in his study "Modem Small Industry in India Problems
and Prospects" identified the challenges encountered for industrial development
programme in Japan, India, Asia. Middle East Africa and Latin America "" He
has identified the problems of SSI and compare the environmental factors
favourable and unfavorable for the development of SSI in different countries.
Patnaik's (1989) studies on " Growth of Small Industries and Problems of
Small Entrepreneurs" with the prime objective of finding the rate of growth of the
SSI sector in the country and discussed the important problems faced by them. He
has analysed the growth pattern of small industries before the starting of the DIG
programmes and after the launching of the programme. In his study he took four
variables to find out the growth of SSI sector. They are (i) Number of Units, (ii)
10
production, (iii) Export and (iv) Employment generation and investment.
The Industrial Policy of the Government of India (1977) placed
considerable emphasis on the development of small industries. With a view to 11. Vepa.K.Rao, Modern Small Industry In India - Problems and Prospects, Sage
Publications, New Delhi, 1988, p.52. 12. Patnaik, Growth Of Small Industries And Problems Of Small Entrepreneurs,
Published by SEDME, Vol.XVI, Hyderabad, June. 1989.p.84 13. Markandeya Jha, Lead Bank Scheme And Regional Development, Deep and Deep
Publications, New Delhi, 1989, p.220.
51
accelerate the pace of small industries development, the Government enlarged
District Industries Centers (DIG) were set up in all districts in the country ' The
idea was that whatever could be produced by the small and cottage industries
should be produced in that sectors only.
After attaining independence in 1947 the Government of India realised the
importance of the small scale industries as the chief means of livelihood for a large
number of people. Accordingly, a conference was convened by the Government
of India in 1947. At that conference the importance of cottage and small scale
industries was recognised ^^.
Sahedeo Pande (1990) observed that the SSI units suffer from innumerable
problems which scuttle their growth. Unhealthy competition with large scale
industries coupled with poor financial support further aggravate their problem. ^̂ .
To ensure quick development of these industries their problems are to be sorted
out urgently. The New Industrial Policy will go a long way in salvaging these
industries from decay. In addition, SSI face a number of other problems like non
availability of cheap power, unchanging and irresponsive production parties,
burden of local taxes and interference by local politicians. He suggests that SSIs
need a comprehensive change in the policy of Government to make them more
efficient and productive.
14. Sivayya, K.V., Das, V.B.M., Cottage And Small Industries , Sultan Chand & Company Ltd., Publishers, 1990, p.65.
15. Sahdeo Pande, A Critique Of Problems Of Small And Cottage Industries In India, Khaio Gramodyog-Nov, 1990 (Monthly Journal)
52
T.A Bhavani, (1991) analyses in his study on 'Factor Substitution and
Factor Demand in Indian Modem Small Enterprise' that these are possibilities for
substitution of labour for other factors namely capital and materials in the modem
small scale sector. The capital and labour are complementary to each other and it
implies that any small increase in the cost of capital would affect at the demand
for labour adversely thereby reducing its share in the total output and vice versa. ̂ ^
Balu (1991) in his study on ' Development of Small Industry' observed that
most of the consumer's day to day useable products are from the small scale sector
and this sector attracts small savings and divert them towards productive channels
in the mral and semi-urban areas. He also observed that sickness has been
spreading faster with SSI sector than in the large and medium scale sector. He
suggested that SSI units must be assured of prompt supply of raw material,
innovation and entrepreneurship should go together in order to retain success in
the marketing front.
C.E.Karanakaran (1991) in his paper submitted to Development Seminar
analysed the small industry scenes in Tamil Nadu. '̂ He observed that in SSI units
registered with the DIC are increasing tremendously and a countless number
16. Bhavani.T.A.Factor Substitution And Factor Demand In Indian Modem Small Enterprise A Case Study Of Metal Products, Artha Vijanana xxxiii(i) March, 1991, pp.41-45
17. Balu.V., Development of Small Industry - Some Issues, Southern Economist, 15th June, 1991,pp.9-ll
18. Karunakaran, C.E., Promotion of Small Industry In TamilNadu, The mission Dimension - Development Seminar Bulletin of Madras development seminar series 21 (2) Feb, 1991, pp. 80-89.
