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I. Title : estimates of population size in the simulation (with
koro bean) with the method of capture-mark-release-recapture
II. Purpose : apply the method of capture-mark-release-recapture to
estimate the population of the lentils and compare the results of the three
formulas estimai Peterson, Schnabel, and Eschmeyer-Sumacher
III. Review of the literature:
Ecology comes from the Greek, which consists of two words: oikos which
means home or place of living, and logos meaning science. Ecology is defined as
the study of both the interaction between living things and the interactions
between living things and their environment. In ecology, we study living things as
a unit or system with its environment. Ecological definition as above, was first
presented by Ernest Haeckel (zoologiwan German, 1834-1914). Ecology is the
branch of biology which are making use of information from a variety of other
sciences, such as: chemistry, physics, geology, and climatology to the discussion.
Application of ecology in agriculture and plantations of which is the use of
biological controls to control pest populations in order to increase productivity.
The scope of the ecological range in the level of populations, communities, and
ecosystems (Anonim 1, 2012).
Discussion of ecology can not be separated from the discussion of the
various constituent components of ecosystem, abiotic and biotic factors are.
Abiotic factors such as temperature, water, humidity, light, and topography, while
biotic factors are living things made up of humans, animals, plants, and microbes.
Ecology is also closely linked to the levels of organization of living things, ie
population, community, and ecosystems that mutually influence and is a system
that shows unity. Biotic factors are living factors that include all living things on
earth, both plants and animals. In ecosystems, plants act as producers, consumers
act as animals, and microorganisms act as a decomposer (Anonim 1. 2012).
Core problems of ecology is the relationship of living things, especially
humans with their environment. Knowledge about the interrelationships between
living things with their environment is called ecology. The term ecology was first
introduced by Enerst Haeckel, a biologist at the German nation. Ecology comes
from the Greek word Oikos meaning house and logos which means the science /
study. Therefore, ecology means the science of the home (residence) of living
things. Thus ecology is usually be meaned as the study of the reciprocal
relationship between living things with their environment. Based on the literal
meaning of the origin of ecology and economy he said the same. Ecology (Oikos
and logos) are economic (Oikos and nomos) that the science is much in common.
But in a ecology, the currency used in transactions rather than rupiah or dollars,
but the material, energy, and information. Flows of matter, energy, and
information within a community or several communities have a major concern in
ecology, such as money in the economy. Therefore, the transaction in the form of
ecological materials, energy, and information (Anonim 2. 2012).
Environmental management is anthropocentric, that is a major concern
associated with human interests. Survival of a species of plant or animal, is
associated with the role of plants or animals to meet human needs, both material
(food) and non-material (beauty and scientific value). Thus human survival in the
environment is largely determined by the plants, animals, and inanimate elements
(Anonim 2. 2012).
In the exceptional case might be able to determine the size and population
density by direct counting all individuals in the limit of a population. For
example, we can calculate the number of starfish in the tide pools. Groups of large
mammals such as buffalo or elephant, sometimes it can be generated accurately
from aircraft. However, in some cases, impractical or even impossible to calculate
Seua individuals residing in a population. Instead, ecologists often use various
techniques of sampling or sample to estimate the density and size of the total
population. For example, scientists can estimate the number of alligators in the
Florida Everglades by calculating the individual contained in a few plots of land
(plot) that represents the appropriate size. Such estimates are more accurately
using a sample of parcels of land more and bigger and as homogeneous habitat
(Campbell, 2004:334).
Population also means a group of similar individuals in a particular area. This
understanding is used to indicate the number of individuals in a population. Count
all individuals in a population is called population size. Population size can be
determined by the census, ie find and record every individual in the area of
observation (Susanto, 2000: 202).
According Anonim 1 (2012), abiotic factors are nonliving factors that
include physical and chemical factors. The main physical factors that affect the
ecosystem is as follows:
Temperature
Temperature effect on the ecosystem due to temperature is a necessary
condition for living organisms. There are other types of organisms that can
live only at a certain temperature range.
Sunlight
Sunlight affect the global ecosystem because of the sun determines the
temperature. Sunlight is also a vital element needed by plants as producers
to photosynthesize.
