Chapter C. Vital Statistics, Health, and Nutrition (Series C 1-155)

Vital Statistics: Series C 1-78

C 1-78. General note. Vital statistics, including statistics of births, deaths, and marriages and divorces, are compiled on a na­tional basis by the National Office of Vital Statistics, United States PubJ.ic Health Service. Prior to the transfer of the vital statistics functions of the Federal government, on July 16, 1946, from the Department of Commerce to the Federal Security Agency, this activity was carried on in the Bureau of the Census. All tabulations of births, deaths, and stillbirths made by the United States Public

estimated population excluding the armed forces overseas. Crude marriage rates for 1917-1919 and 1940-1945 are based on total estimated population excluding armed forces overseas, and crude divorce rates for the same years on estimated population including' armed forces overseas.

C 1-5. Growth of the birth- and death-registration areas, 1900-1945. SOURCE: For 1900-1944, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1944, part I, table B, p. VI; for 1945, see United States Public Health Service, National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics, 1945," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 26, No.1, table B,

Health Service utilize data from transcripts or microfilm copies of the original birth, death, and stillbirth certificates that are received from registration officials of States and cities, and of the outlying territories and pos~essions of the United States. At present, tabu­lations of marriages and divorces are limited to numbers occurring, obtained annually from State registration officials; and to num­bers of marriage licenses issued, obtained monthly from State and county officials.

Completeness of registration.-Although every State has adopted a vital statistics law requiring the registration of all births and deaths, these laws are not uniformly enforced. In most States where the registration organization is well established and where the persons responsible for filing certificates appreciate the value of registration to the individual as weI] as its value for statistical purposes, practically all births and deaths are registered. ',In other States, however, the underregistration is enough to affect the use of tabulated data for certain purposes.

Detailed information on the completeness of death registration in each State is not available. One condition required for admission to the national registration areas was that there exist a demon­strated completeness of registration of at least 90 percent. Using this as a criterion, all of the States were admitted to theregistra­tion areas by 1933, and although registration has become more complete in most States, it is possible that there has been regression in others. It is believed that death registration is more complete than birth registration.

The first Nation-wide test of completeness of birth registration , was made by the Bureau of the Census in connection with the ,decennial Census in 1940. In that test, it was found that the registration of births in the United States was 92.5 percent com­plete. (See Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 17, No. 18, p. 227, Bureau of the Census, Washington,D. C., 1943.)

With respect to registration completeness for stillbirths, and for marriages and divorces, see text for series C 38 and C 77-78, respecti vely.

Comparability of prewar and wartime rates.-For the war period, 1940-1945, crude birth and death rates (series C 24 and C 45) as conventionally computed are not entirely comparable with those ior prewar years as measures of general fertility and mortality. The transfer overseas of several million men caused changes in the ,age and sex composition of the population in the continental United States. The selection of men for military service overseas also changed the characteristics of the continental population with :respect to physical fitness. These factors affect the interpretation ,of conventional crude birth and death rates.

Population bases for rates.-In order to present crudQ birth and -death rates that will be most useful for comparative purposes, different population bases were selected for the various rates. The crude birth rate (series C 24) for the United States for1940-1945 is based upon the total estimated population including the armed forces overseas; the crude death rate (seriesC 45) is based on the

p. 8. See also general note for series C 1-78, above. The first birth and death statistics published by the, Federal

Government were collected during the decennial Census of 1850 and covered the entire United States. Similar collections were made at each census up to and including ~ Census of 1900, but because of the time interva,I between the a currence of a birth or a death and the census enumeration, the re orts were inaccurate and incomplete. "---------

Death-registration areas.-In 1880, the Bureau of the Census established a national "registration area" for deaths, consisting of only two States-Massachusetts and New Jersey. In addition, the District of Columbia and several large cities had efficient systems for the registration of births a:nd deaths. By 1900 eight other States had been admitted to the registration area. For the years 1880, 1890, and 1900, mortality data were received from the States and cities included in this expanding area; but birth and death figures for the entire country were still compiled from the leports of census enumerators. Reliable annual series of mor-tality statistics are available for Massachusetts over a longer period, and several of them have been included in this volume. (See series C 53-55 and C 62-64.)

The annual collection of mortality statistics for the death-re­gistration area began with the calendar year 1900. In 1902, the Bureau of the Census was authorized to obtain, annually, copies of records filed in the vital statistics offices of those States and cities having adequate death-registration systems. At that time not all States had enacted laws requiring the registration of deaths, and in many States the existing laws were poorly enforced.

The death-registration area for 1900 consisted of 10 States, the District of Columbia, and a number of cities located in nonregis­tration States, included 40.5 percent of the population of the con~

, tinental United States, was predominantly urban, and was char­acterized by a high proportion of white persons. If reporting cities located in nonregistration States are excluded, the popu­lation of the death-registration States comprised only 26.2 per­cent of the total population of the United States.

Birth-registration areas.-As it is more difficult to obtain ac­curate and complete registration of births than of deaths, the national birth-registration area was not established until 1915. The original birth-registration area of 1915 consisted of 10 States and the District of Columbia. Since 1933, the birth- and death­registration areas haTe included all 48 States.

Geographic coverage.-Prior to 1940, most of the national mor· t!llity tabulations were based on data collected from the registra. tion areas. Beginning with 1940 all published material for the United States relating to the period prior to the completion of the death-registration area in 1933 includes only findings for the registration States and excludes the cities in nonregistration States. This change decreases the mortality statistic!! coverage of

39

'l'ext: e 1-41 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

the United States, but it has its advantages in that more reliable population estimates are available for the registration States than for the registration areas. No change in coverage has been made for natality statistics since the birth-registration areas at no time included cities in nonregistration States.

see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics, 1945," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 26, No.1, table G, p.ll. These are age-specific rates which express the number of births to women in a specified age group per 1,000 female population of that age group.

Because of the growth of the areas for which data have been collected and tabulated, it is impossib.1e to obtain a national series of geographically comparable data prior to 1933. However, rates for the expanding groups of registration States are approximationR to complete national rates, and general comparisons over a long period of years may be made. More exact trends for parts of the United States can be secured through the use of some constant. area, ~uch as the original registration States, or the registration States of 1920.

e 37. Gross reproduction rates, 1918-1945. SOURCE: For 1918-1944, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "Births by Age of Mother, Race, and Birth Order, United States and Each State,. 1944," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 25, No.9, table A, p. 143; for 1945 the figures represent an unpublished special com~ putation.

The gross reproduction rate represents the number of daughters a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 women entering the childbearing period would have during their lives, if they were subject to the given set of age-specific birth rates, and if none of the cohort were to die before childbearing period was completed. The rate may be defined as the sum of the age-specifiC' birth rates of female infants per 1,000 women of each single year of age. In computing the gross reproduction rates in this table, the age:'specific rates for the five-year age groups have been multiplied by five, summed, and the total for all age groups multiplied by the proportion which female births formed of all births. The rates have not been corrected for incomplete registratiori of births.

e 6-21. Complete expectation of life, 1789-1945. SOURCES: See below. The complete expectation of life at a specified age is the average number of years lived by members of a hypothetical cohort· of individuals, assumed to be subject throughout the re­mainder of their lives to the age-specific mortality rates obseiTed in a given time period.

e 6-13. Expectation of life of the white population in the United States, 190()-'1902 to 1945. SOURCES: For 1900-1902 to 1929-1931, see United States Bureau of the Census, United States Life Tables, 1900-1931, pp. 4-7, 20-23, 28-31, and 40-51; for 1930-1939, see United States Bureau of the Census, United States Life Tables, 1930-1939 (Preliminary); for White and Nonwhite by Sex, pp. 4-7, tables 1 and 2; for 1939-1941, see Bureau of the Census, United States Life Tables and Actuarial Tables, 1939-1941, pp. 34-

37, tables 5 and 6; for 1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 23, No. 11, p. 248, table 1. See also text for series e 6-21, above.

e 14--21. Expectation of life in Massachusetts, 1789 to 1929-31. SOURCE: For 1789 see Sydenstricker, Edgar, in Recent Social Trends in the United States, Report of the President's Research Committee on Social Trends, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1933, p. 605, table 1; for 1850, see Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Sta­tistical Bulletin, vol. 9, No.3, March 1928, pp. 7-8; for 1855, see Sydenstricker, cited above; for 187-8-1882, see Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., cited above; for 1890, see United States Bureau of the Census, United States Life Tabies, 1890, 1901, 1910, and 1901-1910, tables 41-46, pp. 132-143; for 1893-1897, see Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., cited above; for 1900-1902 and 1909:"'1911 see Bureau of the Census, cited above; for 1919-1920, see Syden­stricker, cited above, and United States Bureau of the Census, United States Abridged Life Tables, 1919-1920, tables 9 and 10, pp. 24-27; for 1929·-1931, see National Resources Committee, Population Statistics 2, State Data, p. 38. See also text for series C 6-21, above.

C 22-23. Number of children under 5 years old per 1,000 women 20 to 44 years old, 1800-1940. SOURCE: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Forecasts of the Population of the United States, 1945-1975, by P. K. Whelpton, Washington, D. C., 1947, table 14, p. 16. All ratios have been adjusted for un­derenumeration of children, and all except those for whites in 1800-1820 have been standardized to the age distributjonof United States women in 1930. Ratios for census years 1800-1840 are esti­mated from data on children under 10 years old.

e 24-26. Birthrates by race, 1915-1945. SOURCES: For 1915-1939, see Bureau of the Census records, and Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, table 45, p. 668; for 1940-1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics," 1944 and 1945, Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 24, No.1, p. 9, and vol. 26, No.1, table D, p. 9. See also gen­eral note for series e 1-78 and text for series e 1-5.

C 27-36. Birth rates by age of mother, 1918-1945. SOURCES: For 1918-1939, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, table 46, p.669; for 1940-1945,

40

Assuming no migration, if the gross reproduction rate remained below 1,000, for example, no improvement in mortality alone could prevent the population from declining when a stable age distribution had been reached. In short, the gross reproduction rate represents the maximum possible replacement which might be expected from the given set of age-specific birth rates. However, only in this sense of maximum possible replacement is the gross reproduction rate a measure of population replacement.

e 38. Stillbirth ratios, 1922-1945. SOURCE: For 1922-1940, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1943, table 41, pp. 654-655; for 1941-1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statis­tics," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, 1944, vol. 24, No.1, and 1945, vol. 26, No.1, table A, p. 7. See also general note for series e 1-78, above.

