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Chapter Eight
● political party
• platform
● independent
● soft money loophole
●National Convention
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Citizen United v. FEC 2010
Joining the party 2012
Funny Party Clips:
•Political Parties Rap
•JIB JAB
Topics for Today:
• What are the functions of political parties?
• What are the three components that make up political parties?
• Review major party stances—Differences between Dems and Republicans
The Functions of Political Parties
• Political parties run candidates under their own label or affiliation = Fundamental goal of getting elected
• Parties seek to govern• Parties have broad
concerns, focused on many issues
• Parties are quasi-public organizations that have a special relationship with the government.
Responsible Party Model
A party tries to givevoters a clear choice byestablishing priorities orpolicy stances differentfrom those of the rivalother party or parties.
Three Faces of Political Parties
People in the Electorate
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
The Party in the Electorate
Demographic Characteristics of Political Parties
Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008
Party Eras in American History
Party Organization
• Committees
• Headquarters
• Volunteers
• Staff
The party in government
Who is the PARTY IN POWER?What does the party out of power do?What is divided government?
Traditional Political Spectrum More Liberal (Left)—
Want Change—Govt Should be an agent of that Change
More Conservative (Right)
Resist Change—less govt
Moderates
Left Wing RadicalDemand Change even if
Change is VIOLENT change
SocialismCommunism
Pure CapitalismPolitical Fascism
Right Wing Radical“Reactionary”
Want to return to “good old days” even if dong so
requires violence
Democrats Republicans
When I say liberal who and what issues do we think of?
When I say conservative who and what issues do we think
of?
Liberal v. Conservative (in America)
• Liberal = Progressive change within the state led by the government. More government involvement.
– Left leaning
– Secular, --for strong separation of church and state
– Larger role of government in economy
– Less government on social issues
• Conservative = Traditional policies designed to preserve the status quo led by minimal involvement from the government. Less government involvement.
– Right leaning
– Religious (less secular)—the “religious right”
– Minimal Economic Intervention (Laissez-faire)
– More government involvement on social issues
Liberals Conservatives
Role of Government
Taxes
Healthcare
Education
Believe government should play a large role in securing basic public institutions for citizens on economic issues
Believe people should not rely on the government for help—more private than public institutions
Need more taxes to fund public institutions
Believe it should be a public and basic human right—universal and available to every citizen subsidized by the govt.
Believe it should be private and since allowing the govt to control it will destroy quality and lead to inefficiency
For public education and more money for schools
For funding private schools and public vouchers to send kids to private (religious) schools.
Less taxes—means less social programs
Liberals Conservatives
Religion
Environment
Welfare and Medicaid
Social Security
Should be separation of church and state—against school prayer, ten commandments in classrooms
Believes religion has a role in school and should be up to each school to decide what it would like to put in curriculum—creationism or evolution?
For protections even if protection hurts business. Believe global warming is manmade
Not “against” the environment, just not willing to compromise economic interests for environmental ones. Question man’s activity in global warming.
Individual should have it if they need it
Some want it gone entirely, others say Individuals should be limited in how long they can stay on welfare
Keep social security publicly funded
Allow social security to be privatized—allow for individual private accounts
Liberals Conservatives
Abortion
Gay Marriage
Affirmative
Action
Gun Control
Death Penalty
Pro-Choice Pro-Life
For because government has responsibility to provide equal access to all given our history of racism
Against because govt. is not responsible for this and possible reverse racism?
For gun control For gun rights
Against For
For Against
Who are some influential liberals/Democrats and
conservatives/Republicans?
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6951961/Top-100-US-liberals-and-conservatives.html
• Party System
• Divided Government
• Third Party
• Liberal
• New Deal
• Patronage
• Primary elections
• Split ticket voting
• Realignment
• Superdelegates
Online StopWatch
Topics for Today
• How are parties organized?
• Explain development of political parties in U.S. history.
• Why do we have a two-party system?
• What are third parties and what role do they play?
• Explain the role of money in political parties and elections.
THINK!!
• What were the first political parties?
• What is the difference between spoils and patronage?
