CHAPTER I Ecranization.pdf

8/10/2019 CHAPTER I Ecranization.pdf

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

Literature is the kind of writing that used language in special way. In

technical term, it is called estranging or defamiliarizing as opposed today or

ordinary use of language. First of all not all literary work, a novel or drama

use the language with this estranging effect. They are still characterized as

literature. Other definition of literature namely literature as fictional writing

and literature as belles letter are easier to refute. Literature is as 'imaginative'

writing in the sense of fiction - writing which is not literally true. (Eagleton,

2005:1)

Literary genre is a category of literature composition. Genre may be

determined by literary technique, tone, content or even (as in the case of

fiction) length. Genre should not be confused with age category. By which

literature may be classified as adult, young adult or children. They must not

be confused with the format. The most general genres in the literature are

epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, short story and creative nonfiction. They can all

be in genre prose or poetry which shows the best how lousily genres are

defined.

A novel is a fictional piece ofprose usually written in a narrative

style. Novels tell stories, which are typically defined as a series of events

described in a sequence. The novel has been a part of human culture for over
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-prose.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-prose.htm


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a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of

how it began, the novel has risen to prominence and remained one of the most

popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. (Kenney,

1996: 104).

There have been stories and tales for thousands of years, but novels

must combine a few unique characteristics in order to be defined as such.

First, a novel is written down. rather than told through an oral account.

Secondly, novels are meant to be fictional in form, differentiating them from

myths, which are said to have their basis in reality or theology. Although

some modern scholars argue differently, there is no truly established

guideline for length, point-of-view, or even establishment of a moral or

philosophical point in novels. (Kenney, 1996: 104).

The film is one art form the interplay between Light and shadows -

shadows subtly. Film verbal communication through dialogue (such as

drama), the film uses complex rhythms and smooth (such as music), the film

communicates through images, metaphors, and symbols - symbol (such as

poetry), the film focuses on moving images (such as pantomimes) which has

a certain rhythmic (like dance), and finally, the movie has the ability to play

time and space, to develop and abbreviate, forward or back it freely within the

limits - Ample boundaries. Film remains something unique though there are

similarities with other media. Film exceed drama because the film has the

ability to take the point of view wide - range, motion, time and space is

limited. different from novel, the film does not communicate with the


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emblem - abstract emblem printed on top of the paper so that it requires an

interpretation by the brain to visual portrayal and voice, but directly through

the images - visual images and real voice. (Farlex, 2008:1).

Film is the visualization story, many novel were transformed and

visualized into film, in the transformation novel into film there are many

expansion and ellipsis, some of novel were transformed are Harry Potter (the

transformation of the novel by JK Rowling to the film by Steven Kloves),

The Old Man And The Sea (transformation of the novel by Ernest

Hemmingway to the film by Spencer Tracey), and The Lord Of The Rings

(transformation of the Tolkien novels to the film by Peter S. Beagle) and

much more, in this study researchers interested to analyze Wuthering Heights

(Emily Bronte novel transformation into film by Andrea Arnold).

Based on the theory, adaptation of one particular medium into another

form of creating the work is often done by artists, for example from a short

story into a comic, novel into a comic drama in films, short stories into film,

radio plays in the film, from the novel into the film, or vice versa. The

process of converting the novel into a film is called Ecranization. Eneste

(1991: 60).

Ecranization is a theory to converting or transformation a novel to

film, with adaptation the character of the artists can create. Many film make

or produce began from the novel, the film maker read and catch the main idea

and they can put in the film. The process transformation from novel into film

is called Ecranization, in the process transformation into film there are some


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different shades and there is also additional (expansion), in the film there is

also an ellipsis (removal time and the time of the telling of the story) the story

in the novel. Eneste (1991: 78).