No exact information is available concerning completeness of stillbirth registration, but it is believed to be less complete than registration of live births. The comparability of the trend of still­birth ratios is also affected by the differing definitions of stillbirth followed by the various States. The ratios published here are based on an expanding registration area (see series C 1-5) to which States With differing definitions, and even changing definitions, were periodically being added.

e 39-44. Infant and maternal mortality rates, 1915-1945. SOURCES: See detailed listing below.

e 39-41. Infant mortalify rates, by color, 191$--·1945. SOURCES: For 1915-1940, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900·-1940, table 26, pp. 572-575; for 1941-1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, 1944, vol. 24, No.1, and 1945, vol. 26, No.1, table D, p. 9.

The figures published here are infant mortality rates not cor­rected for changing number of births. These crude rates will not exactly reflect changes in infant mortality during periods in which the annual number of births is changing rapidly. This rate relates all infant deaths occurring during a given year to the number of live births which occurred during that year. However, the group of infants dying during a specified year is comprised of infants born in the same or in the previous year. A more accurate measure of infant mortality can 'be obtained by relating infant deaths during a specified year to the year in which those infants were born. See Bureau of the Census, "Effect of Changing Birth Rates Upon Infant Mortality Rates," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 19, No. 21. .

VITAL STATISTICS Text: C 42-78

C 42-44. Maternal mortality rates; by race, 1915-1945. SOURCE: For 1915-1940, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, table 37, p. 622; for 1941-1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics, " Vital Statistics-Special Reports, 1944, vol. 24, No.1, and 1945, vol. 26, No.1, table D, p. 9.

Death used in conjunction with the fifth revision of the Inter­national List is practically identical with that of 1933, with the exception of alterations required by changes in the International List itself. Changes in the Manual of Joint Causes of Death have been kept to a minimum, since changes in these relationships tend to disrupt statistical continuity.

C 45-55. Death rates by race and sex, 1865:...1945. SOURCE: See detail€d listings below. See also general note for series C 1-78 and text for series C 1-5.

C 45-51. Death rates by race and sex, death-registration States, 1900-1945. SOURCES: For 1900-1939; s~e Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, table 3, p. 127; for 1940-1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics, 1945," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 26, No.1, table R, p. 14.

C 52. Age-adjusted death rates, 1900-1945. SOURCE: For 1900-1940, see Bureau of the Census, "Age-Adjusted Death Rates in the United States, 1900-1940," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 23, No.1, table 3, p. 17; for 1941-1945, see Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service; annual report, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1945, table AJ, p. XXIX, part 1.

The age-adjusted death rate is a convenient summary index that "corrects" for differences in ag~ composition. These rates were computed by taking the age distribution of the ·1940 population as the "standard" without regard to sex, color, or other charac­teristics. The age-specific death rates actually observed in a given year were applied to the age distribution of this standard popu­lation and a total death rate was computed. Age-adjusted rates are abstract figures and have no particular significance except in relation to other rates adjusted to the same standard popUlation. Such age-adjusted rates should not be compared directly vlith crude death rates. For more detail, see source cited above for 1900-1940.

C 53-55. Death rates by sex, Massachusetts, 1865-1945. SoURCE: For 1865-1899, see 77th Ann'lJ,al Report of Vital Statistics of Massachusetts, p. 125; for 1900-:1940, see Bureau of the Cen­sus, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, table 3, pp. 135-136: for 1940-1945, see National Office of Vital Statis­tics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics, 1945," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 26, No.1, table Y, p. 31.

C 56-64. Death rates, selected causes, 1861-1945. SOURCES: See detailed listings below. The mortality data published by the United States Public Health Service are tabulated according to the numbers and titles of the detailed International List of Causes of Death. The International List is revised decennially in order that the terminology by which deaths are classified may be con­sistent with advances in medical science and changes in diag­nostic practice.

A large proportion of the death certificates filed annually in the United States report two or more diseases or conditions as causes of death. These mUltiple .conditions or diseases are known as joint causes of death. General statistical practice requires that cases involving more than one cause of death be charged to a single cause rather than to a combination of causes, and it is nec­essary to employ a selection process to determine the one cause to he assigned. The method of selection used has an important effect upon the resulting statistics.

In the French edition of the International List (1900) which was adopted by the United States Government in 1920, certain principles for determining the single cause to be selected from the joint causes given were incorporated as a part of the general classification scheme. As an outgrowth of practices in this country following 1902, definite relationships among the various conditions represented by items in the· International List were put into con­crete form in the Manual· of Joint Causes of Death, first published in 1914, and revised in 1925 and 1933 to conform with successive revisions of the International List. The Manual of Joint Causes of

748706-49-4

Apart from the question of comparability between areas, there is the additional problem of comparability for a given area be­tween years. To a certain extent, time-trend studies of causes of death would be facilitated if the International List were main­tained without change over a long period of years. However, if the list were rigidly fixed it would soon be inconsistent with current medical knowledge and terminology. To obtain the advantages of frequent revision, and yet to retain a fixed list for a number of years, revisions of the list are made at an international conference every 10 years. In the process of revision, some causes of death in­cluded under one title may be transferred to other titles. Definite discontinuities are introduced into ~he time trends of death rates for certain specific causes of death, as indicated by a recent study (Dunn, Halbert L., and Shackley, William, "Comparison of Cause­of-Death Assignments by the 1929 and 1938 revisions of the In­ternational List: Deaths in the United States, 1940," Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 19, No. 14, pp. 153-278, 1944) on the comparability of titles in the 1929 and 1938 revisions of the International List.

Improvement in diagnostic procedures and development of medical knowledge and facilities are other important factors not to be overlooked in the study of changes in death rates for certain causes. For example, additional diagnostic cancer clinics located throughout the country may correctly diagnose many cancer deaths that might otherwise be classified in another disease classification or in the unknown or ill-defined cause group.

C 56-61. Death rates for selected causes, United States, 1900-1945. SOURCES: For 1900-1940, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United Staies, 1900-1940, table 14, pp. 248-257; for 1941-1945, see National Office of Vital Statistics, "United States Summary of Vital Statistics, 1945," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 26, No.1, table N, pp. 16-17.

C 62-64. Death rates for selected causes, Massachusetts, 1861-1945. SOURCES: For 1861-1899, see 77th Annual Report of Vital Statistics of Massachusetts; for 1900-1945, refer to Bureau of the Census and United States Public Health Service. Basic figures a.re published in annual report, Vital Statistics of the United States.

C 65-76. Death rates by age, 1900-1945. SOURCE: For 1.900-1939, see Bureau of the Census, Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, table 6, p. 169; for 1940-1945, refer to Bureau of the Census and United States Public Health Service. Basic figures are published in annual report, Vital Statistics of the United States.

C 77-78. Estimated marriage and divorce rates, 1867-1945. SOURCE': National Office of Vital Statistics, "Marriage and Di­vorce Statistics: United States, 1946," Vital Statistics-Special. Reports, vol. 27, No. 10. Estimates for earlier years were based on data in the following reports: Commissioner of Labor, A Report on Marriage and Divorce in the United States, 1867 to 1886; Bureau of the Census, Marriage and Divorce, 1867-1906, Marriage and Divorce, 1916, and Marriage and Divorce, annual reports, 1922-1932; Stouffer, S. A., and L. M. Spencer, "Recent Increases in Marriage and Divorce," A merican Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, No.4 (for 1933-1936); Bureau of the Census, "A Review of Mar­riage and Divorce Statistics: United States, 1887-1937," "Esti­mated Number of Marriages by State: United States, 1937-1940," "Estimated Number of Divorces by State: United States, 1937-1940," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 9, No. 60, vol. 15, Nos. 13 and 18; National Office of Vital Statistics, ('Marriage and Divorce in the United States, 1937-1945," Vital Statistics­Special Reports, vol. 23, No.9. Other reports are: National Office of Vital Statistics, Monthly Marriage Report (marriage licenses

4J

Text: C 77-84 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

issued in major cities) 1939 to date; and Quarterly Marriage Report (marriage license figures monthly, by State) 1944 to date.

The population figures used as bases for computing marriage and divorce rates are identical for 1907 to 1916 and 1920 to 1939; they differ for remaining years, as follows: For 1887 to 1906, the population base figures exclude population of counties for which marriage reports and divor~e reports, respectively, were not re­ceived. For the war years, 1917 to 1919 and 1940 to 1945, popula­tion base figures for marriage represent population present (ex­cludes armed forces overseas); those for divorce represent total population (includes armed forces overseas). For exact population base figures, See Vital Statistics-~pecial Reports, vol. 23, No.9.

Marriage and divorce records are filed only at the county level in many States, but gradually the various States are embodying in their vital statistics laws a requirement that such records be handled at the State level. Some form of centralization is now pro­vided for marriage records in about two-thirds of the States, and for divorce records in about" one-half of the States. The complete­ness of reporting to the State offices· varies, and no tests have yet been made on this subject. At the time of the decennial Census of 1940, planning was begun for national registration areas for marri­ages and for divorces, but was discontinued. At present, no such areas have yet been established. (See National Office of Vital Statis­tics, Vital Statistics-Special Reports, vol. 27, No. 10, p. 172, for a brief discussion of the 1940 project.)

Health: Series C 79-119

C 79-84. Physicians and dentists and medical and dental schools, 1810-1945. SOURCES: See detailed listings below.

C 79. Number of physicians, 1850-1942. SOURCE: For 1850-1860, see reports of Population Census for these years; for 1870-1934, see Leland, R. G., Distribution of Physicians in the United States . (revised) , American Medical Association, 1936, and Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Popu­lation, vol. V, "Generai Report on Occupations"; for 1936-1942, see biennial Directory of the American Medical Association.

The total number of physicians in continental United States is available for approximately every second year from 1886 to 1942-from Polk's Medical Register and Directory of the United Stqtes and Canada until 1906 and from the American Medical Directory beginning in 1909. Leland estimates that there were 60,000 physicians in 1870 and 82,000 in 1880.

Data on the number of physicians are also available from the Census of PopUlation for census years. Comparison of the census data with those of Polk's Directory and the American Medical Directory is shown in the following tabulation:

Data on the number of medical schools and graduates in the United States prior· to 1900 are fragmentary and of dubious ac­curacy. Where two sets of figures are available, they are not in agreement.

The sharp reduction in number of schools since 1906 is largely the outcome of the inspection and classification system begun in 1904 by the American Medical Association.

Elimination of low-grade schools is reflected in the drop in graduates between 1904 and 1922. The 77 approved schools in operation today (1945) consist of 69 four-year schools, and 8 two-year schools limited to teaching the basic sciences. Very few unap­proved schools remain in existence. The sharp rise in 1944 gradu­ates reflects the curriculum acceleration instituted during World War II.

