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CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Akah, P. A., & Nwambie, A. I. (1994), In continuation of our evaluation of

the Nigerian traditional medical system which forms an important part of

health care delivery, we investigated some plants attributed to possess potent

anti-rheumatic activity.

2. Atta, A. H., & Alkofahi, A. (1998), The anti-nociceptive effect of ethanolic

extract of 11 traditionally used Jordanian plants was studied by using the

acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate test in mice. The anti-

inflammatory effect of these plants was determined by xylene-induced ear

oedema in mice and cotton pellet granuloma test in rats.

3. Atta, A. H., & El-Sooud, K. A. (2004), The antinociceptive effect of

methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg kg−1

) of eight Egyptian medicinal

plants was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick test in

mice. Oral administration of 400 mg kg−1

methanolic extracts of Convolvulus

fatmensis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major seeds, Conyza dioscaridis

significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the nociception to acetic acid-induced

writhes with a protection of 85.5–61.3%. Schouwia thebaica, Diplotaxis

acris, Plantago major leaves and Mentha microphylla, in the large dose,

showed a protection of 50.8–45.8%, which were significantly different as

compared to control.

4. Bighetti, A. E. et.al. (2005), The leaves of Mikania (Asteraceae) species are

used in folk medicine as antispasmodic, antiulcerogenic and antirheumatic

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agents. Phytochemical screening of the crude hydroalcoholic 70% extract

(CHE) of Mikania laevigata Shultz Bip. revealed coumarins, terpenes and

organic acids. Antiulcerogenic activity of CHE was evaluated, employing

different experimental models in rats, to discern the pharmacological

mechanism of action. Both the antisecretory and the cytoprotection

hypothesis were evaluated.

5. Biswas, T. K. & Mukherjee, B. (2003), Research on wound healing drugs

is a developing area in modern biomedical sciences. Scientists who are

trying to develop newer drugs from natural resources are looking toward the

Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine. Several drugs of plant,

mineral, and animal origin are described in the Ayurveda for their wound

healing properties under the term Vranaropaka.

6. Cos, P., et.al. (2006). Natural products, either as pure compounds or as

standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug

leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. To secure

this, a number of pivotal quality standards need to be set at the level of

extract processing and primary evaluation in pharmacological screening

models.

7. Cowan, M. M. (1999). The use of and search for drugs and dietary

supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years.

Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products

chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could

be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of

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current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as

antimicrobials.

8. de S Luna, J., et.al.(2005), In a search for natural products that could be

used to control the vectors of tropical diseases, 23 extracts of medicinal

plants from the northeast of Brazil have been tested for molluscicidal

activity against egg masses and adults of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata,

for larvicidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, and

for general toxicity against the larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina.

9. Dhuley, J. N. (1997), The effect of Indian herbs namely, Asparagus

racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Picrorhiza

kurrooa on the functions of macrophages obtained from mice treated with

the carcinogen ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated.

10. Fennell, C. W., et.al. (2004), This paper reviews progress in establishing the

scientific rationale for and safety of traditional medicine use in Africa.

Selected plants were screened for antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic,

anti-amoebic, antischistosomal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant activity, as well as psychotropic and neurotropic activity using

appropriate in vitro tests. The issue of quality control may, in the interim, be

addressed using chromatographic techniques.

11. Gebrie, E., et.al. (2005), The practice of traditional medicine for the control

of fertility in most parts of Ethiopia is based on the uses of plant medicines

for many years. The fact that herbal medicines have been employed for such

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a long time does not guarantee their efficacy and safety. The aim of the

present study was, therefore, to carry out phytochemical screening, efficacy

and safety studies on one of the traditionally used antifertility plants: Rumex

steudelii.

12. Grover, J. K., & Yadav, S. P. (2004), Since ancient times, plants and

herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in last

few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of

traditional medicine. Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various

systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic,

abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema,

emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain,

kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis,

purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator’s

attention on this plant. There are few reports available on clinical use of MC

in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results.

13. Gupta, M., et.al. (2005), In this study, the anti-inflammatory, analgesic,

and antipyretic effects of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of methanol

extract obtained from Bauhinia racemosa stem bark, the so-called MEBR,

were investigated.

14. Gürbüz, I., et.al. (2005), Several ethnomedicinal plant remedies used in

Pinarbasi, Kayseri, in particular those which are used for the treatment of

several peptic ulcer symptoms such as stomach ache, heartburn, etc. were

selected for evaluation of their anti-ulcerogenic potential.

