Chapter Four: Supporting Details THIS CHAPTER IN A NUTSHELL Supporting details are the evidence—such as reasons, examples, facts, and steps—that backs

Chapter Four: Chapter Four: Supporting DetailsSupporting Details

THIS CHAPTER IN A NUTSHELLTHIS CHAPTER IN A NUTSHELL

•• Supporting details are the evidence—such as reasons, Supporting details are the evidence—such as reasons, examples, facts, and steps—that backs up main ideas. examples, facts, and steps—that backs up main ideas. Those details help you understand main ideas. Those details help you understand main ideas.

•• There are two levels of supporting details: There are two levels of supporting details: ——Main items of support are called Main items of support are called major detailsmajor details. .

Pay special attention to them. Pay special attention to them. ——Major details themselves are sometimes supported with Major details themselves are sometimes supported with

information called information called minor detailsminor details. .

•• Words such as Words such as several stepsseveral steps or or a number of reasonsa number of reasons tell you tell you that supporting details may follow.that supporting details may follow.

•• Words such as Words such as first, another,first, another, and and finallyfinally often introduce often introduce supporting details. supporting details.

•• Outlines and maps (diagrams) can show you a main idea Outlines and maps (diagrams) can show you a main idea and its supporting details at a glance. and its supporting details at a glance.

ObjectiveObjective

• Analyze the development of a Analyze the development of a central point for how it is central point for how it is shaped or refined by specific shaped or refined by specific details in the text.details in the text.

WHAT ARE SUPPORTING DETAILS?WHAT ARE SUPPORTING DETAILS?

Supporting detailsSupporting details are reasonsreasons, , examplesexamples, , stepssteps, or other kinds of , or other kinds of

evidenceevidence that explain that explain a main idea, or pointa main idea, or point.

WHAT ARE SUPPORTING DETAILS?WHAT ARE SUPPORTING DETAILS?

What are the second and third reasons that should be added What are the second and third reasons that should be added to complete this outline of the paragraph?to complete this outline of the paragraph? How do you know? How do you know?

Poor grades in school can have various causes. For one thing, Poor grades in school can have various causes. For one thing, students may have financial problems. If they need to work long hours students may have financial problems. If they need to work long hours to make money, they will have little study time. Another cause of poor to make money, they will have little study time. Another cause of poor grades may be trouble with relationships. A student may be unhappy grades may be trouble with relationships. A student may be unhappy over family problems or a lack of friends. That unhappiness can harm over family problems or a lack of friends. That unhappiness can harm schoolwork. A final cause of poor grades may be bad study habits. schoolwork. A final cause of poor grades may be bad study habits. Some students have never learned how to take good notes in class, Some students have never learned how to take good notes in class, how to manage their time effectively, or how to study a textbook. how to manage their time effectively, or how to study a textbook. Without such study skills, their grades are likely to suffer. Without such study skills, their grades are likely to suffer.

Main idea:Main idea: Poor grades in school can have various Poor grades in school can have various causes. causes. Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 1.1. Financial problems Financial problemsSupporting detail:Supporting detail: 2. 2. Trouble with relationshipsTrouble with relationshipsSupporting detail:Supporting detail: 3. 3. Bad study habitsBad study habits

To read effectively, you must To read effectively, you must recognize both recognize both main ideasmain ideas and and the the detailsdetails that support those that support those

ideas.ideas.

The main idea is explained by The main idea is explained by examplesexamples. Write the main idea and the words that serve as . Write the main idea and the words that serve as examples.examples.

Main idea:Main idea: Some words are based on people’s namesSome words are based on people’s names

Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 1.1. Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 2. 2. Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 3. 3.

11Some words are based on people’s names. Some words are based on people’s names. 22For example, the word For example, the word sandwichsandwich originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British nobleman who originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British nobleman who loved to play cards, became hungry during a game in 1762. loved to play cards, became hungry during a game in 1762. 33Not wanting to Not wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring him some roast beef between two stop playing, he asked a servant to bring him some roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. pieces of toasted bread. 44The quick portable snack was soon called a The quick portable snack was soon called a sandwichsandwich. . 55Another person whose name became a word is a Frenchman Another person whose name became a word is a Frenchman named Dr. Guillotin. named Dr. Guillotin. 66During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. 77The result was the The result was the guillotineguillotine, a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people. , a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people. 88A third A third example comes from a 19example comes from a 19thth-century Irish landlord named Mr. Boycott. -century Irish landlord named Mr. Boycott. 99When When he refused to lower the high rents he was charging, his tenants stopped he refused to lower the high rents he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. speaking to him. 1010Today, to Today, to boycottboycott means to refuse to do business with a means to refuse to do business with a person or company.person or company.