C 82. Number of dentists, 1810-1940, decennially. SOURCES: For 1810-1880, see O'Rourke; John T., and Miner, Leroy M. S., Dental Educationin the United States, W. B. Saunders Co., 1941; f.or 1890-1900, see Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Population, vol. II, part 2; for 1910-1930, see Fifteenth Census, 1930, Population, vol. V; for 1940, see Six­teenth Census, 1940, Population, Comparative Occupation Statis­tics for the United States, 1870-1940.

C 83. Number of dental schools, 1840-1945. SOURCES: For 1840-1934, see Noyes, Frederick B., "Dental Education, 1911-1936," Oral Hygiene, vol. 26, No.1, Jan. 1936; for 1935-1945, see Dental Students' Register, 1944, 1945, Council on Dental Educa­tion, American Dental Association.

Sources employed by Noyes for the number of schools were as follows:

1840, 1841: Gies, W. J., Dental Education in the United States and Canada, bulletin 19, Carnegie Foundation for Ad­vancement of Teaching, 1926, p. 42.

1842-1925: Polk's Dental Register and Directory of the United States and Canada, 1925, p. 35.

1926-1930: Gies, W. J., Additional Remarks on a Reference to the Carnegie Foundation's Study of Dental Education, Jour­nal of Dental Research, vol. 10, Feb. 1930, p. 32.

1931: Greenleaf, W. J., Dentistry, Career Series, Leaflet No.7, Office of Education, pp. 7-10.

The data supplied by Gies and Greenleaf refer to the number of schools offering courses in dentistry, while Polk's gives the number of schools conferring degrees in each year.

The first dental school in the United States was organized in 1840. Prior to that time all physicians practiced some dentistry, a few limiting their practice to this specialty. The dental practi­tioners who were not physicians learned their trade as apprentices or were self-taught. From 1840 to 1880 apprentice training was the chief source of supply, but by the end of this period most States had enacted laws requiring graduation from a dental school.

YEAR CENSUS POLK OR A.M.A.

~~!g: == = = = = ===== == = = = == ==Hi: ~g~= == ===== === == = = = = = = = = == = =tH: ~~g 1890 _____________________ 104 ,805 _________________________ 100,180

* Census figure in·cludes osteopaths; A.M.A. figure is an estimate made by Leland.

The difference of approximately 10,000 between the 1940 census figure and that of the American Medical Association is caused largely by the inclusion in the latter, as in all figures back through 1870 shown in series C 79, of physicians who are retired or not in practice for other reasons. The 1940 census figures refer to the labor force, i. e., to persons employed or seeking work; earlier census figures are largely for the gainfully occupied.

C 84. Number of dental graduates, 1841-1945. SOURCES: For 1841-1931, same as series C 83; for 1932-1940, see O'Rourke, John T., and Miner, Leroy M. S., Dental Education in the United States, W. B. Saunders Company, 1941; for 1941-1945, same a' series C83.

C 80-81. Number of medical schools and graduates, 1880-1945. SOURCES: For 1880-1893, see "Report on Medical Education' and Medical Colleges" in Fifteenth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Illinois, Springfield, Ill., 1894, and Leland, R. G., Dis­tribution of Physicians in the United States (revised), American Medical Association, 1936; for 1900-1935, see Leland; for 1936-1945, see Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 131, No. 16, August 17, 1946.

42

Noyes' sources for the number of graduates were: 1841-1908: Calculated from Koch, C. R. E., History OJ

Dental Surgery, pp. 402, 403. 1909: Polk's Dental Register and Directory of the United

States and Canada, 1925, p. 34. 1910-1930: Gies, W. J., Is the Influx of New Graduates

Commensurate With the Demand for Dental Service, or Should the Educational Requirements be Altered? Journal of the Amer­ican Medical Association, vol. 18, April 1931, p. 593.

The number of graduates annually, 1841 to 1924, is also reported in Polk's Dental Register,but the number of graduates for the early years given there far exceeds the number shown in histories of dentistry. Series C 84 presents the more conservative data.

The fluctuation in the number of graduates is "correlated (1) with changes in the number of dental schools and in requirements for admission, (2) with increase in State dental boards, and (3) to

HEALTH Text: C 84-127

some extent with the ecollomic conditions of the country." (O'Rourke and Miner, Dental Eaucation in the United States, p. 310.)

C 85-91. Selected reportable diseases, 1912-1945. SOURCE: Various issues of Public Health Reports, United States Public Health Service. Reporting communicable diseases is the concern of the several States, with reporting to the Federal government a cooperative affair into which all the States have entered volun­tarily. Each State makes its own laws and regulations prescribing the diseases to be reported, the agencies and persons required to report, and penalties for failure to report. Morbidity reports vary in completeness of reporting and no disease is completely reported.

When the United States Public Health Service first requested morbidity data from the State health authorities in 1912, only 19 States and the District of Columbia responded. The diseases re­ported were diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and smallpox. While the number of diseases reported has increased, there are only 12 diseases reported by all the States. Some of the rates are based on a smaller number of States than shown in series C 85, because of an occasional fail­ure by a State to report on some disease.

The form in which the reports are published by the United States Public Health Service has been changed several times. To present the data as shown here, rates were computed which do not appear in the published reports. Since the data for 1912-1920 were originally shown only for the individual States, a rate for the country was obtained for each disease by combining the infor­mation for those States reporting the particular disease. From. 1921 through 1923 many of the rates included cases occurring in the Territories; these rates were recomputed to include only con­tinental United States.

C 92-]03. Hospital facilities by type of service, 1909-1945. SOURCES: Annual reports for 1920-1945, Hospital Service in the United States, Council on Medical Education and Hospitals, Amer­

ican Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois. Statistical information on hospitals in the United States is

customarily obtained from the annual census of hospitals, the results of which are published in Hospital Service in the United States, cited above. Although this annual census was begun in 1920, complete data on the number of hospital beds classified by type of service and by ownership or control are available only from 1927. Data prior to 1920 are fragmentary. The American Medical Directory for the years 1909, 1914, and 1918 gives total number of hospitals and beds for those years.

The American Medical Association includes in its census only the hospitals registered by it. The United States Bureau of the Census reports that there were in 1939 a total of 3,513 unregis­tered institutions with a capacity of 89,614 beds (Vital Statistics­Special Reports, vol. 13, No.2, "Hospital and Other Institutional Facilities and Services, 1939").

General hospitals accept patients for a variety of acute medical and surgical conditions. The majority of them do not admit cases

Local governmental hospitals refer to county, municipal, and joint city-county hospitals. The nonprofit hospitals which are not church-owned are generally controlled by associations of citizens or fraternal organizations. The proprietary hospitals are those operated for profit by individuals, partnerships, or corporations.

C 118-119. Appropriations for and expenditures of the United States Public Health Service, 1798-1945. SOURCE: Records of Budget and Fiscal Office, United States Public Health Service.

The Service was founded as the Marine Hospital Service in 1798 to provide care for sick and disabled seamen. This care was financed by a tax of 20 cents per month collected from all seamen employed on American vessels. For the first 14 years of its exis­tence, the Service's only Qther source of revenue was an appropri­ation of $1,000 in 1804. In 1884, the hospital tax was abolished and a tonnage tax substituted which was collected until 1906.

With time the medical officers of the Service were given addi­tional duties, especially when epidemics occurred. In 1878, Con­gress authorized the Marine Hospital Service to cooperate with State and local health authorities in the control of disease. The act of 1893 in effect recognized the Marine Hospital Service as the Federal health service, and in 1902 the name was changed to Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. In the same year the research branch of the Service was established as the Hygienic Laboratory. The present name of the Service was given to it in 1912, and it was given the general authorization to investigate the diseases of man.

The expanding activitfes of the Service can be traced in the appropriations and expenditures from. year to year. In 1893, there was a large appropriation for preventing the spread of epi­demic disease. In 1918, a special appropriation was made for pro­tecting the. health of the military forces. The large amount for 1919 included funds for hospital construction which could be ex­pended over 4 years. The appropriations for 1920, 1921, and 1922 included large sums for hospital care of veterans of World War I. The sharp drop in the amount appropriated for 1923 reflects the transfer of veterans' hospitals to the Veterans' Bureau. Special appropriations were made in 1931 and 1932 for health work in drought-stricken areas. With 1936, there began the appropriations under the Social Security Act for grants-in-aid to the States for the promotion of health services. During World War II appro­priations were made to the Public Health Service for a variety of war-related activities, including the Cadet Nurse Corps, Malaria Control in War Areas, and Venereal Disease Control.

Nutrition: Series C 120-155 C 120-127. Food production and consumption indexes and

nutrients available, 1909-1945. SOURCE: See detailed listings below.

C 120. Index of volume of food production for sale and for farm home consumption, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. This index was derived by weighting the quantities of the major farm-produced foodstuffs sold or used in farm households by average farm prices in 1935-1939.

C 121. Index of per capita food consumption, 1909-1945.

of contagious disease, tuberculosis, and nervous and mental dis­ease. Hospitals for the mentally ill include institutions for the mentally deficient and the epileptic. Tuberculosis hospitals in­clude sanatoria and preventoria, the latter emphasizing preventive care, especially for children. The classification "all other" con­sists of hospitals devoted to treating some particular disease, or group of diseases, or some particular group in the population. Among the former are orthopedic, cancer, and eye, ear, nose and throat hospitals; the latter include children's and industrial hospitals.

SOURCES: See series C 128-155 below. This index was derived by weighting per capita consumption of food, retail weight equivalent, by average retail prices in 1935-1939. For method of estimating food consumption see series C 128-155 below.

Statistics on patients in hospitals for mental disease are avail­a.ble in annual reports Patients in Mental Institutions, issued by the Bureau of the Census.

C 104-117. Hospital facilities by ownership or control, 1923-1945. SOURCES~ Same as for series C 92-103.

C 122-127. Nutrients availab1e per capita per day, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, Nutritive Value of the Per Capita Food Supply, 1909-1945, United States Department of Agriculture, Misc. Pub. No. 616,1947.

These figures are averages for the total population, 1909-1940; and for the civilian popUlation only, 1941-1945. ,Data are com­puted by the B~reau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics on the basis of estimates supplied by the Bureau of A"riculturaI

43

Text: C 122-155 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

Economics, of apparent civilian consumption (retail basis) in­cluding estimates of consumption from urban gardens. No deduc­tions have been made in the nutrient estimates for the loss or waste of food in the home, or for the destruction or loss of nutrients dur­ing the preparation of food. Deductions have been made for inedible refuse.