53
of units, not registered with them also exist. There is also the certainty that a good
part of the registered unit do not exist for one reason or the other. If all of them do
exist, they would probably employ 7 lakhs persons in one year. Credit delivery
through banks and the revenue administration have not worked well. He stated
that the impact of financial assistance was very negative.
"Small Scale Industry" is a comprehensive term used in common parlance
to refer to manufacturing activity carried on in a relatively small establishment.
The concept of smallness is with reference to the scale of operation and its
definition differs from country to country. Usually the definition of small scale
industry is based on a single index that is either on the basis of investment in plant
and machinery or labour and power. Now-a-days almost all countries consider
investment in plant and machinery as the yard-stick to define small industry.'^
Vijay Shukla (1993) in his article on, " A study on Development of Small
Scale Industries in India" has stated that small scale industries are no doubt very
important for the Indian economy. But they can play their rightful role if they are
run on sound lines' •̂ ° Most of the small scale industries are faced with many
difficulties and inadequacies which undermine their efficiency and stand in the
way of their development and expansion. Old methods and inferior techniques of
production have resulted in low productivity and poor quality of goods.
19. Math, S.M.Gulbarga University, Rural Development Grovs'th Of Small Scale Industries In India, Rural India - June - July, 1991, p. 16
20. Vijay Shukla, A Study Of Development of Small Scale Industries In India, Economic affairs, vol 38 Qr. 2 June, p. 104.
54.
These industxies face other difficulties such as inadequate transport,
shortage of efficient management, lack of research and development facilities
K.R.Pillai Executive Director of SIDBI (during 1995-96) analysed the role
of the SSI sector in evolving economic setting, and the challenges it may face to
sustain its place as an important contributor to the development process?' . The
following are the findings of the Executive Director.
• Credit needs of the sector are inadequately served.
• Sound management principles are often not followed
• SSI managements rarely make efforts at market penetration to
improve their market share
• Products of the sector are often not competitive in terms of quality and
price.
• Operational efficiency of units impinges on a slender profit margin
• Research and Development efforts in this sector are less than adequate.
According to the Report submitted by the RBI, the TANSTIA, as the apex
organisation of small scale industries in Tamil Nadu highlighted that with the
present liberalised poUcy there has been a mixed feeling of threat and
opportunities for the SSI sector and the past few years performance of SSI sector
shows that they were constantly growing and if this trend has to continue, banks
which play a very vital role in the development of the small scale sector, will have
21. Pillai, K.R., SSI In The New Economic Setting Tamilnadu Small And Tiny Industries Association, Monthly Journal, Aug, 1995, p.7
22. TANSTIA Report To RBI, TANSTIA, Nov, 1995, pp. 10-11
- 5 5 -
to tune themselves to the changing scenario^^. This organisation highlights the
importance of institutional finance for the growth of SSI in the changing economic
scenario.
R. Mohan kumar (1996) in his study observed that, " Success of SSI sector
during the era of industrial development is determined by the positive trend of
human resources" '̂̂ He suggested that, SSI should take effective steps to reduce
over-emphasis on certain work related extensive values . Steps should also be
taken to eradicate the disappointment arising out of poor attitudes towards work
values. In his study his attention was focused towards the workers and supervisors
of SSI.
Prasad C.S. (1997) in his study discusses "Policy for SSI in India" In detail
the development strategy pursued in the country to promote SSIs since
independence, elaborating on institutional support, integration with larger units,
protection, fiscal incentives and concessions and credit support.̂ "̂ He has also
discussed the policy initiatives taken since the adoption of liberalisation policy in
1991, to ensure that SSIs are not subjected to serious competitive disadvantage in
the process of opening up of our economy to MNCs and globalisation. He has
also covered the latest package of economic reforms for SSIs recommended by
Abid-Hussain Committee and the follow up action thereon.
23. Mohan Kumar.R, Work Values of Workers And Supervisors In SSI- A Sample Survey , SEDME XXm (4) December, 1996.
24. Prasad.C.S. Policy For Small Scale Industries In India, Indian, Journal of Public Administration, Special Number XXXX m (3) July-Sept, 1997, pp.528-552.