Main idea: Main idea: Some words are based on people’s names.Some words are based on people’s names.

Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 1.1. sandwich (for example)sandwich (for example)Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 2. 2. Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 3. 3.




Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 1.1. sandwich (for example)sandwich (for example)Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 2. 2. guillotine (another)guillotine (another)Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 3. 3.




Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 1.1. sandwich (for example)sandwich (for example)Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 2. 2. guillotine (another)guillotine (another)Supporting detail:Supporting detail: 3. 3. boycott (third)boycott (third)


OUTLININGOUTLININGOutlines begin with the main idea, followed Outlines begin with the main idea, followed by supporting details. by supporting details.

•• Major detailsMajor details explain and develop the explain and develop the main main

idea. idea.

•• Minor detailsMinor details help fill out the major details help fill out the major details

and make them clear. and make them clear.

Outlining is a useful Outlining is a useful note-takingnote-taking strategystrategy. .

OUTLININGOUTLINING

several kinds of several kinds of various causesvarious causes

a few reasonsa few reasons a number ofa number of

three factorsthree factors four stepsfour steps

among the resultsamong the results a series of a series of

several advantagesseveral advantages

Tip 1Tip 1 Look for words that tell Look for words that tell you a you a list of detailslist of details is coming. is coming.

Outlining TipsOutlining Tips

List WordsList Words

OUTLININGOUTLINING

Tip 1Tip 1

Outlining TipsOutlining Tips

ExampleExamplePoor grades in school can have Poor grades in school can have various causesvarious causes. For one . For one

thing, students may have financial problems. If they need to thing, students may have financial problems. If they need to work long hours to make money, they will have little study work long hours to make money, they will have little study time. Another cause of poor grades may be trouble with time. Another cause of poor grades may be trouble with relationships. A student may be unhappy over family relationships. A student may be unhappy over family problems or a lack of friends. That unhappiness can harm problems or a lack of friends. That unhappiness can harm schoolwork. A final cause of poor grades may be bad study schoolwork. A final cause of poor grades may be bad study habits. Some students have never learned how to take good habits. Some students have never learned how to take good notes in class, how to manage their time effectively, or how notes in class, how to manage their time effectively, or how to study a textbook. Without such study skills, their grades to study a textbook. Without such study skills, their grades are likely to suffer. are likely to suffer.

OUTLININGOUTLINING

one one finalfinal in additionin addition lastlast

firstfirst anotheranother nextnext last of alllast of all

secondsecond alsoalso moreovermoreover

finallyfinally

first of allfirst of all for one thingfor one thing

furthermorefurthermore to begin with to begin with

Addition WordsAddition Words

Outlining TipsOutlining TipsTip 2Tip 2 Look for words that Look for words that signal major details. These signal major details. These words are called words are called addition addition wordswords. .

OUTLININGOUTLINING

ExamplesExamplesOutlining TipsOutlining Tips

Tip 2Tip 2Poor grades in school can have Poor grades in school can have various causesvarious causes [ [list list

words]words]. . For one thingFor one thing [[addition words]addition words], , students students may have financial problems. If they need to work long may have financial problems. If they need to work long hours to make money, they will have little study time. hours to make money, they will have little study time. AnotherAnother [ [addition word]addition word] cause of poor grades may be cause of poor grades may be trouble with relationships. A student may be unhappy over trouble with relationships. A student may be unhappy over family problems or a lack of friends. That unhappiness can family problems or a lack of friends. That unhappiness can harm schoolwork. A harm schoolwork. A finalfinal [ [addition word]addition word] cause of cause of poor grades may be bad study habits. Some students have poor grades may be bad study habits. Some students have never learned how to take good notes in class, how to never learned how to take good notes in class, how to manage their time effectively, or how to study a textbook. manage their time effectively, or how to study a textbook. Without such study skills, their grades are likely to suffer. Without such study skills, their grades are likely to suffer.

OUTLININGOUTLINING

Main idea:Main idea: Poor grades in school can have various causes. Poor grades in school can have various causes.