The computations were made by multiplying the estimated per capita quantity of each food consumed by appropriate food­composition figures. The composition values are those published in Tables of Food Composition in Terms of Eleven Nutrients, United States Department of Agriculture, Misc. Pub. No. 572, supple­mented by a few unpubiished values compiled by the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics.

Calories were estimated according to the Atwater system, which was developed for use with the average mixed diet in this country. This system results in higher caloric value than does the method of calculation used by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom, a point to be kept in mind when making comparisons of the energy value of food supplies. It has been estimated that the United Kingdom method gives figures about 150 calories lower per capita per day than would have been derived if the method of this analysis were used. See United States Department of Agriculture, Food Consumption Levels in the United States, Can­ada and the United Kingdom, 1944.

Within the last few years there has been enrichment or fortifi­cation of several types of foods with miJ?erals and vitamins. Com­position figures used include these added minerals and vitamins. Foods that are commonly enriched or fortified are white flour and bread, breakfast cereals, and margarine. .

The consumption of vitamins and mineral preparations other than those used in the enrichment or in the fortification of foods mentioned is not included here. Quantities of calcium or other minerals added to flour to make it self-rising or phosphated ate not included nor is the nutritive content of baking powder, yeast, or dough conditioner. .

C 128-155. Apparent civilian per capita consumption of food, 1849-1945. (Meats, fats and oils, 1899-1945; dairy products, 1849-1945; poultry products, fruits and vegetables, wheat flour and cof~ fe_e, 1909-1945; sugar, 1875-1945; .peanuts, 1920-1945.) SOURCES: National Food Situation, issued quarterly by Bureau of Agricul­tural Economics. From the annual supply of each food (produc­tion plus beginning stocks, plus imports) are deducted feed and seed uses, industrial uses, exports and shipments, Government purchases, and ending stocks. The residual is taken as a measure of the quantitit-'s moving into domestic civilian consumption dur-

44

ing a given calendar year. Data used are from the following sources:

Item Source of Data Stocks _______________ Bureau of Agricultural Economics,

Department of Commerce, stock re­ports of Production and Marketing Administration, trade reports.

Production ___________ Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Supply Estimates Committee of the Department of Agriculture, Fish and Wild Life Service of the Department of the Interior.

Foreign trade _________ Department of Commerce, shipment data of Production and Marketing Administration.

Nonfood use __________ Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Military procurement __ Special reports submitted to the De­

partment of Agriculture.

Data on military takings during World War I were so incom­plete that they could not be used. Accordingly, data on total domestic food "disappearance" for the years 1909-1940 were divided by the total population. For the years 1941-1945, the total food supplies available for civilian consumption were divided by the number of people eating from civilian supplies. Adjust­ments were made for members of the armed forces on leave or for other reasons eating in homes or restaurants in this country.

The basic disappearance data are in varied terms, such as the dressed weight of meats at the slaughter level and the farm weight of fresh fruits and vegetables. This results from the diversity in the levels of distribution at which data on production and utili­zation are currently available. However, such variation does not impede comparisons for a given food through time. Although disappearance data are not the same as consumption data, since they measure the quantities of food going into the distribution system instead of the quantities bought by consumers or con­sumed by consumers, they are the only available estimates of consumption. The possibility of error is present throughout, but the data are internally consistent. All disappearance data are on a national basis and no regional or State estimates can be made without the collection of much additional statistical information.

Some scattered data that are basic to estimates of apparent consumption have been gathered from decennial censuses prior to 1900. The food production data from the Census of Agriculture for 1910 were more complete, and are the first important bench­mark for most food consumption estimates. The completeness and accuracy of the data have been greatly improved as the crop reporting system has developed. Data on consumption of major foods since about 1924 are viewed as much more reliable and comparable.

VITAL STATISTICS Data: C 1-23

'Series C I-5.-VITAL STATISTICS-GROWTH OF BIRTH- AND DEATH-REGISTRATION STATES: 1900 TO 1945

BIRTH-REGISTRATION DEA TH-REGISTRATION BIRTH-REGISTRATION DEA TH-REGISTRA TION

Continental STATES STATES Continental STATES STATES

United United States, Midyear population Midyear population States, Midyear population Midyear population

YEAR midyear Num- Num- YEAR midyear Num- Num-population Per- ber of Per- ber of population Per- ber of Per- ber of

Number cent of States! Number cent of States! Number cent of States! Number cent of States! total total total total

---I 2 3 ------- 4 5 ------- 1 2 3 ------- 4 5 ----------

1945 __ '131,975,774 3 139,621,431 100.0 48 2131,975,774 100.0 48 192L 108,541,489 70,807,090 65.2 27 87,814,447 80.9 34 1944 __ ' 132,552,005 3138,083,449 100.0 48 2 132,552,005 100.0 48 1943 __ '133,966,319 '136,497,049 100.0 48 2133,966,319 100.0 48 1920_ 106,466,420 63,597,307 59.7 23 86,079,263 80.9 34 1942 __ 2 133 ,770 ,500 3 134 ,664 ,924 100.0 48 2 133,770,500 100.0 48 1919_ 104,512,110 61,212,076 58.6 22 83,157,982 79.6 33 1941-_ 2133,060,045 1133,202,873 10@.0 48 2 133,060,045 100.0 48 1918_ 103,202,801 55,153,782 53.4 20 79,008,412 76.6 30

1917 _ 103,265,913 55,197,952 53.5 20 70,234,775 68.0 27 1940 __ 2131,954,144 1131,970,224 100.0 48 2131,954,144 100.0 48 1916_ 101,965,984 32,944,013 32.3 11 66,971 ,177 65.7 26 1939 __ 130,879,718 130 ,879 ,718 100.0 48 130 ,879 ,718 100.0 48 1938 __ 129 ,824,939 129,824,939 100.0 48 129,824,939 100.0 48 1915_ 100,549,013 31,096,697 30.9 10 61,894,847 61.6 24 193L_ 128,824,829 128.824.829 100.0 48 128,824,829 100.0 48 1914_ 99,117,567 ------- --- ------- ------- 60,963,309 6:.5 24 1936 __ 128,053,180 128 ;053; 180 100.0 48 128 ,053 ,180 100.0 48 1913_ 97,226,814 ---------- .. _ .. -.- .. - ------- 58,156,740 59.8 23

1912_ 95,33.1 ;300 ---------- 54,847,700 57.5 22, 1935 __ 127,250,232 127,250,232 100.0 48 127,250,232 100.0 48 191L 93,867,814 ---------- 53,929,644 57.5 22 1934._ 126,373 ,773 126,373,773 100.0 48 126,373,773 100.0 48 1933 __ 125,578,763 125,57&;763 100.0 48 125 ,578 ,763 100.0 48 1910_ 92,406,536 ---------- ------- ------- 47,470,437 51.4 20 19i12 __ 124,840,471 118 ,903 ,899 95.2 47 118 ,903,899 95.2 47 1909_ 90,491,525 ------_ ... -- 44,223,513 48.9 18 1931-_ 124,039 ,648 117,455,229 94.7 46 118,148,987 95.3 47 1908_ 88,708,976 ---------- 38,634,759 43.6 17

1907 _ 87,000,271 ---------- 34,552,837 39.1 15 1930 __ 123,076,741 116,544,946 94.7 46 117,238 ,278 95.3 47 1906_ 85,436,556 ---------- 33,782,288 39.5 15 1929 __ 121 ,769,939 115,317,450 94.7 46 115,317,450 94.7 46 1928 __ 120,501,115 113,636,160 94.3 44 113,636,160 94.3 44 1905_ 83,819,666 ---------- ------- ------- 21,767,980 26.0 10 1927 __ 119 ,038 ,062 104,320,830 87.6 40 107,084,532 90.0 42 1904_ 82,164,974 ---------- 21,332,076 26.0 10 1926 __ 117,399,225 90,460,590 77.0 35 103,822,683 88.4 41 1903_ 80,632,152 ---------- 20,943,222 26.0 10

1902_ 79,160,196 ---------- 20,582,907 26.0 10 1925 __ 115,831,963 88,294,564 76.2 33 102,031,555 88.1 40 190L 77,585,128 ---------- 20,237,453 26.1 10 1924-_ 114,113 ,463 87,000,295 76.2 33 99,318,098 87.0 39 1923 __ 111 ,949,945 81,072,123 72.4 30 96,788,197 86.5 38 1900_ 76,094,134 ---------- ------- ------- 19,965,446 26.2 10 1922 __ 110,054,778 79,560,746 72.3 ,30 92,702,901 84.2 37

1 District of Columbia is included in both areas in all years, but is not included in count of number of States. .

2 Excludes ~rmed forces overseas. 3 Includes armed forces overseas.

Series C 6~21.-VITAL STATISTICS-COMPLETE EXPECTATION OF LIFE: 1789 TO 1945 [In years]

DEATH~REGISTRATION STATES I (WHITE POPULATION) MASSACHUSlllTTS 2

At birth Age 20 Age 40 Age 60 At birth Age 20 Age 40 Age 60 PERIOD

Male Female Male Female .Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ----1-'----1---------------------------------------------

1945 ______ 64.4 69.5 48.6 52.9 30.6 34.4 15.4 17.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------1939-4L __ 62.81 67.29 47.76 51.38 30.03 33.25 15.05 17.00 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -_ .. .,.- ---1930-39 ___ 60.6 64.5 46.8 49.7 29.6 32.2 14.9 16.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------1929-3L __ 59.12 62.67 46.02 48.52 29.22 31.52 14.72 16.05 59.29 62.63 46.14 48.50 28.96 31.23 14.34 15.79 1920-29 ___ 57.85 60.62 45.84 47.46 29.35 30.97 14.75 15.70 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

i~i:=~6=== __ ~~~~~ ___ ~~~~~ ___ ~~~~~ ___ ~~~~~ ___ ::~~~ ___ ~~~:~ ___ ~~~:~ ___ ~~~:~_ --54~07- --56~56- --44~6-- --45:5-- --28:8-- --30~ii-- --14:4:-- --15~4--1909-1L __ 50.23 53.62 42.71 44.88 27.43 29.26 13.98 14.92 49'.33 53.06 42.48 44.85 26.97 29.04 13.42 14.79 1901-10___ 49.32 52.54 42.39 44.39.27.55 29.28 14.17 15.09 __ : ____________________________________________________________ _ 1900-02 ___ 48.23 51.08 42.19 43.77 27.74 29.17 14.35 15.23 46.07 49.42 4l.82 43.71 27.17 28.79 13.90 15.06 1893-97 ______________________ . ____________________________________________ _ 44.09 46.61 41.20 42.79 27.41 29.00 14.38 15.74 1890 _____________________________________________________________________ _ 42.50 44.46 40.66 42.03 27.37 28.76 14.73 15.70 1878-82 _________ . _________________________ ~ _______________________________ _ 41. 74 43.50 42.17 42.78 28.86 30.29 15.60 16.91 1855 _____________________________________________________________________ _ 38.7 40.9 39.8 39.9 27.0 28.8 14.4 15.6 1850 _____________________________________________________________________ _ 38.3 40.5 40.1 40.2 27.9 29.8 15.6 1'T .0 1789 _____________________________________________________________________ _ 34.5 36.5 34.2 34.3 25.2 . 26.9 14.8 16.1

! Data for the period 1929-31 to 1945 are for entire continental United States; 2 Massachusetts data for 1919-20 and 1929-31 are for white population only; those for 1919-21 to 1920-29 are for the death registration States of 1920; those thosl? for 1789 are for 62 towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. for earlier years are for t.he death-registration States of 1900.