-56
Nagaiya (1998) has made a study of the "Role of Infrastructure in
Industrialisation of Backward Regions". In his study he concentrated on primary
investigation of sample small scale units from industrial estates in industrial
areas and comparable small scale units in town adjoining the estate / area. His
study highlighted the view that less developed regions used capital and labour
more economically than developed regions as revealed by the corresponding
productivity indices. He finally examined the effectiveness of the programme of
industrial estates and industrial areas from the angle of realisation of expectation
of the sponsoring organisation and beneficiaries.
Patnaik's study (1998) points out that the industrial policy provides the
instrument for accelerating- the rate of economic growth speeding up of
industriahsation, providing increasing opportunities for gainful employment
improving living standards and working conditions of the mass of people and
reducing disparities in income and wealth. There are three types of policies
towards the development of small industries such as passive, protective and
promotional. An inactive policy is simply doing nothing in particular about small
industry. It may result from indifference or lack of information or sufficient
leadership and personnel to give attention. Next a protective policy is one
designed to defend existing small industry against the competition from modem
25. Nagaiya.D, Effectiveness of Industrial Estates, SEDME, Vol. XV Hyderabad, January, 1998, pp.70-79.
26. Patnaik, Development Strategy For Small Industries, Himalaya, Publishing House, Mumbai 1998, p. 123.
57
industry. Then there is the promotional approach. It is concerned with improving
the productive efficiency of existing small industry to encouraging the
establishment and growth of modem small manufacturing units in suitable type of
production. ^̂
Ajay Lakhanpal, In his book, "Entrepreneurial Development - An
institutional Approach" has studied financial facilities, various schemes of
assistances the role of commercial and regional rural banks, various boards
constituted by the Government in the development of industries. He insisted on
the need for training the entrepreneurs for the promotion of SSI units. However,
he did not touch upon the managerial skill of the entrepreneurs for efficient
promotion of SSI units as well as he did not point out the marketing problems in
small scale industry. '
In his book, ' Emerging trends in Entrepreneurship Development, Theories
and practice, Nagendra.P.Singh explains the importance of SSI units' development
in India and also several myths which stood in the way of their development. He
stresses the need to develop this technique to the interest of India.
Two studies conducted by UNESCO, (1962 and 1966) about Entrepreneurs
of Bombay, Howrah, Okhla Estate, Ludhiana, Rajkot and Hyderabad revealed
that the small scale units were successful but they were reluctant to expand the
27. Ajay Lakhanpal, Entrepreneurial Development, Common wealth publishers, Delhi 1960 p. 123
28. Nagendra.P. Singh, Emerging Trends in Entrepreneurship Development, hitercultural foundation for Development Management 1985.
58
business further due to the problem of inefficient managerial ability of the
entrepreneurs.
P.D.Malgavkar (1991) in his studied analysed the reservation,
segmentation, sick units and the changed structure of small industry and its needs,
emphasised that these industries have to be encouraged. On the whole, the small
industry development should fit into the overall industrial development policy
which also needs to be looked into afresh as the industrial development needs a
fresh look to revitalize it. '
J.C.Sandesare (1991) in his study analysed the new small enterprise policy.
The primary objective of the NSEP is to import, more vitality and growth impetus.
The definition of SSI is changed and a separate package for promotion of SSI
sector is introduced. The third major change relates to equity participation and the
introduction of a new legal form of organisation of business.
C.E. Karunakaran (1991) in his paper submitted to Development Seminar
analysed the small industry sense in Tamil Nadu. He observed that units
registered with the DIG are increasing tremendously and a countless number of
units, not registered with them also exist. There is also the certainty that a good
part of the registered unit do not exist for one reason or the other. If all of them do
29. P.D.Malgavkar, Promotion of Small Scale Industries some issues SEDME September 1991, vol.XVm. Page. 157
30. J.C.Sandesara, New Small Enterprise Policy implications and prospects Economic and Political. Oct. 19. 1991 page 23, 24
31. C.E.Karunakaran, Promotion of Small Industry in TamilNadu - The Mission Dimension - Jan. Development Seminar. Bulletin of Madras development seminar series 21 (2) Feb 1991. P- 80-89.
59
exist, they would probably employ 7 lakhs persons in one year. Credit delivery
through banks and the revenue adniinistration have not worked well. .
Dr. CM. Choudhary, (1992) in his study observed the problems of cottage
and small scale sectors. He states that the production in this sector is adversely
affected due to lack of research and managerial efficiency. Firms with fewer than
5 employees showed consistent annual net job creation during the past decade.
