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Chapter 15
India and the Indian Ocean Basin
1 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
India After the Fall of the Gupta Dynasty
n Invasion of White Huns from central Asia beginning 451 C.E.
n Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century n Chaos in northern India
q Local power struggles q Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian
society
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King Harsha (r. 606-648 C.E.)
n Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India
n Religiously tolerant q Buddhist by faith
n Generous support for poor n Patron of the arts
q Wrote three plays n Assassinated, no successor able to retain control
3 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction of Islam to Northern India
n Arabs conquer Sind (northwest India), 711 C.E. n Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world n Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid
dynasty to 1258 C.E.
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Merchants and Islam
n Arabic trade with India predates Islam n Dominated trade between India and the west to
fifteenth century n Established local communities in India
q Port city of Cambay
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Mahmud of Ghazni
n Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan n Raids into India, 1001-1027 n Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples
q Often builds mosques atop ruins
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The Sultanate of Delhi
n Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory n Capital: Delhi n Ruled northern India 1206-1526 n Weak administrative structure
q Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings
n Nineteen out of thirty-five sultans assassinated
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Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
n Chola kingdom, 850-1267 C.E. q Maritime power q Not highly centralized
n Kingdom of Vijayanagar q Mid-fourteenth century to 1565 q Northern Deccan q Originally supported by sultanate of Delhi q Leaders renounce Islam in 1336 q Yet maintain relations with sultanate
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Major States of Postclassical India, 600-1600 C.E.
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Agriculture in the Monsoon World
n Spring/summer: rains, wind from southwest n Fall/winter: dry season, wind from northeast n Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought,
famine q Especially southern India
n Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels
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The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, 600-1600 C.E.
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Population Growth in India
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Trade and Economic Development in Southern India
n Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient n Certain products traded throughout subcontinent
q Iron, copper, salt, pepper n Southern India profits from political instability in
north
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Temples and Indian Society
n More than religious centers n Center of coordination of irrigation, other
agricultural work q Some temples had large landholdings
n Education providers n Banking services
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Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin n Trade increases in postclassical period n Larger ships
q Dhows, junks n Improved organization of agricultural efforts n Establishment of emporia
q Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade n Specialized products developed (cotton, high-
carbon steel)
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The Kingdom of Axum
n Example of trade-driven development n Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia
about first century C.E. q Adopted Christianity
n Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south q Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë ca. 360 C.E. q Major territorial expansion to late sixth century
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Obelisk at Axum
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Challenges to Caste and Society
n Migrations n Growth of Islam n Urbanization n Economic development
q Development of jati (subcastes) q Similar to workers’ guilds
n Caste system expands from north to south n Promoted by temples, educational system
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Decline of Buddhism
n Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples
n 1196, Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda q Thousands of monks exiled
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Development of Hinduism
n Growth of devotional cults q Especially Vishnu, Shiva
n Promise of salvation n Especially popular in southern India, spreads to
north
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Devotional Philosophers
n Shankara, brahmin philosopher of ninth century C.E. q Devotee of Shiva q Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form q Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion
n Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher eleventh to early twelfth century q Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on logic q Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary
Hinduism
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Conversion to Islam
n Twenty-five million converts by 1500 (quarter of total population)
n Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus q Rarely achieved: whole castes or jati convert, social
status remains consistent
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Sufis
n Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam
n Important missionaries of Islam to India n Some flexibility regarding local customs
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The Bhakti Movement
n Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together
n Twelfth-century southern Hindu movement, spread to north
n Guru Kabir (1440-1518) q Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of
one deity q Largely unsuccessful
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Indian Influence in Southeast Asia
n Influence dates from 500 B.C.E. n Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions
q Kingship q Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) q Literature
n Caste system not as influential
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Early States of Southeast Asia
n Funan q Lower Mekong River,
first to sixth century C.E. n Kingdom of Srivijaya
q Centered in Sumatra, 670-1025 C.E.
n Kingdom of Angkor q Cambodia, 889-1431 C.E. q Magnificent religious city complexes
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Early States of Southeast Asia: Funan and Srivijaya, 100-1025 C.E.
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Later States of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889-1520 C.E.
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Islam in Southeast Asia
n Early populations of Muslim traders n Increasing popularity with Sufi activity n Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist
traditions
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State of Melaka
n Founded late fourteenth century C.E. by rebellious prince of Sumatra
n Dominated maritime trade routes n Mid-fifteenth century converts to Islam
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