Series C 22-23.-VITAL STATISTICS-NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OLD PER 1,000 WOMEN 20 TO 44 YEARS OLD: 1800 TO 1940

YEAR White Negro White Negro White

1940 _______________________ _ 1930 _______________ . ________ _ 1920 _______________________ _ 1910 _______________________ _ 1900 ___ - ___________________ _

22

419 506 604 631 666

23

513 554 608 736 845

YEAR

1890 _____________________ _ 1880 _____________________ _ 1870 _____________________ _ 1860 _____________________ _ 1850 ________ ~ __________ ~ __

22

685 780 814 905 892

23

930 1,090

997 1,072 1,087

YEAR

1840 _____________________ _ 1830 _____________________ _ 1820 _____________________ _ 1810 _____________________ _ 1800 _____________________ _

45

22

1,085 1,145 1,295 1,358 1,342

Data: C 24-44 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITIQN

Series C 24-38.-VITAL STATISTICS-BIRTH RATES, GROSS REPRODUCTION' RATES, AND STILLBIRTH RATIOS: 1915 TO 1945

[ For birth-registration States. Population base for 1940-45 includes armed forces overseas. Excludes stillbirths except series C 38]

BIRTH RATES BY RACE 1 BIRTH RATES BY AGE OF MOTHER 3 Gross Still-repro- birth Non- 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 45 to 49 50 to 54 duction ratios ~

YEAR All races White 2 white 2 Total 4

years years years years years years years years years rates

---------------------------------------------24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

------------------------------------------1945 _______________ 19.6 19.2 23.3 58.6 0.7 48.8 130.2 128.5 94.7 54.6 15.6 1.3 0.1 1,154.3 26.6 1944 ______________ ..: 20.2 19.8 23.7 60.2 0.7 51.4 141.7 132.0 92.3 52.1 15.0 1.1 0.0 1,182.8 27.0 1943 _______________ 21.5 21.2 24.1 63.5 0.7 57.6 152.9 142.2 93.5 49.8 14.5 1.2 0.0 1,246.5 26.7 1942 _______________ 20.9 20.6 23.2 61.0 0.6 56.5 153.9 136.1 86.1 44.8 13.5 1.2 0.0 1,196.8 28.2 1941. ______________ 18.9 18.5 22.6 54.9 0.6 51.8 134.9 121.2 79.6 42.4 13.6 1.3 0.0 1,084.2 29.9

1940 _______________ 17.9 17.5 21.7 51. 9 0.6 48.9 125.0 114.1 77.1 41.8 13.9 1.3 0.0 1,028.6 31.3 1939 _______________ 17.3 16.9 21.2 50.3 0.6 48.1 119.8 110.0 74.5 41. 7 13.9 1.5 0.1' 998.5 32.0 1938 _______________ 17.6 17.2 21.2 51.2 0.6 48.7 123.2 111.3 74.9 42.4 15.1 1.6 0.1 1,018.2 32.1 1937 _______________ 17.1 16.7 20.9 49.7 0.5 46.7 119.0 107.8 72.8 42.3 15.4 1.7 0.1 989.0 33.4 1936 _______________ 16.7 16.4 20.1 48.8 0.5 44.3 115.2 105.9 71. 9 43.4 16.4 1.8 0.1 973.5 34.4

1935 ____ . ___________ 16.9 16.5 20.6 49.4 0.5 44.7 114.7 107.0 73.5 45.4 17.6 1.9 0.0 987.0 35.8 1934. ______________ 17.2 16.7 20.9· 50.2 0.5 44.3 114.8 108.4 76.9 45.9 18.7 2.0 0.0 1,001.3 36.2 1933 _______________ 16.6 16.2 20.2 48.6 0.5 42.1 109.2 104.7 74.5 46.8 18.9 2.1 0.0 969.9 37.0 1932 _______________ 17.4 17.0 21.3 51.2 0.4 44.4 115.3 109.8 79.3 50.-3 19.9 2.1 0.0 1,026.4 37.8 1931. ______________ 18.0 17.7 21.0 53.0 0.4 46.0 118.7 112.9 82.4 52.7 20.6 2.2 0.1 1,061.1 38.2

1930 _______________ 18.9 18.6 21.6 55.9 0.5 49.1 124.9 117.3 87.7 56.1 21.8 2.4 0.1 1,118.4 39.2 1929 _______________ 18.8 18.5 21.3 56.0 0.5 48.6 124.0 117.2 86.9 57.1 22.1 2.5 0.0 1,115.7 39.5 1928 _______________ 19.7 19.4 22.1 58.6 0.5 51.1 128.3 119.6 92.7 61.5 23.9 2.7 0.1 1,167.6 40.2 1927 _______________ 20.5 20.2 23.6 61.4 0.5 52.1 132.5 124.2 98.2 65.7 25.5 2.7 0.1 1,218.1 38.8 1926 _______________ 20.5 20.2 25.0 61.7 0.4 49.0 131.9 1262

1

100.2 66.2 25.8 2.8 0.1 1,221.8 38.1

1925 _______________ 21.3 21. 0 25.4 64.0 0.4 50.1 134.7 131.1 103.9 '69.3 27.2 3.0 0.1 1,261.4 38.1 1924. ______________ 22:2 21. 9 26.3 66.7 0.4 50.9 141.5 135.3 107.8 72.2 28.3 3.1 0.1 1,311.1 39.3 1923 _______________ 22.1 21.9 25.3 66.4 0.4 48.2 138.7 137.3 107.5 72.2 28.1 3.1 0.1 1,302.1 38.9 1922 ____ ' ___________ 22.S 22.1 25.3 67.0 0.3 47.9 138.5 HHS.<'S I 107.5 72.2 28.4 3.3 0.1 1,305.6 39~4 1921. ______________ 24.2 23.9 27.6 73.1 0.4 52.4 150.4 150.2 115.3 78.1 30.8 3.7 0.1 1,412.0 --------1920 _______________ 23:7 23.5 27.0 71. 9 0.3 48.5 151.8 150.5 115.5 78.4 31.1 3.8 0.1 1,409.8 --------1919 _______________ 22.4 22.3 24.9 67.6 0.3 39.8 135 .. 3 144.0 115.1 77.4 31.4 3.5 0.1 1,329.7 ---1'"'----1918 _______________ 24.7 24.8 24.3 73.4 0.4 43.3 153.6 154.1 118.5 79.1 31.8 3.7 0.1 1,420.0 --------1917. ______________ 24.5 24.5 24.3 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -- ------ -------- --------1916 _______________ 24.9 25.0 20.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- ------_.- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -.... --- ---1915 _______________ 25.0 25.1 18.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

1 NUinber of births to women in specified race groups per 1,000 persons in the total estimated midyear population of that race group.

? Mexicans included with white each year except 1932, 1933, and 1934.

3 Rates shown represent number of births to women in the specified age groups per 1,000 female population of that group, based on estimated midyear population.

4 Includes births for which age of mother was not stated. .1 Ratios are the number of stillbirths per 1,000 live births.

Series C 39-44.-VITAL STATISTICS-DEATH RATES, INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY: 1915 TO 1945

[For birth-registration States. MeXIcans included with white each year except 1932, 1933, and 1934]

INFANT MORTALITY RATES 1 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATES 2 INFANT MORTALITY RATES 1 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATES 2

YEAR Total White Nonwhite Total White N'onwhite YEAR Total White Nonwhite Total White ~

Nonwhite

39 40 41 42 43 44 39 40 41 42 43 44

1945 ______ 38.3 35.6 57.0 2.1 1.7 4.5 1930 _____ 64.6 60.1 99.9 6.7 6.1 11. 7 1944. _____ 39.8 36.9 60.3 2.3 1.9 5.1 1929 _____ 67.6 63.2 102.2 7.0 6.3 12.0 1943 ______ 40.4 37.5 62.5 2.5 2.1 5.1 1928 _____ 68.7 64.4 106.2 6.9 6.3 12.1 1942 ______ 40.4 37.3 64.6 2.6 2.2 5.4 1927 _____ 64.6 60.6 100.1 6.5 5.9 11.3 1941. _____ 45.3 41.2 74.8 3.2 2.7 6.8 1926 _____ 73.3 70.0 111.8 6.6 6.2 10.7 '

1940 ______ 47.0 43.2 73.8 3.8 3.2 7.7 1925 _____ 71. 7 68.3 110.8 6.5 6.0 11. 6 1939 ______ 48.0 44.3 74.2 4.0 3.5 ~ 7.6 1924 _____ 70.8 66.8 112.9 6.6 6.1 11.8 1938 ______ 51. 0 47.1 79.1 4.4 3.8 8.5 1923 _____ 77.1 73.5 117.4 6.7 6.3 10.9 1937. _____ 54.4 50.3 83.2 4.9 4.4 8.6 1922 _____ 76.2 73.2 110.0 6.6 6.3 10.7 193B-_____ 57.1 52.9 87.6 5.7 5.1 9.7 1921. ____ 75.6 72.5 108.5 6,8 6.4 10.8

1935 ______ 55.7 51. 9 83.2 5.8 5.3 9.5 1920 _____ 85.8 82.1 131. 7 8.0 7.6 12.8 1934 ______ 60.1 54.5 94.4 5.9 5.4 9.0 1919 _____ 86.6 83.0 130.5. 7.4 7.0 12.4 1933 ______ 58.1 52.8 91.3 6.2 5.6 9.7 1918 _____ 100.9 97.4 161. 2 9.2 8.9 13.9 1932 ______ 57.6 53.3 86.2 6.3 5.8 9.8 1917 _____ 93.8 90.5 150.7 6.6 6.3 11. 8 1931. _____ 61.6 57.4 93.1 6.6 6.0 11.1 1916 _____ 101. 0 99.0 184.9 6,2 6.1 11.8

1915 _____ 99.9 98.6 181.2 6.1 6.0 10.6

I Number of deaths lmder 1 year (exclusive of stillbirths) per 1,000 live births. Z Number of deaths from maternal causes per 1,000 live births.