Small Firms not only displayed the greatest job creations during downturns, they
also contributed the most job growth during economic expansion.
Parampal Singh and Pankaj Munshi (1994) in their study observed that
services given by banks, Governments guidelines, currency risks, increased
competition and transportation are the major problems faced by the exporters of
the region irrespective of their industry. Enhancing the company's image by
improving the product through technological updating is the main motivational
force entailing small exporters to explore international markets.
Dr.C.S.Prasad (1994) observed that the SSI sector is facing numerous
constraints which are typical because of the small size of the enterprise. Most of
these revolve around technological, managerial, financial and marketing aspects.
He suggested that, there is a need to bridge the gap which exists in the form of
32.Dr.C.M.Choudhary, Cottage and Small Industries. Problems and Prospects- Rural India September. 1992. Page 224
33.Pararapal Singh, Pankaj Munshi, Problems and Prospects of Exploring International Markets: Perceptions of Small Exporters. SEDMEDec. 1994. V0I.XXI (4)
34. Dr.C.S.Prasad, Small Sector, Big achievements - Yojana, March 15, 1994, Page 8-10.
60
inputs like credit, raw material, marketing, skilled labour, infrastructure followed
by the needs of technology information network environment and is to develop a
new relationship between the large and small scale industries. '̂̂ .
Among growing small and medium sized business, firms with sales under
$1 million proportionally spend two to three times more on Research and
Development than their larger counterparts. Research and Development is one of
the most significant determinants of small business success.
TANSTIA, as the apex organisation of small scale industries in Tamilnadu
highlighted that with the present liberalised policy there has been a mixed feeling
of threat and opportunities for the SSI sector and the past few years' performance
of SSI sector shows that they were constantly growing and if this trend has to
continue, banks which play a very vital role in development of the small scale
sector, will have to tune themselves to the changing scenario.
N. Pattnayak, (1995) and R.K.Agarwal in their paper focused the attention
on the technological upgradation programme for improvement in the productivity
of the SSI sector. They observed that the SSI sector suffers from the drawbacks of
inadequacies in infrastructure and technology. The world wide technological
changes along with the improvements in material and manufacmring processes
35. Statistics Canada, Strategies for Success: A Profile of Growing Small and Medium, Sized Enterprises in Canada, Catalogue 61-523 R, (1994)
36. TANSTIA Report to RBI - TANSTIA- Nov 1995 page 10-11. 37. J.N.Pattanyak and R.K.Agarwal - Transfer of Technology for Small scale Industries
in India. The Institutional frame-work, Asian Economic Review Apr.1995, p.193-213.
61
pose a threat to the functioning of SSI sector. They suggest that the ultimate
strategy for the development of this sector would be the improvement of
technologies for the sector, keeping an eye towards the prevailing economic 'in
environment and trends of the global market. .
Family incomes of employers and the self-employed tend to be lower than
the family incomes of employees. In 1995, the median family income of
employers and the self employed was about $ 44,000 compared to about
$ 57,000 for families headed by paid employees.
James Manalel (1997) in his study observed the role and relevance of the
SSI sector in a developing country like India. He believes that the SSI units will o n
continue to predominate in developing countries at both ends of the spectrum. .
Prasad.C.S (1997) discusses in detail the developmental strategy pursued in
the country to promote SSIs since independence, elaborating on institutional
support, integration with larger units, protection, fiscal incentives and concessions,
credit support, etc. He has also discussed the policy initiative taken since the
adoption of liberalisation policy in 1991, to ensure that SSIs are not subjected to
serious competitive disadvantage in the process of opening up of our economy to
MNCs and globalisation. He also covers the latest package of economic reforms
for SSIs recommended by Abid-Hussain Committee and the follow up action
thereon.^^
38. James Manaiel' How Beautiful is Small!' SEDME, December 1997.vol XXIV (4) 39. C.S. Prasad ' Policy for Small Scale Industries in India' - Indian Journal of Public
Administration Special Number XXXX HI (3) - July-Sept 1997 Page 528-552.
62-
Use of the Internet by SMEs varies province to province. Firms in the
Yukonand NWT are the country's most enthusiastic Internet users, with more than
40 percent plugged in. Firms in British Columbia and Nova Scotia, with usage
above 30 percent, are also ahead of the national average.