Water
Effect on ecosystem water because the water needed for survival of the
organism. For plants, the water is required in growth, germination, and
seed dispersal; for animals and humans, need water for drinking and other
living facilities, such as transportation for humans, and habitat for fish. For
other abiotic elements, such as soil and rock, water is necessary as solvents
and decomposer.
Ground
Land is a place to live for the organism. Different soil types causing
organisms that live in it are also different. Soil also provide important
elements for the growth of organisms, especially plants.
Height
Altitude determines the type of organisms that live in these places, because
of different heights will result in physical and chemical conditions are
different.
Wind
The wind in addition to a role in determining the humidity also play a role
in the dissemination of seeds of certain plants.
Latitude
Different latitudes show different environmental conditions. Latitude is
not directly lead to differences in the distribution of organisms on the
earth's surface. There are organisms capable of living on a certain latitude.
Population density of one species or group of animals can be expressed in the
form of number or biomass per unit, or a broad unity or unity or the unity of the
capture volume. Density is very important pupolasi measured to calculate
productivity, but to compare a community with other komnitas this parameter is
not so precise. It is used for relative density. Relative density can be calculated by
comparing the density of a species with a density of all types contained in the unit.
Relative density is usually expressed as a percentage. (lecture group.2012:1)
Population group being interpreted as a collection of the same type of (or
other group of individuals capable of exchanging genetic information) that inhabit
a particular space, which has various characteristics that best described, although
statistically significant, unique as belonging to the group rather than individual
characteristics in the group. (Soetjipta.1992)
Population size generally varies from time, usually follow two patterns.
Some populations maintain the size poulasi maintain population size, a relatively
constant while the other pupolasi berfluktasi large enough. The main difference is
the environment that stimulated an experiment to improve the grouse population.
Investigation of population dynamics, essentially by the balance between births
and deaths in the population in an attempt to understand the nature mentioned.
(Naughton.Mc.1973)
Calculations for both populations of animals and plants can be held
directly and indirectly. Indirectly, namely with an estimated population size in
such a manner appropriate to the nature of animals or plants that can be
calculated. For example, for sampling weed populations can be used grass
meadow grass squares method, for large animals can be performed by the method
of track count or fecal count, while for animals that are relatively easy to catch for
example rats, locusts or grass populations can be estimated with the method
capture mark release recapture (CMMR) (lecture group.2012:1). Southwood in
lecture group (2012) stated that the application of the method of CMRR with the
following assumptions.
a. Marked animals were not affected by the sign and the sign is not easily
lost.
b. Marked animals must be mixed homogeneously in the population.
c. Population should be in a closed system (no migration or migration can be
calculated).
d. There are no births or deaths during the sampling period.
e. Animals are captured once or more, does not affect the results of
subsequent sampling.
f. Population assuming random sampling of all age groups and genders can
be captured as well as all individuals have the same ability to be captured.
g. Sampling is done by a fixed time interval.
A population can also be interpreted sabagai the same group. A population
can also be interpreted as a creatures that inhabit the same species, and a special
room at a particular time. Population can be divided into Deme, or local
populations, groups that can fertilize each other, the smallest collective unit or
plant.Populasi animal population has some characteristics of the statistical
measurements that can not be applied to individual members opulasi. Basic
characteristics of the population or population density is. Population density of the
population size is associated with a unit of space, which is generally studied and
found chopped sabagai individuals or biomass per unit area per unit of content.
Sometimes it is important to distinguish the rough density of ecological density (=
specific density).Gross density or biomass is a count of the total space of unity,
whereas Ecological density is a count of individual biomass of unity of space
habitats.In the event that is not practical to implement a population density
mutklak. In the meantime it has been deemed sufficient if known kerapan relative
of a population. Absolute density measurement is by way of: Thorough
calculation is the most direct way to understand what is the creature in question is
calculated in sutau area are all creatures and footage method is to calculate the
population of small proporsil. (Peterson). (Soetjipta.1992)
For biotic sampling methods are commonly used to move animals capture-
recapture method. A method that has been popular to assume a population size of
a species of fast-moving animals such as fish, birds and small mammals.