46

VIT AL STATISTICS Data: C 45-55

Series C 45-55.-VITAL STATISTICS-DEATH RATES, BY RACE AND SEX: 1865 TO 1945 [Exclusive of stillbirths. Rates, except series C 52, are number of deaths in specified group pel" 1,000 population of that group, based on estimated midyear population

DEATH-REGISTRATION STATES

White I

YEAR All races Total Male Female Total

45 46 47 48 49 ----1945 , ____ 10.6 10.5 12.6 8.6 12.0 1944 , ____ 10.6 10.4 12.3 8.8 12.4 1943 , ____ 10.9 10.7 12.2 9.2 13.6 1942 , ____ 10.4 10.1 11. 5 8.7 12.7 1941 , ____ 10.5 10.2 11.4 8.9 13.5

1940 , ____ 10.7 10.4 11.6 9.2 13.8 1939 _____ 10.6 10.3 11.3 9.2 13.5 1938 _____ 10.6 10.3 11.3 9.2 14.0 1937 _____ 11.3 10.8 12.0 9.6 14.9 1936 _____ 11.6 11.1 12.3 9.9 15.4

1935 _____ ~?9 10.6 11. 6 9.5 14.3 1934 _____ 10.6 11.7 9.6 14.8 .L.L.l 1933 _____ 10.7 10.3 11.2 9.3 14.1 1932 _____ 10.9 10.5 11.3 9.6 14.5 1931. ____ 11.1 10.6 11. 5 9.6 15.5

1930~ ____ 11.3 10.8 11.7 9.8 16.3 1929 _____ 11. 9 11.3 12.2 10.4 16.9 1928 _____ 12.0 11.4 12;3 10.5 17.1 1927. ____ 11.3 10.8 11. 6 10.0 16.4 1926 _____ 12.1 11.6 12.3 10.8 17.8

1925 _____ 11.7 11.1 11.8 10.4 17.4 1924. ____ 11.6 11.0 11.8 10.3 17.1 1923 _____ 12.1 11.7 12.3· 11.0 16.5 1922 _____ 11.7 11.3 11.9 10.7 15.2 1921. ____ 11. 5 11.1 11.6 10.6 15.5

1920 _____ 13.0 12.6 13.0 12.1 17.7 1919 _____ 12.9 12.4 i3.0 11.8 17.9 1918 _____ 18.1 17.5 19.3 15.8 25.6 1917. ____ 14.0 13.5 14,6 12.4 20.4 1916 _____ 13.8 13.4 14.4 12.4 19.1

1915 _____ 13.2 12.9 13.7 12.0 20.2 1914 _____ 13.3 13.0 13.9 12.1 20.2 1913 _____ 13.8 13.5 14.5 12.5 20.3 1912 _____ 13.6 13.4 14.3 12.4 20.6 1911. ____ 13.9 13.7 14.5 12.8 21.3

1910 _____ 14.7 14.5 15.4 13.6 21. 7 1909 _____ 14.2 14.0 14.9 13.2 21.8 1908 _____ 14.7 14.5 15.3 13.6 22.4 1907 _____ 15.9 15.7 16.8 14.5 24.3 1906 _____ 15.7 15.5 16.5 14.4 24.2

1905 _____ 15.9 15.7 16.5 14.8 25.5 1904 _____ 16.4 16.2 17.1 15.3 26.1 1903 _____ 15.6 11i.4 16.2 14.6 24.5

. 1902 _____ 15.5 15.3 16.2 14.4 23.6 1901. ____ 16.4 16.2 17.1 15.4 24.3

1900 _____ 17.2 17.0 17; 7 16.3 25.0

MASSACHUSETTS 3 MASSACHUSETTS 3

YEAR Total Male Female YEAR Total Male Female --------- ---------

53 54 55 53 54 55 ------

1899 _______ 17.4 -------- -------- 1890 _____ 19.4 20.0 18.9 1898 _______ 17.5 -------- -------- 1889 _____ 19.2 -------- --------1897 _______ 18.1 -------- -------- 1888 _____ 19.9 -------- --------1896 _______ 19.3 -------- -------- 1887. ____ 19.8 -------- --------1886 _____ 18,'6 -------- --------1895 _______ 19.0 19.9 18.2 1894. ______ 19.1 -------- -------- 1885 _____ 19.6 20.2 19.0 1893 __ • ____ 20.5 -------- -------- 1884 _____ 19.0 -------- --------1892 _______ 20.9 -------- -------- 1883 _____ 20.1 -------- --------1891. ______ 19.7 -------- -------- 1882 _____ 19.9 -------- --------

I Mexicans included with white each year except 1932, 1933, and 1934. 2 Computed by direct method using age distributions of the total population

enumerated in the United States in 1940 as the standard population.

MASSAdHUSETTS S

Age-Nonwhite I adjusted

death Total Male Female Male Female rates 2

50 51 52 53 54 55

13.7 10.5 9.6 12.2 ----------- - ------------13.9 11. 0 9.8 12.4 ----------- - ------------14.0 11. 6 10.3 12.8 ----------- - ------------14.0 11.4 10.0 11.7 ----------- - ------------14.8 12.2 10.3 11.6 ----------- - ------------15.1 12.5 10.7 11.9 12.6 11.1 14.7 12.4 10.7 11.6 12.3 10.9 15.2 12.9 10.9 11.2 12.0 10.4 16.4 13.4 11.7 11.8 12.7 11.0 16.9 13.9 12.2 11.8 12.6 11.0

15.6 13.0 11.6 11.5 12.2 10.8 16.0 13. Ii 11 " 11.7 12.6 10.9 .L.L.J

15.1 13.1 11.6 11.9 12.6 11.2 15.4 13.5 11.9 11.6 12.2 11.1 16.5 14.5 12.1 11.5 12.1 10.9

17.4 15.3 12.5 11. 6 12.2 11.1 18.0 15.8 13.2 12.3 12.8 11.8 18.0 16.2 13.4 12.1 12.6 11.7 17.2 15.6 12.6 11. 7 12.2 11.2 18.7 16.9 13.5· 12.6 13.1 12.0

18.2 16.6 13.0 12.5 13.0 11.9 17.9 16.3 12.9 12.0 12.6 11.5 17.0 16.0 13.5 12.9 13.2 12.6 15.7 14.8 13.0 12.7 13.1 12.4 15.7 15.4 12.7 12.1 12.4 11.8

17.8 17.5 14.2 13.8 13.9 13.6 18.1 17.8 14.0 13.8 14.3 13.3 26.7 24.4 19.0 21.3 23.5 19.3 21.4 19.4 15.3 15.2 16.2 14.2 19.9 18.4 15.1 15.1 16.1 14.2

20.8 19.5 14.4 14.3 15.0 13.7 20.9 19.4 14.5 14.5 15.4 13.7 21.0 ~ 19.6 15.0 15.1 16.1 14.1 21.3 19.7 14.8 15.2 15.9 14.5 21. 9 20.6 15.2 15.7 16.5 14.8

22.3 21.0 15.8 16.1 17.0 15.3 22.3 21.2 15.3 15.4 16.1 14.7 22.8 22.0 15.8 15.8 16.7 15.0 25.0 23.5 17.1 16.9 17.8 16.1 24.7 23.6 16.7 16.2 17.1 15.4

26.8 24.3 16.7 16.7 17.6 15.8 27.6 24.7 17.3 16.3 17.0 11i.7 25.5 23.4 16.5 16.7 17.5 15.9 24.8 22.3 16.2 16.6 17.4 15.9 25.6 23.1 17.2 17.3 18.2 16.3

25.7 24.4 17.8 18.4 19.2 17.6

MASSACHUSETTS 3 MASSACHUSETTS 3

YEAR Total Male Female YEAR Total Male Female --------- ---------

53 54 55 53 54 55 ------- ------

1881. ____ 20.1 -------- -------- 1873 _____ 21. 6 -------- --------1872 _____ 22.9 -------- --------1880 _____ 19.8 20.3 19.3 1871. ____ 18.7 -------- --------1879 _____ 18.1 -------- --------1878 _____ 18.1 -------- -------- 1870 _____ 18.8 19.5 18:6 1877 _____ 18.4 -------- -------- 1869 _____ 18.4 -------- --------1876 _____ 19.8 -------- -------- 1868 _____ 18.6 -------- --------1867 _____ 17.0 -- ------ --------1875 _____ 21. 7 21.8 20.5 1866 _____ 18.2 ---21:;;- ---i9~6-1874 _____ 18.6 -------- -------- 1865 _____ 20.6

3 Data for 1940 to 1945 are by place of residence; earlier years by place of occur­rence.

4 Excludes armed forces overseas. For Massachusetts, 1940 male and female rates based on enumerated population, April 1.

47

Data: C 56-64 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

Series C 56-64.-VITAL STATISTICS-DEATH RATES, SELECTED CAUSES: 1861 TO 1945 [Exclusive of stillbirths. Rates are number of deaths per 100,000 estimated midyear population]

DEATH-REGISTRATION STATES MASSACHUSETTS

Tuberculosis Diseases Pneumonia Cancer and Typhoid and Respiratory Typhoid and YEAR (all forms) of the and other malig- Diphtheria paratyphoid tuberculosis Diphtheria paratyphoid

, heart I influenza 2 nant tumors fever fever ..