Mukesh Gulati observed that though the small industry remained high on
the policy agenda, it faces several challenges due to technological, obsolescence,
product quality, information deficiency and inadequate management systems in
several substracts of the industry. Most of these enterprises compete only on basis
of low cost of labour and not through improvement of their products, technologies
and skills. He suggests that there the need to achieve competitiveness at global
level has become a matter of primary concern. '̂ ^
W.R.Parthasarathy, (1998) Vice-President, Ambattur Industrial Estate
Manufacturers' Association expresses that in India what we have is heavy paper
work, poor flow of credit to small scale industries and high interest rates on
borrowing, antiquated labour policies, poor infrastructure including power supply,
innumerable taxes and these factors burden the small scale industry to turn around
and perform more efficiently. ^
40. Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Results of our Member's Opinion 39 (JAN 1997)
41. Mukesh Gulati, Managing Small Enterprise Development. TANSTIA, Monthly Journal Feb. 1997, Page 3 to 6.
42. W.R.Parthasarathy, Managing Small business 'Cry for Help' Typical Small Business Problems with Institutions-Proxis-BusinessLine- Aug 1998.
63
Poms P.Munshi (1998) observed the recurring reasons for failure of SSI
units as poor interpersonal skills, fear of failure, fear of success, poor management
efficiency including poor product on services, lack of planning and foresight,
unrealistic assessment of the market, inadequate capitalisation, leadership or
managerial inexperience.'^^
Vikram Chadha (1999) in his study on "financing the Modernisation of
Small Industries in India-Opportunities and Constraints", stated that the problems
encountered by the SSIs range from the shortage of credit and finances, under-
utilisation of capacities, incompetitiveness in the output and product markets to the
inadequacy of industrial facilities like power. '*'*.
Gopal Ratnam observed in his study that "One of the biggest forces behind
the success of small business in the US" is the franchising concept. A Successful
business recipe is transplanted across the country through this route by thousands
of small business owners. The risk is spread out and individual initiative is put to
the test. '^^
Sujit Sikidar (1985) in his research work " Development Banking: A study
of the workings of SFCs with special reference to Assam " has examined the
functioning of Assam SFC in the North-Eastem Region. This work has identified 43. Porus P. Munshi, Managing Small Business ' Surviving Failure' Proxis-Business Line
August 1998, Volume n Issue -2. 44. Vikram Chadha, Financing the Modernisation of Small Industries in India: Opportunities
and Constraints-Southern Economist May 15 1999. Vol.38 Number 2 Page 5. 45. Gopal Ratnam - Small is Wonder All Proxis - Busiess Line Agu - 1998 Vol.2 issue-2.
Page No. 30 & 31 46. Sujit Sikidar, "Development Banking: A Study of the workings of State Financial
Corporations", S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1985.
64
that finance is not the constant factor always for industrial development of the
State, and the entrepreneurial talents and skill are not present adequately here to
enable it to avail of the assistance from the Corporation. There has been a
growing tendency on the part of the Loanees not to refund money provided by the
Corporation since, such money is conceived to be public fund and thereby its
refund is not regarded as a prima facie duty. The entrepreneurs are not conversant
modem industrial finance and hence they should be educated in this respect. The
study has incidentally marked that without any regional credit policy suitable for
different regions of the country particularly in small scale sector, industrial
development and aim of removal of regional economic disparities will remain a far
cry. The study discloses that Assam Financial Corporation has been instrumental
in administering and disbursing the development finance provided by IDBI. But
the discharge of the agency function assigned to the Corporation for disbursing the
assistance out of funds provided by the Government of Assam has not at all been
successful. "̂^
Appa and Sujatha (1985) in their study "Recovery Performance of SFC: An
Analysis" have concluded that the bulk of funds of SFC is blocked as Over dues.
Quite large number of loans are overdue even for more than 5 years. This sort of
financing will not contribute to industrial progress of the country. The lending
activities of the SFCs is quite satisfactory quantitatively but qualitatively it is
47. Appa Rao.B.& Sujatha, "Recovery Performance of SFCs: An Analysis", Lok Udyog Aug.l985,PP 21-27.
65
poor as their operations have not achieved the desired objectives. It is true
that some industrial units do not repay loans because of some genuine difficulties,
yet major reasons for genuine defaults is that SFCs on the whole do not function
as supporting agents for the problems encountered by small and medium
entrepreneurs. The absence of a system of regular inspection and follow-up of
assisted units by SFC is also responsible for over dues.