This method there are several ways:
A. Linceln-Peterson method
This method is the dasrya arrested a number of individuals of an animal
population to be studied. Individuals who are arrested and given a mark
that is easy to read, then released again in a short period of time. After a
few days to be recaptured and marked captured calculated.
Than twice the size of the catch can be presumed or population size (N) by
the formula:
N / M = n / R or N = (M) (n) / R
By:
N = total population size.
M = number induvidu captured on the first arrest.
n = number of induvidu an arrest was caught on the second.
R = Individuals marked from the first arrest was caught back in a second
arrest.
In the method of estimation is done by pulling the population sample,
there is always an error (Error). To calculate the error capture-recapture
method can be done by calculating the standard error (SE = Standard
errror of his)
SE = √ (M) (n) (M-R) (n-R): R3
Once it is known SE confidence interval can be determined:
N = (1) (SE) with a note, t = (df) In Α t distribution table (significance
level) = 0.05
To calculate the density (d) the animal population sector in a particular
habitat (A) is calculated by the formula: D = N / A
B. Schnabel method
To improve the accuracy of the Lincoln-Peterson method (Due to
relatively small sample), can be used schanabel. This method requires the
same assumptions in addition to the Lincoln-Peterson method, also added
to the assumption that population size should be constant from one
sampling period to the next period. In this way the population can be
predicted by the formula:
N = Σ (ni Mi) / Σri
With a note:
Mi = the total number of animals caught period Eke I added the previous
period,
Ni = the animal is caught in the period i
Ri = the animal is caught again in the period to i
Then the standard error of this method can be calculated by the formula:
SE = 1 / √ 1 (N-Mi) = (k-1) / N-Σ (1/N-ni))
With a note:K = number of sampling periods and Mi = total number of
marked animals. (Sugianto.A.1994)
IV. The research method
4.1 materials and tools
• two pieces of plastic cups
• 1 ounce of nuts Tolo
• 1 oz green beans
4.2 Procedure
When will calculate the population of red lentils, then do steps - steps
as follows:
Take a handful of red lentils, numbered, and then replace the
other color of the lentils and dmasukkan into the jar. This
method aims to mark the animals
then the jar was shaken by a constant so that the lentils mixed
homogeneously
take a second snapshot in the same way, if there are a number
of other koro then recorded as m or written in the table R.
Meanwhile, mince the lentils are caught both recorded as T.
Take the next such as the above excerpts to 10 times
Thus, the population estimate for red lentils can be calculated
with the formula that is the third Peterson, Schnabel,
sumacher-Eschmeyer
If you want to calculate estimates of the lentils and white then
do the same, only taken the first jar is a jar of white. Do it
anyway footage 10 times.
After completion of the two kinds of population estimates
koro, koro bean populations subsequently calculated the total
number directly.
Reference
Anonym 1. 2012. Geomorfologi kloning. http://munadhiroh.ngeblogs.com.
(Diakses tanggal 12 april 2012)
Anonym 2. 2012. Estimasi populasi. http://bhimashraf.blogspot.com .
(Diakses tanggal 12 april 2012)
Campbell. 2004. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 3. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Naughhton.1973. Ekologi Umum edisi Ke 2. Yogyakarta : UGM Press
Soegianto,agus.1994.Ekologi Kwantatif. Surabaya : Usaha Nasional
Soetjipta.1992.Dasar-dasar Ekologi Hewan. Jakarta : DeptDikBud DIKTI
tim dosen. 2012. petunjuk praktikum ekologi hewan. Jember : UJ
“ESTIMATES OF POPULATION SIZE IN THE SIMULATION (WITH
KORO BEAN) WITH THE METHOD OF CAPTURE-MARK-RELEASE-
RECAPTURE “
(Submitted for the practice task of Animal Ecology)
REPORT OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
By :
Group 8
Indra Sahfriana (090210103009)
Dian Dwi Lestari (090210103011)
Winda Anisfiani (090210103037)
Harissudin Masrur (090210103072)
Heru Prasetyo (090210103075)
STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCES AND MATHEMATIC
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER
2012