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

1945 3 ___________ 40.1 321.5 51.8 134.5 1.2 0.4 37.1 0.3 0.1 1944 8 ___________ 41. 3 315.4 61. 7 129.1 0.9 0.4 38.8 0.3 0.0 1943 8 ___________ 42.6 318.3 67.3 124.5 0.9 0.5 39.9 0.3 0.2 1942 3 ___________ 43.1 295.2 55.7 122.1 1.0 0.6 34.5 0 .. 2 0.1 1941 3 ___________ 44.5 290.2 63.9 120.2 1.0 ' 0.8 35.0 0.3 0.1

1940 8 ___________ 45.9 292.5 70.3 120.0 1.1 1.1 34.6 0.2 0.2 1939 ____________ 47.1 275.5 75.7 117.5 1.5 1.5 35.2 0.4 0.3 1938 ____________ 49.1 269.7 80.4 114.9 2.0 1.9 35.6 0.5 0.3 1937 ____________ 53.8 268.9 114.9 112.4 2.0 2.1 40.4 0.5 0.4 1936 ____________ 55.9 266.6 119.6 111.4 2.4 2.5 40.4 0.6 0.2

1935 ____________ 55.1 245.4 104.2 108.2 3.1 2.8 42.9 0.7 0.3 1934 ____________ 56.7 240.3 96.9 106.4 3.3 3.4 43.9 1.2 0.3 1933 ____________ 59.6 228.0 95.7 102.3 3.9 3.6 48.2 2.0 0.6 1932 ____________ 62.5 224.1 107.3 102.3 4.4 3.7 48.4 2.5 0.6 193L ___________ 67.8 213.4 107.5 99.0 4.8 4.5 54.7 3.1 0.7

1930 ____________ 71.1 214.2 102.5 97.4 4.9 4.8 57.2 4.3 0.9 1929 ____________ 75.3 211.2 146.5 95.8 6.5 4.2 61.1 6.1 1.0 1928 ____________ 78.3 207.7 142.5 95.7 7.2 4.9 63.9 6.0 0.8 1927 ____________ 79.6 195.3 102.2 95.2 7.7 5.3 66.0 6.5 1.0 1926 ____________ 85.5 198.6 141.7 94.6 7.4 6.4 71.0 6.0 1.4

1925 ____________ 84.8 184.8 121.7 92.0 7.8 7.8 70.1 8.0 1.8 1924 ____________ 87.9 175.7 115.2 90.4 9.3 6.6 72.7 12.9 1.7 1923 ____________ 91. 7 174.0 151.7 88.4 12.0 6.7 75.9 14.4 1.7 1922 ____________ 95.3 165.0 132.3 86.2 14.6 7.4 79.5 14.9 2.2 192L ___________ 97.6 156.2 98.7 85.5 17.7 8.8 81.5 U.S 3.1

1920 __ ' __________ 113.1 159.6 207.3 83.4 15.3 7.6· 96.& 15.1 2.4 1919 ____________ 125.6 147.9 223.0 81.0 14.9 9.2 111.1 15.5 2.8 1918 ____________ 149,8 171.6 588.5 80.8 14.0 12.3 141.1 16.2 4.1 1917 ____________ 143.5 169.9 164.5 80.8 15.6 13.3 124.9, 22.3 4.9 1916 ____________ 138.4 167.2 163.3 81.0 13.9 13.2 123.4 16.7 4.6

1915 ____________ 140.1 163.9 145.9 80.7 15.2 11.8 116.8 19.8 6.7 1914- ___________ 141.7 158.2 132.4 '. 78.7 17.2 14.7 117.9 18.0 7.6 1913 ____________ 143.5 154.6 140.8 78.5 18.1 17.5 121.3 17.7 7.9 1912 ____________ 145.4 158.7 138.4 77.0 17.6 16; 1 127.5 14.4 7.8 191L ___________ 155.1 156.4 145.4 74.2 18.4 20.1 132.0 17.2 9,2

1910 ____________ 153.8 158.9 155.9 76.2 21.1 22.5 138.3 21.0 12.5 1909 ____________ 156.3 153.0 148.1 74.0 19.9 20.2 135.4 21.6 11.7 1908 ____________ 162.1 152.0 150.9 71.5 21.9 23.4 140.7 23.3 16.V 1907 ____________ 174.2 166.6 180.0 71.4 24.2 28.2 153.8 24.2 12.5 1906 ____________ 175.8 154.2 156.3 69.3 26.3 30.9 153.9 24.9 15,8

1905 ____________ 179.9 161.9 169.3 73.4 23.5 22.4 163.5 22.1 17.9 1904 ____________ 188.1 163.7 192.1 71.5 29.3 23.9 174.6 24.5 16.6 1903 ____________ 177.2 151.8 169.3 70.0 31.1 24.6 159.5 30.3 18,1 1902 ____________ 174.2 145.4 161.3 66.3 29.8 26.4 169.3 31.3 18.7 190L ___________ 189.9 140.0 197.2 66.4 33.5 27.6 183.3 41.9 20,3

1900 ____________ 194.4 137.4 202.2 64.0 40.3 31.3 190.3 52.8 22.1

MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS

Respi- Typhoid Respi- Typhoid Respi- Typhoid Respi- Typhoid ratory Diphthe- and para- ratory Diphthe- and para- ratory Diphthe- and para- ratory Diphthe- and para-

YEAR tuber- ria typhoid YEAR tuber- ria typhoid YEAR tuber- ria typhoid YEAR tuber- ria typhoid culosis fever culosis fever culosis fever culosis fever --- --- --- ---

62 63 64 62 63 64 62 63 64 62 63 64 ---- --- --- ---

1899 _____ 190.4 3.8.2 22.3 1890 ____ 258.6 72.6 37.3 1880 ____ 308.1 134.3 49.5 1870 ____ 343.3 46.4 91.5 1898 _____ 197.4 26.4 24.7 1889 ____ 256.5 101. 7 40.9 1879 ____ 297.4 130.6 36.3 1869 ____ 328.8 54.3 85.0 1897 _____ 207.4 54.5 23.2 1888 ____ 270.8 86.6 44.6 1878 ____ 308.4 145.5 39.3 1868 ____ 322.0 56.'7 65.0 1896 _____ 216.4 65.5 28.3 1887 ____ 285.6 79.2 44.8 187L ___ 320.4 186.6 47.8 1867: ____ 325.5 45.3 72.0

1886 ____ 295.1 78.0 40.0 1876 ____ 317.6 196.4 52.5 1866 ____ 353.0 63.7 83.7 1895 _____ 223.4 71.4 27.2 1894- ____ 223.4 73.6 30.6 1885 ____ 306.6 78.4 39.5 1875 ____ 347.4 113.8 64.1 1865 ____ 367.9 92.8 133.7 1893 _____ 231.0 58.3 31.4 1884 ____ 303.6 86.2 i 45.8 1874- ___ 328.0 56.7 71.2 1864- ___ 375.7 158.7 106.7 1892 _____ 244.8 62.2 35.3 1883 ____ 316.0 86.4 45.8 1873 ____ 353.6 47.4 89.5 1863 ____ 372.6 182.4 115.1 189L ____ 239.6 53.2 35.9 1882 ____ 317.9 96.0 58,5 1872 ____ 362.6 49.1 111.1 1862 ____ 342.8 92.1 91.1

188L ___ 324.5 131. 4 I 59.1 187L ___ 339.3 50.0 74.7 186L ___ 365.2 89.2 79.9

1 Excludes diseases of coronary arteries for 1900-1929. inciusive, and for,1939-1945, inclusive, certain terms relating to cardiorenal conditions, classified as nephri­tis, instead of heart disease.

~ Includes capillary bronchitis for 1921-1945, inclusive.

48

3 Excludes armed forces overseas; Massachusetts rates for these years are by place of residence; earlier years by place of occurrence.

VITAL STATISTICS Data: C 65-78

Series C 65-76.-VITAL STATISTICS-DEATH RATES BY AGE: 1900 TO 1945 [Exclusive of stillbirths. Rates are the number of deaths in a specified group per 1,000 population of that group based on estimated midyear population]

YEAR

1945 2 _______________ 1944 2 _______________ Hl43 2 _______________ 1942 2 _______________ 1941 2 _______________

1 1 1 1 1

940 2 _______________ 939 ________________ 938 ________________ 937 ________________ 936 ________________

1 1 1 1 1

935 ________________ 934 ________________ 933 ________________ 932 ________________ 931 _ _____ _____ _____

1 1 1 1 1

930 ________________

1 1 1 1 1

929 ________________ 928 ________________ 927 ________________ 926 _____ .. __________

925 ________________ 9-24 ________________ 923 ________________ 922 ________________ 921 ________________

920 ________________ 1 19 19 19 19

19 19 19 19 19

19 ________________ 18 ________________ 17 _________________ 16 ________________

15 ________________ 14 ________________ 13 _____ ~ __________ 12 ________________ 11 ________________

19 '9

10 ________________ 09 ________________

19 19 19

08 ________________ 07 ________________ 06 ________________

05 ________________ 19 19 19 190 190

04 _____________ • __ 03 ________________ 2 ________________ 1 ________________

1900 ------ .. ---------

I Includes ages not stated.

All Under ages 1 1 year

65 66

10.6 41.4 10.6 43.3 10.9 43.0 10.4 48.0 10.5 52.3

10.7 54.8 10.6 53.7 10.6 58.0 11.3 61.3 11.6 62.9

10.9 60.9 11.1 66.8 10.7 61.3 10.9 61.3 111 64.4 .L..L • ..L

11.3 69.0 11.9 71.6 12.0 73.1 11.3 68.8 12.1 77.9

11.7 75.4 11.6 76.8 12.1 81.1 11.7 77.6 11. 5 80.6

13.0 92.3 12.9 91.0 18.1 111.7 14.0 104.6 13.8 105.7

13.2 162.4 13.3 107.2 13.8 114.8 13.6 111.1 13.9 114.0

14.7 131.8 14.2 126.7 14.7 133.2 15.9 138.6 15.7 144.8

15.9 141.2 16.4 139.2 15.6 132.6 15.5 138.9 16.4 141.4

17.2 I 162.4

1-4 5-14 15-24 years years years

67 68 69

2.0 0.9 2.0 2.3 0.9 2.0 2.6 1.0 2.0 2.4 0.9 1.9 2.8 1.0 2.0

2.9 1.0 2.0 3.2 1.1 2.1 3.8 1.2 2.3 4.2 1.4 2.6 4.4 1.5 2.8

4.4 1.5 2.7 5.1 1.5 2.8 4.7 1.5 2.7 4.6 1.5 2.9 '" ., v.v 1.7 3.2

5.6 1.7 3.3 6.3 1.9 3.6 6.5 1.9 3.7 5.9 1.9 3.5 7.2 1.9 3.7

6.4 2.0 3.8 6.8 2.0 3.8 8.1 2.1 3.9 7.4 2.1 3.8 8.0 2.5 3.9

9.9 2.6 4.9 9.3 2.7 5.3

15.7 4.1 10.7 10.7 2.6 4.7 11.1 2.5 4.4

9.2 2.3 4.1 10.2 2.5 4.2 11. 9 2.7 4.4 10.9 2.5 4.3 11.8 2-.7 4.5

14.0 2.9 4.5 13.5 2.8 4.4 14.0 3.0 4.8 14.7 3.2 5.3 15.8 3.3 5.3

15.0 3.4 5.2 15.9 3.7 5.5 15.4 3.4 5.2 16.6 3.3 5.1 16.9 3.5 5.5

19.8 3.9 5.9

25-34 85-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85 years years years yeaTS years years years and over