• Give an example of a REALIGNING election---explain.(critical election or political realignment)
• Give 2 trends that show DEALIGNMENT
• Why a 2 party system?....check him out
FRQ: 2006
Ch. 8 FRQ Rubric:• Part a: 1 point for accurate description of
cartoonist: (voting for a third party is throwing away a vote)
• Part b: 4 points (1 point for each identification, 1 point for the description): Winner take all aspect of electoral college, Ballot access, campaign financing (rules/limits), federal funding of presidential elections, exclusion from presidential debates, single-member plurality districts
• Part c: 2 points (1 point for each of 2 descriptions
New or different ideas or issues
Voice for fringe
Safety valve for discontent
Enhanced participation
Room for critical voices
Pushes major parties to include otherwise underrepresented concerns/groups
Clarify major party candidates’ positions
Party Organization
National Convention, National Party Committees (DNC, RNC)
National Chair (if party out of power—leader of loyal opposition
Buckley v. Valeo (1976) strengthened
History of Political History of Political PartiesParties
11stst System: Development of Parties, System: Development of Parties, 1789-18281789-1828
22ndnd System: Democrats’ Rise to Power, System: Democrats’ Rise to Power, 1828-1860 (populism) (spoils system)1828-1860 (populism) (spoils system)
33rdrd System: Republican’ Rise to Power, System: Republican’ Rise to Power, 1860-1896 (political machine/patronage)—1860-1896 (political machine/patronage)—Whigs faded.. ..GOP aroseWhigs faded.. ..GOP arose
44thth System: Republican Dominance, System: Republican Dominance, 1896-19321896-1932
55thth System: 1932 Elections: Example of System: 1932 Elections: Example of realignment realignment Democratic Dominance, 1932-Democratic Dominance, 1932-1968 (New Deal)1968 (New Deal)
A New Party System? Dealignment? A New Party System? Dealignment? Split-ticket voting/ third parties/ More Split-ticket voting/ third parties/ More candidate centeredcandidate centered
Two Party Dominance
Reasons for two-party dominanceReasons for two-party dominance::
• Dualist nature of most conflicts
• Winner-Take-All system vs. Proportional Representation
• Socialization to the two-party system (tradition)
• Election laws favor the two-party system
-What does Two-Party System mean? What is a One-Party system? What is a Multi-Party system? Which is more stable?
-What are Third Parties?
PLURALITY
Advantages to the 2-party system?• Political Stability• The major parties are a known-quantity and therefore safe.• Easy to understand the difference between two parties
versus several. • No coalition building among competing parties that is
needed in parliamentary systems.
Are 3rd Parties in our out of the Mainstream?
Common 3rd Parties
• Green Party• Libertarian Party• Reform Party
Lesser known 3rd Parties
• Communist Party USA • American Heritage Party • Independence Party• American Reform Party • Constitution Party• Family Values Party• Freedom Socialist Party / Radical Women • Labor Party • Light Party• Peace & Freedom Party• Prohibition Party• Socialist Party USA• U.S. Pacifist Party • Veterans Party of America• Natural Law Party• THE RENT IS TOO DAMN HIGH
Types of 3rd Parties• Issue Advocacy Parties
– Single issue, usually short-lived because issue either dies or is adopted by a major party
• Ideologically Oriented Parties– Broad set of issues: Green, Reform, Libertarian,
Socialists Party• Splinter Parties—break off from main party
– Historically most successfully– Bull-Moose Party (T. Roosevelt)– State’s Rights Party “Dixicrats” (pro-segragationist
Democrats in the South)
What do third parties do?• Improve the system by focusing on issues
– Sometimes their issues are picked up by a major party• Provide discontented or disaffected voters with a choice
– Provide a voice for the “fringe” • Act as a “spoiler” in election
Election 1992
Nominee Bill Clinton George H. W. Bush Ross Perot
Party Democratic Republican IndependentElectoral vote 370 168 0
Popular vote 44,909,806 39,104,550 19,743,821
Percentage 43.0% 37.4% 18.9%
Election 2000Presidential Candidate
Vice PresidentialCandidate
PoliticalParty
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
George W. Bush
Richard Cheney Republican 50,459,624 47.87% 271 50.4%
Albert Gore Jr. Joseph Lieberman Democrat 51,003,238 48.38% 266 49.4%
Ralph Nader Winona LaDuke Green 2,882,985 2.74% 0 0.0%
PresidentialCandidate
Vice PresidentialCandidate
PoliticalParty
Popular VoteElectoral
Vote
George W. Bush Richard Cheney Republican 2,912,790 48.85% 25
Albert Gore Jr. Joseph Lieberman Democrat 2,912,253 48.84% 0
Ralph Nader Winona LaDuke Green 97,488 1.63% 0
Florida Vote—2000 Election
Traditional Political Spectrum More Liberal (Left)—
Want Change—Govt Should be an agent of that Change
More Conservative (Right)
Resist Change—less govt
Moderates
Left Wing RadicalDemand Change even if
Change is VIOLENT change
SocialismCommunism
Pure CapitalismPolitical Fascism
Right Wing Radical“Reactionary”
Want to return to “good old days” even if dong so
requires violence
Democrats Republicans
Nader
Nader in 2008
• Announcing candidacy on Meet the Press
• Daily show interview
Can we think of a way to eliminate the Spoiler Effect of 3rd Parties??