Major detail:Major detail: 1. Financial causes1. Financial causes

Minor details:Minor details: a. Need to work long hours after schoola. Need to work long hours after school

b. No time left to study b. No time left to study

Major detail:Major detail: 2. Trouble with relationships2. Trouble with relationships

Minor details:Minor details: a. Unhappiness over family problemsa. Unhappiness over family problems

b. Unhappiness over a lack of friendsb. Unhappiness over a lack of friends

Tip 3Tip 3 In your outline, put all In your outline, put all supporting details of equal supporting details of equal importance at the same importance at the same distance from the margin.distance from the margin.

11Some words are based on people’s names. Some words are based on people’s names. 22For example, the For example, the word word sandwichsandwich originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British nobleman who loved to play cards, became hungry during a game nobleman who loved to play cards, became hungry during a game in 1762. in 1762. 33Not wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring Not wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring him some roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. him some roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. 44The The quick portable snack was soon called a quick portable snack was soon called a sandwichsandwich. . 55Another Another person whose name became a word is a Frenchman named Dr. person whose name became a word is a Frenchman named Dr. Guillotin. Guillotin. 66During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. 77The The result was the result was the guillotineguillotine, a machine with a heavy blade used to , a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people. behead people. 88A third example comes from a 19A third example comes from a 19thth-century Irish -century Irish landlord named Mr. Boycott. landlord named Mr. Boycott. 99When he refused to lower the high When he refused to lower the high rents he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. rents he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. 1010Today, to Today, to boycottboycott means to refuse to do business with a person means to refuse to do business with a person or company.or company.

What are the What are the list words list words in the main idea statement?in the main idea statement?

some some wordswords

Look for the Look for the additionaddition words that signal major words that signal major details. details.

11Some words are based on people’s names. Some words are based on people’s names. 22For example, the For example, the word word sandwichsandwich originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British nobleman who loved to play cards, became hungry during a game nobleman who loved to play cards, became hungry during a game in 1762. in 1762. 33Not wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring Not wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring him some roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. him some roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. 44The The quick portable snack was soon called a quick portable snack was soon called a sandwichsandwich. . 55Another Another person whose name became a word is a Frenchman named Dr. person whose name became a word is a Frenchman named Dr. Guillotin. Guillotin. 66During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. 77The The result was the result was the guillotineguillotine, a machine with a heavy blade used to , a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people. behead people. 88A third example comes from a 19A third example comes from a 19thth-century Irish -century Irish landlord named Mr. Boycott. landlord named Mr. Boycott. 99When he refused to lower the high When he refused to lower the high rents he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. rents he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. 1010Today, to Today, to boycottboycott means to refuse to do business with a person means to refuse to do business with a person or company.or company. for for

exampleexampleanotheranother thirdthird

11Some words are based on people’s names. Some words are based on people’s names. 22For example, the word For example, the word sandwichsandwich originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British nobleman who originated when the Earl of Sandwich, a British nobleman who loved to play cards, became hungry during a game in 1762. loved to play cards, became hungry during a game in 1762. 33Not Not wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring him some roast beef wanting to stop playing, he asked a servant to bring him some roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. between two pieces of toasted bread. 44The quick portable snack was The quick portable snack was soon called a soon called a sandwichsandwich. . 55Another person whose name became a word is Another person whose name became a word is a Frenchman named Dr. Guillotin. a Frenchman named Dr. Guillotin. 66During the French Revolution, he During the French Revolution, he pleaded for a quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. pleaded for a quicker, kinder way than hanging to execute criminals. 77The result was the The result was the guillotineguillotine, a machine with a heavy blade used to , a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people. behead people. 88A third example comes from a 19A third example comes from a 19thth-century Irish -century Irish landlord named Mr. Boycott. landlord named Mr. Boycott. 99When he refused to lower the high rents When he refused to lower the high rents he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. he was charging, his tenants stopped speaking to him. 1010Today, to Today, to boycottboycott means to refuse to do business with a person or company. means to refuse to do business with a person or company.

Main idea:Main idea:

Major detail:Major detail: 1. 1.

Minor details:Minor details: a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

Some words are based on people’s Some words are based on people’s names.names.SandwichSandwich

Earl of Sandwich – British Earl of Sandwich – British noblemannoblemanloved playing cards & hungryloved playing cards & hungry

servant brought roast beef between two servant brought roast beef between two slices of breadslices of bread

Main idea: Main idea:



b. b.

c. c.