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15. Gürbüz, I., et.al. (2003), Five herbal remedies used as gastroprotective

crude drugs in Turkey were assessed for anti-ulcerogenic activity using the

EtOH-induced ulcerogenesis model in rat. The crude drugs investigated

comprises fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae), fresh fruits of

Hibiscus esculentus L. (Malvaceae), fresh roots of Papaver rhoeas L.

(Papaveraceae), leaves of Phlomis grandiflora H.S. Thomson (Lamiaceae)

and fresh fruits of Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae).

16. Gutiérrez, R. M. P., et.al. (2008), Psidium guajava, is an important food

crop and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical countries is widely used

like food and in folk medicine around of the world. This aims a

comprehensive of the chemical constituents, pharmacological, and clinical

uses. Different pharmacological experiments in a number of in vitro and in

vivo models have been carried out.

17. Grzanna, R., et.al. (2005), The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have

been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many

laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that

ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties.

18. Hazekamp, A., et.al. (2001), The ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum

petasites was tested to evaluate the spasmolytic activity on isolated guinea-

pig tracheal smooth muscle. The crude extract (2.25–9.0 mg/ml) dose-

dependently caused relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle which was

contracted by exposure to histamine.

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19. Heinrich, M. & Gibbons, S. (2001), In this paper we discuss some

examples of ethnopharmacological research as it has been conducted during

the last two centuries and look at the current role of this discipline in drug

discovery (especially with respect to the American and European markets)

and the further development of these phytotherapeutical resources for local

use in the countries of origin (ethnopharmacology).

20. Houghton, P. J. (1999), The underground organs of members of the genus

Valeriana (Valerianaceae), as well as related genera such as Nardostachys,

are used in the traditional medicine of many cultures as mild sedatives and

tranquillizers and to aid the induction of sleep.

21. Huang, X., et.al. (2004), Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), due to

their long time clinic test and reliable therapeutic efficacy, are attracting

increased global attention served as excellent pools of bioactive compounds

for the discovery of new drugs.

22. Kumar, B., et.al. (2007), India has a rich tradition of plant-based knowledge

on healthcare. A large number of plants/plant extracts/decoctions or pastes

are equally used by tribals and folklore traditions in India for treatment of

cuts, wounds, and burns.

23. Lahlou, M. (2004), Many essential oils are extracted, analysed and their

main components are identified, characterised and then published without

any biological testing whatsoever. Their useful biological activities can

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remain unknown for years. Yet, the search for these activities often increases

our knowledge of the potential use of oils in therapeutics.

24. Li, W. L., Zheng, et.al. (2004), The rapidly increasing diabetes mellitus is

becoming a serious threat to mankind health in all parts of the world. The

control and treatment of diabetes and its complications mainly depend on the

chemical or biochemical agents, but the fact is that it has never been

reported that someone had recovered totally from diabetes.

25. Lodhi, S., et.al. (2006), Tephrosia purpurea is a well-known herb for its

hepatoprotective, anticancer, antiulcer, antibacterial and in healing bleeding

piles, etc. The present study was aimed for wound healing potential of

ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (aerial part) in the form of simple

ointment using three types of wound models in rats as incision wound,

excision wound and dead space wound. All parameters were observed

significant (P < 0.05) in comparison to control group.

26. Mathabe, M. C., et.al. (2006), The antibacterial activity was determined by

agar-well diffusion method and expressed as the average diameter of the

zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the wells.

27. Mukherjee, P. K., et.al. (1998), Ethanol extract of four different plants of

the Khatra region of the Bankura district of West Bengal, India were

evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal activity against different experimental models

of diarrhoea in rats. The extracts of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (hanging roots),

Eugenia jambolana Lam. (bark), Ficus racemosa Linn. (bark) and Leucas

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lavandulaefolia Rees (aerial parts) showed significant inhibitory activity

against castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE2 induced enteropooling in rats.

28. Palombo, E. A. (2006), Medicinal plants have been used as traditional

treatments for numerous human diseases for thousands of years.

29. Perianayagam, J. B., et.al. (2004), The present study was designed to

investigate the anti-pyretic and analgesic activity of ethanol (EEO) and

aqueous (AEO) extracts of Emblica officinalis fruits in several experimental

models. A single oral dose of EEO and AEO (500 mg/kg, i.p.) showed

significant reduction in brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats.

30. Pires, J. M., et.al. (2009). The hydroalcohol extracts of Achillea

millefolium L. (AM) and Artemisia vulgaris L. (AV), both belonging to the

Asteraceae family, were evaluated by the hot plate, writhing, formalin and

intestinal transit tests in an attempt to confirm their folk use as analgesic,

antiinflammatory and antispasmodic agents.

31. Perry, E. K., et.al. (1998), The use of complementary medicines such as

plant extracts in dementia therapy, varies according to the different cultural

traditions. In orthodox Western medicine, contrasting with that in China and

the Far East for example, pharmacological properties of traditional cognitive

or memory enhancing plants have not been widely investigated in the

context of current models of Alzheimer's disease.