Various reasons underlie the process of transformation from novel to

film. For these reasons, among others because of a well-known novel, so that

the general public is familiar with the story of the novel. In the end,

commonly supports commercial aspects. Reason last is because the idea of

the novel is considered good by the community and screenplay writer. The

emergence of the phenomenon of the film adaptation of the novel into shape a

change in the substance of the discourse that gave rise to the term

Ecranization. The term was raised by Bluestone, which means the process of

moving or changes in the shape of a novel into film. Bluestone (1957: 5).

Regarding the transformation from novel to film, one of the novel is

interesting to analyze the work of Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights

entitled. Wuthering Heights is one of the classic works in English literature

that elevates the name of Emily Bronte (1818-148) into one of the great

figures in British literature. This novel is the story of a family saga about two

love stories never get. But this is not the usual sentimental love story as

Emily Bronte packaged in a compelling story with characters turn dark

characters vividly and candid. Wuthering Heights itself is the name of a large

house in Yorkshire UK. The story of this novel begins with the arrival of Mr.

Who met Mr Lockwood. Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights for rent

Thrushcross Grange, Heathcliff owned a house that is located not too far


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away with Wuthering Heights. His meeting with Mr. Heathcliff that seem

strange and rude to make Mr. Lockwood tried to find out about the history of

Wuthering Heights Heathcliff and Miss. Ellen Dean, a housekeeper who had

long worked in Wuthering Heights. From the speech of Miss Dean is the

story of Wuthering Heights revealed in detail until the last pages of this

novel. Therefore, the authors chose the novel and the film Wuthering Heights

to be analyzed.

Based on the statement above, the researcher would like to conduct an

analysis of transformation with the title WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A

TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL I NTO FI LM.

B. Statements of Problem

Based on the background above, the fundamental problems in this the

study is a film depiction reveal differences and novel Wuthering Heights.

This problem can be follow as:

1. What is the form of the transformation done in Wuthering Heights?

2.

How was it after being transformed?

C. Objective of The Study

1.

To know what the form of the transformation is done in Wuthering

Heights.

2. To know how it was after being transformed.


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D. Significance of The Study

This study is expected to give a meaningful contribution to the literary

study especially in the field of Ecranization theory. By knowing the

Ecranization theory, it means knowing the meaning of adaptation and

transformation. Thereby, it can give understanding the comprehension the

meaning in textual, contextual. This study also will be a helpful model for the

students of the English Department in studying Ecranization theory and

literary work. Moreover, it is expected to encourage the spirit of the student

in learning Ecranization theory and literary work in general.

E. Scope and Limitation

For the usefulness, the scope in this study is applying Ecranization

theory in the novel and film Wuthering Heights. Another thing considered to

be the limitation of the study is the transformation from novel into film of the

study is only taken in Wuthering Heights film.

F. Definition of Key Term

1.Literature

Literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the

restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in

the more exact sense of the word. (Klarer, 2004, 1).


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2.Novel

Naturally, novels could not receive wide distribution until the use of

printing presses became common throughout the world. Even so, a few

fictional works from the medieval and early modern periods stand out as

landmarks of literary style. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is still taught to

lecture-halls full of English literature majors today as one of the earliest

celebrated novels.

Throughout the centuries, the novel stumbled along with great waxing

and waning in popularity. Many modern examples held up as great novels

were written throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, when novels finally

gained a permanent position as an acceptable form of literature. Since that

time, novels have become the most common form of published literature, far

outpacing the published plays, poetry, and works of non-fiction that once

held sway over the literate world.

Novels are often beloved for their creation of spectacular worlds,

empathetic characters, and carefully thought-out arguments. They are often

seen as a boundless realm of exploration and creativity, with subgenres

springing up to include nearly every type of subject that can be written about.

The literary style remains cost-effective despite the range of imaginary things

that can be put into novels; unlike the soaring costs of special effects and

computer graphics needed to make a fantastical movie, a novel requires only

imagination and talent to create massive worlds and detailed characters.