Some words are based on people’s Some words are based on people’s names.names.guillotineguillotine

Dr. Guillotin – French Dr. Guillotin – French RevolutionRevolutionquicker, kinder way of executing quicker, kinder way of executing criminalscriminalsmachine with heavy blade for beheadingmachine with heavy blade for beheading


Main idea: Main idea:



b. b.

c. c.

Some words are based on people’s Some words are based on people’s names.names.boycottboycott

Mr. Boycott – 19Mr. Boycott – 19thth century Irish century Irish landlordlandlordrefused to lower high rentsrefused to lower high rents

tenants stopped talking to himtenants stopped talking to him


OUTLINING PracticeOUTLINING PracticeTip 1Tip 1 Look for words that tell you a Look for words that tell you a list of detailslist of details is is

coming. coming. To motivate workers, managers should practice several To motivate workers, managers should practice several

methods of building self-esteem. One way to build self-methods of building self-esteem. One way to build self-esteem is to show a genuine interest in what workers have esteem is to show a genuine interest in what workers have to say. Ask for their opinions and really listen to their to say. Ask for their opinions and really listen to their responses. A second method of improving self-esteem is responses. A second method of improving self-esteem is to practice good conversational habits. Do so in three to practice good conversational habits. Do so in three ways: by looking a worker in the eye, by smiling ways: by looking a worker in the eye, by smiling frequently, and by calling workers by their first name—frequently, and by calling workers by their first name—the most important word in the language to every person. the most important word in the language to every person. Last of all, managers can build esteem by admitting Last of all, managers can build esteem by admitting mistakes. Doing so, they show that it is simply human to mistakes. Doing so, they show that it is simply human to do the wrong thing at times. do the wrong thing at times. several several

methodsmethods

To motivate workers, managers should practice several To motivate workers, managers should practice several methods of building self-esteem. One way to build self-methods of building self-esteem. One way to build self-esteem is to show a genuine interest in what workers have esteem is to show a genuine interest in what workers have to say. Ask for their opinions and really listen to their to say. Ask for their opinions and really listen to their responses. A second method of improving self-esteem is responses. A second method of improving self-esteem is to practice good conversational habits. Do so in three to practice good conversational habits. Do so in three ways: by looking a worker in the eye, by smiling ways: by looking a worker in the eye, by smiling frequently, and by calling workers by their first name—frequently, and by calling workers by their first name—the most important word in the language to every person. the most important word in the language to every person. Last of all, managers can build esteem by admitting Last of all, managers can build esteem by admitting mistakes. Doing so, they show that it is simply human to mistakes. Doing so, they show that it is simply human to do the wrong thing at times. do the wrong thing at times.

OneOne

Tip 2Tip 2 Look for Look for addition wordsaddition words. . OUTLINING PracticeOUTLINING Practice

Last of allLast of allsecondsecond

Tip 3Tip 3 In your outline, put all supporting details of In your outline, put all supporting details of equal importance at the same distance from the equal importance at the same distance from the margin.margin.

Main idea:Main idea:

1. 1.

a. a. b. b.

2.2. a. a. b. b. c. c.

3.3.

To motivate workers, managers To motivate workers, managers should practice several methods of building should practice several methods of building self-esteem.self-esteem.Show genuine interest in what workers Show genuine interest in what workers

have to say.have to say.

Really listen to their Really listen to their responses.responses.

Ask for their opinions.Ask for their opinions.

Practice good conversational Practice good conversational habits.habits.Look a worker in the eye.Look a worker in the eye.

Smile frequently.Smile frequently.Call workers by first name.Call workers by first name.

Admit mistakes.Admit mistakes.

OUTLINING PracticeOUTLINING Practice

PREPARING MAPSPREPARING MAPS

MapsMaps, or diagrams, are visual outlines in , or diagrams, are visual outlines in which which circlescircles, , boxesboxes, or other , or other shapesshapes show the show the relationshiprelationship between main between main ideas and supporting details.ideas and supporting details.

Mapping, like outlining, is a useful Mapping, like outlining, is a useful note-note-taking strategytaking strategy..

Details Relate to the Main IdeaDetails Relate to the Main Idea

Main Idea/Topic SentenceMain Idea/Topic Sentence

Major DetailMajor Detail Major DetailMajor Detail

Minor DetailMinor DetailMinor DetailMinor Detail

Minor DetailMinor Detail Minor DetailMinor Detail

PREPARING MAPSPREPARING MAPS

PREPARINGPREPARING MAPSMAPSBelow is a map of the paragraph on motivating workers. Below is a map of the paragraph on motivating workers.