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32. Quintans Júnior, L. J., et.al. (2008), Seizures are resistant to treatment

with currently available anticonvulsant drugs in about 1 out of 3 patients

with epilepsy. Thus, there is a need for new, more effective anticonvulsant

drugs for intractable epilepsy. However, nature is a rich source of biological

and chemical diversity and a number of plants in the world have been used

in traditional medicine remedies, i.e., anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, analgesic,

antidepressant.

33. Quiroga, E. N., et.al. (2001), Plants synthesise a vast array of secondary

metabolites that are gaining importance for their biotechnological

applications. The antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of ten

Argentinean plants used in native medicine is reported.

34. Raja, R. D. A., et.al. (2011), To screen the antimicrobial potential of three

ethnomedicinal plants Chassalia curviflora Thw. (C. curviflora), Cyclea

peltata Hook. F. & Thomson (C. peltata) and Euphorbia hirta L (E. hirta)

used in folk medicines in Aarukani hills Kani tribe, Tamil Nadu, India

against human bacterial pathogens.

35. Raman, A. & Lau, C. (1996), Unripe fruit, seeds and aerial parts of

Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) have been used in various parts

of the world to treat diabetes.

36. Rates, S. M. K. (2001), This work presents a study of the importance of

natural products, especially those derived from higher plants, in terms of

drug development. It describes the main strategies for obtaining drugs from

natural sources, fields of knowledge involved, difficulties and perspectives.

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It also includes a brief discussion of the specific situation in Brazil regarding

the use of, trade in, and research into therapeutic resources of natural origin

and the general lack of awareness of the use of potentially toxic plants,

mainly in folk medicine.

37. Saha, A., et.al. (2007), The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol

extracts of Phyllanthus reticulatus. Poir. (Euphorbiaceae) were chosen for

pharmacological screening. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the ethyl

acetate extract in doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg showed 51.23 and 65.12%

inhibition of writhing, respectively.

38. Sosa, S., et.al. (2002), Hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of seven

herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America against skin

disorders (Aristolochia trilobata leaves and bark, Bursera simaruba bark,

Hamelia patens leaves, Piper amalago leaves, and Syngonium podophyllum

leaves and bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity

against the Croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice.

39. Tagboto, S. & Townson, S. (2001), There is an increasing awareness of the

potential of natural products, which may lead to the development of much-

needed new antiparasitic drugs. In this chapter, we have drawn together a

comprehensive list of medicinal plants and other natural products that have

been shown to have activity against human and, to a lesser extent, animal

parasites.

40. Van Vuuren, S. F. (2008), This paper reviews the antimicrobial research

undertaken on South African medicinal plants during the period 1997–2008.

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41. Venkatesan, N., et.al. (2005), Asparagus racemosus Wild root has been

used traditionally in Ayurveda for the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery.

However, the claims of Ayurveda need to be validated by a suitable

experimental model. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate

the effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus for its

antidiarrhoeal potential against several experimental models of diarrhoea in

Albino Wistar rats.

42. Wang, M., et.al. (2005), The introduction of the concept of systems biology,

enabling the study of living systems from a holistic perspective based on the

profiling of a multitude of biochemical components, opens up a unique and

novel opportunity to reinvestigate natural products.

43. Wang, M. Y., et.al. (2002), Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) has been used in

folk remedies by Polynesians for over 2000 years, and is reported to have a

broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral,

antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory,

and immune enhancing effects. In order to reveal the nutritional and

medicinal value of the Noni plant, and to summarize scientific evidence that

supports the Polynesians' claim, a literature review and recent advances in

Noni research is given below.

44. Wattanapitayakul, S. K., et.al. (2005), Doxorubicin is an important and

effective anticancer drug widely used for the treatment of various types of

cancer but its clinical use is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity.

Elevated tissue levels of cellular superoxide anion/oxidative stress are a

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mechanism by which doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Selected

medicinal plant extracts were tested for their antioxidant capacity and

cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

45. Williamson, E. M. (2001), Synergistic interactions are of vital importance

in phytomedicines, to explain difficulties in always isolating a single active

ingredient, and explain the efficacy of apparently low doses of active

constituents in a herbal product.

46. Zenk, M. H. (1991), The development of plant cell cultures for the study of

the biosynthesis of secondary metabolises in the 1970s revolutionized the

field. It became possible to identify, characterize and ultimately, in specific

cases, to purify the biocatalysts involved in the individual transformations. It

is without question that plant cell cultures have become a central,

indispensable vehicle in secondary metabolic research.