Vinod Batra (1986) in his work "Development Banking In India" has
attempted a diagnostic and comparative analysis of two SFCs, namely,
Maharashtra and Rajasthan SFCs. The prime objective of the study had been to
examine organisational effectiveness and operational efficiency of the Rajasthan
SFC as a development bank. The study has clearly assessed the financial
performance of these two public sector entities in terms of their capital structure,
and other financial performance parameters. Besides, the qualitative aspects of the
functioning of the corporations have also been studied. The study has vividly
identified the role of financial and developmental agency in realistic terms and
functioning in collaboration with the development of the state, on a practical
1 48
plane.
K. Natarajan (1988) in his study entitled "Utilisation of Incentives by small
scale industrial units" dealt at length the industrial development in India and
Tamilnadu and the different types of incentives, both financial and non-financial
48. Vinod Batra, "Development Banking in India", 49.Natarajan K. "Utilisatin of Incentives by Small Scale Industrial Units", Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 1988.
66
available for small scale industries and the impact of these incentives on the small
scale industries. '^^
Sharma (1989) in the research study entitled "Industrial Entrepreneurship in
a Developing Economy" highlighted the role of Punjab Finance Corporation in
accelerating the industrial development of the State . The study has identified that
the formalities required for getting loan are so numerous that many intending
borrowers feel discouraged even for sending applications for the loans. The loans
are some time not disbursed even after they are sanctioned. It further reveals that
the small entrepreneurs felt that they are not in a position to provide huge
securities demanded for the loans. °̂
Gupta & Vashishat (1992) in their research study entitled, "Haryana
Financial Corporation and Inter District Disparities" analysed the operational
performance of HFC. The study discloses that the HFC is playing a vital role in
financing and nurturing small and medium scale industrial units in all the districts
of the State so as to remove regional imbalances in the industrial growth.
Sanctioning and disbursement by HFC has been quite impressive but recovery
position has been very poor because of lack of proper monitoring system. '̂
50. Sharma R.K. "Industrial Entrepreneurship in a Developing Economy", Kalyani Publishers, 1989.
51. Gupta.P.K. and Vashishat, A.K. "Haryana Financial Corporation and Inter-District Disparities", Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol.VI. No.l., Spring, 1992.
67
Dangwal and Nagi (1992) in their esearch study entitled " Institutional
Financing and Industrialisation of Garhwal Region" have revealed that the
financial assistance by the UPFC in Garhwal Region covered a wide range of
industries. The study points out that the Corporation's objectives financial
assistance sanctioned by the UPFC in Garhwal Region covered a wide range of
industries. The study points out that the Corporation's objectives of promoting
industrial development especially in the less developed area has not been fulfilled.
But at least the hotel industry has been given special attention by UPFC owing to
52
the region's potential for tourism and pilgrimage
Rakesh kumar Gupta (1993) in his research work entitled "The role of
Development Banks in the Industrial Development of Himachal Pradesh" threw CO
light on the various issues such as;
• The rationality of procedures and operation of these development banks
while providing financial assistance to the entrepreneurs in the state.
• Problems faced by the entrepreneurs in seeking assistance from those
development banks.
• The promotional activities undertaken by these development banks in
the state.
The Research and Planning Department of IDBI's research article on
Performance of SFCs " in the P.R.Shukla and Roy Chowdhry edited book titled
52. Dangwal R.C. and Negi,K.S., "Institutional Financing and Industrialisation of Garhwal Region". Journal of Accounting and Finance, VoI.12,No.2,1992.
53. Rakesh Kumar Gupta, " The Role of Development Banks in the Industrial Development of Himachal Pradesh", Finance India, Vol.ni, No.l, March 1994, PP 85-90.
54. Shukla.P.R & Roy Chowdhry., "Banking System Credit and Development".
68
"Banking System, Credit and Development" has vividly explained the
comparative evaluation of the performance of 18 SFC's during the five year period
1978-79 to 1982-83. The comparative evaluation has been made in terms of
several indices of performance such as
• Growth in assistance sanctioned
• Utilisation of Sanctioned assistance.