To motivate workers, managers should practice several methods of building To motivate workers, managers should practice several methods of building self-esteem. One way to build self-esteem is to show a genuine interest in what self-esteem. One way to build self-esteem is to show a genuine interest in what workers have to say. Ask for their opinions and really listen to their responses. A workers have to say. Ask for their opinions and really listen to their responses. A second method of improving self-esteem is to practice good conversational habits. second method of improving self-esteem is to practice good conversational habits. Do so in three ways: by looking a worker in the eye, by smiling frequently, and by Do so in three ways: by looking a worker in the eye, by smiling frequently, and by calling workers by their first name—the most important word in the language to calling workers by their first name—the most important word in the language to every person. Last of all, managers can build esteem by admitting mistakes. Doing every person. Last of all, managers can build esteem by admitting mistakes. Doing so, they show that it is simply human to do the wrong thing at times. so, they show that it is simply human to do the wrong thing at times.

Show genuine interest Show genuine interest in what workers have in what workers have

to sayto say

To motivate workers, managers should To motivate workers, managers should practice several methods of building self-practice several methods of building self-

esteem.esteem.

Practice good Practice good conversational habitsconversational habits Admit mistakesAdmit mistakes

Really Really listen to listen to

their their responseresponse

s s

Ask for Ask for their their

opinions opinions

Look a Look a worker in worker in the eye the eye

Smile Smile frequentlfrequentl

y y

Call Call workers workers by first by first name name

oneone secondsecondlast of all

_________

PREPARINGPREPARING MAPSMAPS

People daydream for a variety of reasons. One cause of People daydream for a variety of reasons. One cause of daydreaming is boredom, at school or on the job. To make daydreaming is boredom, at school or on the job. To make life more interesting, people imagine being somewhere else. life more interesting, people imagine being somewhere else. For example, a student might dream of lying on the beach For example, a student might dream of lying on the beach and flirting with an attractive person on a nearby blanket. A and flirting with an attractive person on a nearby blanket. A production worker might dream about winning the lottery or production worker might dream about winning the lottery or becoming the big boss at the company. Another cause of becoming the big boss at the company. Another cause of daydreaming is a lack of something. For instance, a starving daydreaming is a lack of something. For instance, a starving person might dream about food, or a poor person might person might dream about food, or a poor person might dream about owning a house or a car. A third cause of dream about owning a house or a car. A third cause of daydreaming is angry feelings. An angry student might daydreaming is angry feelings. An angry student might dream about dropping a hated math instructor out of a dream about dropping a hated math instructor out of a classroom window.classroom window.

Read the following paragraph. Notice the list words and the Read the following paragraph. Notice the list words and the words that signal the three major details. words that signal the three major details.

__________________________ ______

____________

________


People daydream for a variety of People daydream for a variety of reasons. reasons.

oneone anotheranotherthirdthird




______________

__________________________

______________________



Lack of Lack of somethinsomethin

gg

BoredomBoredom Angry Angry feelingsfeelings





________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________

______________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Example:Example:

Angry student Angry student dreams about dreams about

dropping dropping teacher out teacher out

window.window.

Example:Example: Poor person Poor person

dreams dreams about about

owning car. owning car.

Example:Example: Worker Worker

dreams about dreams about winning winning lottery. lottery.

Lack of Lack of somethinsomethin

gg

BoredomBoredom Angry Angry feelingsfeelings


Student Student dreams of dreams of

lying on the lying on the beachbeach

Starving Starving person person dreams dreams

about foodabout food

CHAPTER REVIEW In this chapter, you learned the following:

• Supporting details go hand in hand with main ideas. They provide the added information you need to make sense of a main idea.

• There are often two levels of supporting details—major and minor.

• List words and addition words can help you to find major and minor supporting details.

• Outlining and mapping are useful note-taking strategies.

• Outlines and maps, or diagrams, show the relationship between the main idea, major details, and minor details of a passage.

The next chapter, “Locations of Main Ideas,” will deepen your understanding of the relationship between main ideas and supporting details.

ISN

• Complete “What I Learned” statement on student side of ISN.

• Reflection: Draw a picture that represents what it means to Outline and Map information (not a diagram like we used in the lesson).

Documents

Chapter Four: Supporting Details THIS CHAPTER IN A NUTSHELL Supporting details are the evidence—such as reasons, examples, facts, and steps—that backs