• Run-off elections, or Instant Run-off Voting (IRV)• (Instant Run-off clip)
Public Opinion on 3rd Parties
CLIP
Parties inParties inthethe
2121stst Century Century
• Neo-Conservative Republicans
• New Democrats
• The Effect of the Internet on Parties
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)• Independent Expenditure is a political activity
intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office which is made without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge. Most commonly, this takes the form of advertising.
• Groups which frequently make use of independent expenditures include political party committees, political action committees, and 527 groups.
• The decision to allow independent campaign expenditures came about in a 1976 Supreme Court case, Buckley v. Valeo.
Soft Money vs. Hard Money
• Soft Money: donations generally to the political parties, and are are not contributed directly to candidate’s campaigns, but can be spent on advertising (especially against other party) and other campaign related items.
• Hard Money: money given directly to a candidate’s campaign per person per election
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 (BCRA) aka McCain-
FeingoldBefore McCain-Feingold :• Soft Money: unlimited (given to
parties)• Hard Money: limited by federal law
(to candidates) - $1,000 federal limit per person per election directly to candidate, $20,000 to party for election related spending, and $5,000 to PAC for candidate.
After McCain-Feingold (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002):
• Soft Money: banned (except certain non-profits (527 Groups) – which we will talk about)
• Hard Money: limited by federal law (to candidates) - $2,000 federal limit per person per election directly to candidate, $25,000 to party for election related spending, and $5,000 to PAC for candidate.
527 Groups• After McCain-Feingold, how can groups like
MoveOn.org and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth run these ads?
• These groups take advantage of a tax loophole, to raise unlimited funds to use against candidates.
• The IRS tax code 26 U.S.C. § 527 from 1986 allows the creation of groups that can raise funds influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office. These have been dubbed 527 Groups from the tax code and the parties have used these groups to funnel funds.
• Some political scientists say this is the new soft money!
Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
From the New York Times
From a Bush 2004 Reelection Campaign Blog
The conservative journal the National
Review mocks MoveOn.org and the
democratic loss of the 2004 election.
The reality is both parties benefit significantly from 527s!
So who the heck enforces these campaign finance laws
anyway?• The Federal Elections Commission (FEC)
oversees all campaign financing.• It is an independent regulatory agency created
in 1975 by the United States Congress to administer and enforce campaign finance legislation in the United States.
• The Commission is made up of six members, who are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, both of who are elected officials who are heavily invested in the current system and many of the penalties are considered weak by many.
Filing with the FEC• Most candidates for federal offices file financial
statements with the FEC quarterly.• This includes itemized details of fundraising from
individual people if the amount received from an individual totals more than $200 during a year; contributions from party committees, PACs, and candidates regardless of amount; loans received by committees and other kinds of receipts.
• This is called disclosure. Even relatives are limited in the amount they can donate to a person’s campaign.
• They must also (to an extent) report how much money they make a year.
That is how we know this…
• Romney – worth between $190 and $250 million (the FEC allows candidates to calculate a range based on their investments)
• Giuliani – $18.1 and $70.4 million• Clinton - $10 to $50 million• McCain - $21 million to $32 million• Edwards – $29.5 million• Obama – $456,000 and $1.1 million• And the poorest candidate was: Kucinich –
$196,000 and $352,000(from CNN)
Citizens United v. FEC• A provision of the Bipartisan Campaign
Reform Act prohibiting unions, corporations and not-for-profit organizations from broadcasting electioneering communications within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election violates the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• So now, unions, corporations, and not-for profit groups can run ads— “electioneering” without limit!
Study the Chapter:
http://www.mhhe.com/harrison1e