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3.Film

Film meaning, Einstein suggested in 1925, occurs by a collision of

filmic ideas. This collision occurs in the form of Shots (which are, he

suggested, the basic units or elements of film form) in opposition. Each shot

must correspond to a concept or feeling, so pictured as to present to the

audience an idea. The following shot in the sequence presents to the audience

another idea, but one in opposition, one designed expressly to create a

conflict or collision of ideas. From this collision of ideas comes a synthesis

a new idea, depending upon the previous shots, but not being merely

additive. (Worth:1981: 159,160)

The film medium makes use of visual images, as compared to the

novel which has a vast vocabulary in its disposal. If in a novel the writer has

described, for instance, a certain kind of an armchair, then in a film the

spectator sees an armchair and for some spectator it can be just an armchair,

but for others it could be a unique piece of antique furniture, or as Monaco

(2000: 155-159) describes it different people perceive visual images with

different level of sophistication. In such a way spectator can read more into

film that actually depicted and readers of a novel have usually the limited

information provided by the author. Thus both media can be equally

demanding for the readers and spectator.

4.Ecranization

Visual interpretation of creativity, different from the concept of

intellectual, creative process in the form of the creation of literary art upon


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work of art, as mentioned earlier, often using a variety of the following

terminology: inspired, adapted, composed, modified, be created, reproduced,

re-make, re-articulation, or Re-actualization (Eneste,1991:60).

5.Transformation

Adaptation proper is necessary in those cases in which transfer from

one medium to another is not possible, these include the prose narratives

indices and enunciation (writing). The use of adaptation proper is due to the

different signifying systems of the novel and the film, e.g. visual

representations of the places and persons. (McFarlane 1996:26). When the

book consists of verbal signs i.e. is passed on conceptually, then cinematic

sign that is visual, aural and verbal is passed on perceptually. So it is up to

the film-maker which signs to use when adapting a literary text into a

cinematic one representing most important verbal signs into visual ones.

Another reason for adaptation proper is the novels linearity and films

spatiality: words in the novel are presented linearly whereas frames in the

film have spatial impact (McFarlane 1996: 26-27).

6.Analysis

Transforming text into a movie drama is a complex process. The

element that was not there before in the text in a new text added drama as a

supporter of visualization as a basic text and film scenarios. Neil D. Isaacs (in

Maddux et al., 1970: 149) mentions that the new material contained in a

transformation of the scenarios included in the text of a dramatic elements

contained in the text. The sequence of events in which enhanced interpret


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literary elements and different materials to meet the needs of the filmmaking

process.

Changes inevitable in a transformation of the text into a movie is a

dramatization that can give a more explicit interpretation of a film than with

the interpretation of literary texts are full of signs and symbols (Isaacs in

Maddux et al., 1970: 155).

G. Research Method

1. Design

Research Design is to describe and to analyze the transformation that

is used a research and also to understand the research. In analyzing the

transformation on the film Wuthering Heights the researcher uses

descriptive qualitative research.

2. Approach

An approach means the basic principle that is used by the researcher

to appreciate literary work. An approach will become the basic framework of

thinking and analyzing literary work. To select and decide the appropriate

approach is mainly influenced by the intention of this study. The researcher

will use structural approach to analyze the transformation from novel into

film.


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3. Source of data and data (object of research)

The importance source of the data is watching Wuthering Heights

film and read the Novel, determining part to the whole of the film,

understanding and interpreting the film.

4. Instrument

The researcher use instrument novel and film of Wuthering Heights to

analyzing the transformation from novel into film.

5. Procedure of collecting data

Data collection uses to the steps on follow:

a. Watching and understanding film Wuthering Heights.

b.

Reading and understanding the novel of Wuthering Heights.

c. Classifying the data dealing with the question problem of the study.

6. Procedure of analyzing data

Researchers used several procedures for data analysis include the

following:

a. Compare the differences between film and novel Wuthering Heights

b. Process transformation into film with different shades and also

addition (expansion), in the film there is also an ellipsis (removal time

and the time of the telling of the story) the story in the novel.

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CHAPTER I Ecranization.pdf