• Per Capital assistance sanctioned
• Share of assistance to small sector
• Share of assistance to backward areas and
• Percentage of arrears and recovery rate.
Besides, the above inter-SFCs variations in industry-wise distribution of
assistance, size-wise distribution of assistance, sources and requirement of funds,
debt-service coverage ratio and debt-equity ratio have also been highlighted. The
analysis in the study is based mainly on data obtained in various returns for annual
report on development banking in India.̂ '*
Hilla M.Wadia, In his study "Role of All India Term Lending
Institutions in the Industrial Development of Backward areas", made a critical
assessment of the role of financial institutions by studying the resultant cost and
time over runs and in this study specific attention has been paid to the impact of
such institutional finance on industrial units in backward areas specially with
respect to cost over runs since 1973. IDBI assisted projects have been studied
intensively to provide information on the reasons for their cost over-run, based on
55. Wadia Hilla M. "Role of ALI India Term Lending Institutions in the Industrial Development of Backward Areas" Finance India, Vol.in, No.3, Sep, 1994, pp.693-695.
-69 -
statewise, industry- wise, sector-wise and purpose-wise analysis and operation
performance of a sample of 50 industrial units, 25 each in backward and
developed areas has been assessed through a series of ratios.
B.Appa Rao & Kameswari Chinta in their research article entitled, "The
Overdues Syndrome in APSFC", have analysed the problems, magnitude and
other related aspects of overdues. The incidence of over dues in the industrial
credit system has been increasing over the years and has been steadily eroding the
financial soundness of the system. 56
Neelamegam. R. (1981) in his doctoral thesis "Institutional Finance To
Small Scale Industries - A Study with special reference to TamilNadu" sheds
light on the finance which are available to small scale industrial units through
State Level and National Level Financial Institutions. He suggested the formation
of an exclusive fund at the national level to suit the requirements of Small Scale en
Industries.
Upaulthus Selvaraj.M. (1992) in his Doctoral Thesis titled, "Working of
Financial Incentives in Small Scale Industrial Units in Composite Madurai
District" dealt at length the small industrial entrepreneurs' level of utilisation of
financial incentives, growth caused by utilisation of financial incentives, if any,
56. Appa Rao & Kameswari Chinta, " The Overdues Syndrome in APSFC", Finance Indira , Vol.Vm No.3, September, 1994, pp 667 - 674.
57. R.Neelamegam, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation on "Institutional Finance to Small Scale Industries - A Study with reference to TamilNadu, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. 1981.
58. Upaulthus Selvaraj. M, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation on "Working of n Financial Incentives in Small Scale Industrial Units in Composite Madurai District", Alagappa University, Karaikudi. 1992.
70
and entrepreneurial growth as caused by these small scale industrial units that have
Utilised the financial incentives.
Nambiar K.A. 1989 in his article titled " Small Units: Tamil Nadu plan to
Tone up Infrastructure" has explained that the Government wants to strengthen the
infrastructure instead of providing fiscal incentives as a long term measure to
stabilize industrial growth. 59
Dr. Vimal Shankar Singh in his book "Development banking in India"
presents an incisive analysis of the financial and promotional assistance provided
by the IDBI and its role as an apex development bank of the country. Further,
promotional role of IDBI has been examined in relation to its efforts in the area of
identification and development of project ideas and potential entrepreneurs,
industrial potential survey and feasibility studies, formulation, appraisal and
implementation of projects etc. It also examined the institutional arrangements
made by IDBI in order to co-ordinate and guide the activities of other
development banks in the country. 60
E.A.Parameshwara Gupta (1997) in his study stressed that, this sector needs
particular attention as it can play a positive role in the development of
entrepreneurs and managers. He has also stated that the problem of SSI include:
long gestation period, accounting problem, restriction on use of new technology,
opposition from trade unions on many issues, weak infrastructure facilities, lack
of industrial experience, and long period of realisation.^'
59. Namibiar.K.A., "Small Units: Tamilnadu Plan to Tone Up Infrastructure", Financial Express, Dec 15, 1989.
60. Vimal Shanker Singh, Development Banking in India 61. E.A.Parameshwara Gupta SSI Reservation Policy has become obsolete Southern
Economist - Oct 1997 Vol.36. Number 11, Page 17,18
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