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 ,

2.7 4.6 9.7 20.3 44.6 99.5 222.5 2.7 4.7 9.8 :W.6 45.5 102.7 223.3 2.8 4.9 10.3 21. 5 47.4 108.5 234.6 2.8 4.9 10.1 21.0 45.6 102.3 212.6 2.9 5.0 10.3 21.4 46.6 106.0 218.4

3.1 5.2 10.6 22.0 48.2 110.9 230.1 3.2 5.3 10.7 22.1 47.2 112.5 223.3 3.4 5.6 10.9 22.1 47.1 110.~ 212.6 3.9 6.2 11.8 23.5 49.0 117.0 227.2 4.1 6.5 12.1 24.1 50.8 121.7 242.7

4.0 6:2 11.6 23.2 48.7 113.1 224.6 4.1 6.2 11.8 23.5 49.4 114.1 224.8 4.1 6.2 11.4 23.2 49.0 111.3 222.3 4.2 6.3 11.6 23.4 50.0 114.3 233.3 4.5 6.7 12.0 23.6 49.9 110.5 222.8

4.7 6.8 12.2 24.0 51.4 112.7 228.0 5.0 7.3 12.7 24.5 54.0 122.2 254.3 5.0 7.5 12.8 24.2 54.3 125.2 268.3 4.7 7.1 12.0 22.9 51.2 115.9 250.1 4.9 7.4 12.7 24.1 53.8 125.4 279.7

4.8 7.2 12.2 23.3 51. 7 119.3 272.3 4.8 7.1 12.1 23.0 51.0 117.2 261.8 5.0 7.3 12.2 23.9 53.3 123.5 ·279.7 5.0 7.1 11.8 23.2 52.2 117.5 258.1 4.9 6.8 11.2 22.1 49.0 111.2 239.1

6.8 8.1 12.2 23.6 52.5 118.9 248.3 7.5 8.6 12.3 23.1 50.0 107.8 222.2

16.4 13.4 15.2 26.5 55.0 113.0 222.1 6.5 9.0 13.9 26.8 57.3 123.9 245.9 6.2 8.8 13.6 26.5 57.2 123.9 250.4

5.8 8.3 13.1 25.5 55.6 120.1 240.3 6.0 8.5 13.1 25.1 54.1 115.6 231. 5 6.2 8.7 13.5 25.5 54.1 117.9 235.9 6.1 8.6 13.4 25.8 54.5 120.2 242.2 6.4 8.-9 13.5 25.8 ~5.0 "120.1 246.4

6.5 9.0 13.7 26.2 55.6 122.2 250.3 6.3 8.7 13.3 25.6 53.9 . 118.4 244.9 6.7 9.0 13.8 26.2 53.8 119.5 248.6 7.5 10.2 15.1 28.6 58.8 128.7 269.1 7.5 9.8 14.5 27.1 55.0 120.4 255.1

7.4 9.8 14.7 27.7 56.2 122.4 261.5 7.8 10.2 15.1 28.5 58.2 126.1 270.0 7.5 9.8 14.3 27.2 55.0 120.8 253.7 7.5 9.6 14.0 25.9 52.9 114.1 235.6 8.0 10.3 15.0 27.8 56.2 124.6 260.8

8.2 10.2 15.0 27.2 56.4 123.3 260;9

2 Rates based on population excluding armed forces overseas.

Series C 77-78.-VITAL STATISTICS-MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE RATES, ESTIMATED: 1867 TO 1945

[Rates are numbers of marriages or divorces per 1,000 estimated midyear population. Divorce estimates include annulments]

\ .. Marriage Divorce Marriage Divorce Marriage DivorCE!' Marriage Divorce Marriage Divorce Marriage Divorce YEAR rate rate YEAR rate rate YEAR rate rate YEAR rate rate YEAR rate rate YEAR rate rate

------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------77 78, 77 78 77 7S 77 78 77 78 77 78 -------- --------- --------- --- --- -------- --------1945 __ 12.1 3.5 1930 __ 9.2 1.6 1915 __ 10.0 1.0 1900 __ 9.3 0;7 1885_ 8.9 0.4 1870_ 8.8 0.3

1944 __ 11.0 2.9 1929 __ 10.1 1.7 1914 __ 10.3 1.0 1899 __ 9.0 0.7 1884_ 8.8 0.4 1869_ 8.9 0.3 1943 __ 11.8 2.6 1928 __ 9.8 1.7 1913 __ 10.5 0.9 1898 __ 8.8 0.7 1883_ 9.3 0.4 1868_ 9.0 0.3 1942 __ 13.2 2.4 1927 __ 10.1 1.6 1912 __ 10.5 1.0 1897 __ 8.9 0.6 1882_ 9.2 0.4 1867_ 9.6 0.3 194L_ 12.7 2.2 1926 __ 10.2 1.6 191L_ 10.2 1.0 1896 __ 9.0 0.6 188L 9.0 0.4

1940 __ 12.1 2.0 1925 __ 10.3 1.5 1910 __ 10.3 0.9 1895 __ 8.9 0.6 1880_ 9.0 0.4 1939 __ 10.7 1.9 1924 __ 10.4 1.5 1909 __ 9.9 0.9 1894 __ 8.6 0.6 1879_ 8.9 0.3 1938 __ 10.3 1.9 1923 __ 11.0 1.5 1908 __ 9.7 0.9 1893 __ 9.0 0.6 1878_ 8.8 0.3 1937 __ 11.3 1.9 1922 __ 10.3 1.4 1907 __ 10.8 0.9 1892 __ 9.2 0.6 1877_ 8.7 0.3 1936 __ 10.7 1.8 192L_ 10.7 1.5 1906 __ 10.5 0.8 189L_ 9:2 . 0.6 1876_ 8.8 0.3

1935 __ 10.4 1.7 1920 __ 12.0 1.6 1905 __ 10.0 0.8 1890 __ 9.0 0.5 1875_ 9.1 0.3 1934 __ 10.3 1.6 1919 __ 11.0 1.3 1904 __ 9.9 0.8 1889 __ 9.1 0.5 1874_ 8.7 0.3 1933 __ 8.7 1.3 1918 __ 9.7 1.1 1903 __ 10.1 0.8 1888 __ 8.B 0.5 1873_ 9.0 0.3 1932 __ 7.9 1.3 1917 __ 11.1 1.2 1902 __ 9.8 0.8 1887 __ 8.7 0.5 1872_ 9.0 0.3 193L_ 8.6 1.5 1916 __ 10.6 1.1 190L_ 9.6 g.8 1886 __ 9.2 0.4 187L 8.8 0.3

49

Data: C 79-91 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

Series C 79-84.-HEALTH-PHYSICIANS AND DENTISTS, AND MEDICAL AND DENTAL SCHOOLS: 1810 TO 1945

MEDICAL SCHOOLS Physicians Dentists

YEAR Number Graduates

79 80 81 82

1945 ______ ---------- 77 15,136 ----------1944 ______ ---------- 77 10,303 ----------1943 ______ --i80~496-

76 5,223 ----------1942 ______ 77 5,163 ----------194L _____ ---------- 77 5,275 ----------1940 ______ 175,382 77 5,097 70,601 1939 ______

--i69~628-77 5,089 ----------1938 ______ 77 5,194 ----------1937 ______

--i65:163- 77 5,377 ----------1936 ______ 77 5,183 ----------1935 ______

--i6i~359-77 5,101 - -- - - - - - --1934 ______ 77 5,035 ----------1933 ______ ---------- 77 4,895 ----------1932 ______

--i56~339-76 4,936 ----------193L _____ 76 4,735 ----------

1930 ______ 153,803 76 4,565 7-1,055 1929 ______ 152,503 76 4,446 ----------1928 ______ ---------- RO 4,262 _._--------1927 ______ 149,521 80 4,035 ----------1926 ______ ---------- 79 3,962 ----------1925 ______ 147,010 80 3,974 ----------1924 ______

--i45~996-79 3,562 ----------1923 ______ 80 3,120 ----------1922 __ " ___

--i45 ~404- 81 2,529 ----------192L _____ 83 3,192 ----------1920 ______ 144,977 85 3,047 56,152 1919 ______

--i46~i74-85 2,656 ----------1918 ______ 90 2,670 ----------1917 ______

--i45~24i - 96 3,379 ----------1916 ______ 95· 3,518 ----------1915 ______

--i42~332-96 3,536 ----------1914- _____ 102 3,594 --- ---- ---1913 ______

--i37~i99-107 3,981 ----------1912 ______ 118 4,483 - -- - - - - - --191L _____ ---------- 122 4,273 ----------

1910 ______ 135,000 131 4,440 39,997 1909 ______ 133,487 140 4,515 ----------1908 ______ ---------- 151 4,741 ----------190L _____

-- i34~ 688- 159 4,980 ----------1906 ______ 162 5,364 ----------1905 ______

--i28 ~ 950- 158 5,600 ----------1904- _____ 160 5,747 ----------1903 ______ --i23~i96-

160 5,698 ----------1902 ______ 160 5,009 ----------190L _____ ---------- 160 5,444

1900 ______ 119,749. 160 5,214 29,665 1899 _____________________________________________ _ 1898______ 115,524 _____________________________ _ 1897 _______________ -1 _____________________________ _ 1896______ 104,554 ; _____________________________ _

!lfi::::~: ::~~i~~i~t::: : iii: :::: ~ :~;;: :~:::: ~ ::~ 1891 ________________ i --- -- --- -- 4,809 - - - - - - - ---

1 Includes only those graduating through June 30.

DENTAL SCHOOLS MEDICAL SCHOOLS Physicians Dentists

Number Graduates YEAR Number Graduates

83 84 79 80 81 82

39 3,2121890 _____ 100,180 133 5,162 17,498 39 2,470 1889 ______________________ _ 4,492 ----------39 1,926 1888 ________________________ _ 4,240 ----------39 1,784 1887 ________________________ _ 3,815 ----------39 1,568 1886_.____ 87,521 _________ _ 3,620 ----------39 1,757 1885 _______________ " ________ _ 3,812 ----------39 1,794 1884 ________________________ _ 3,687 ----------39 1,704 1883_____ __________ 124 3,938 ----------39 1,739 1882 ________________________ _ 4,051 ----------39 1,736 188L _______________________ _ 4,466 ----------39 1,8401880 _____ 82,000 57 3,882 12,314 39 1,864 1879 ____________________________________________ _ 39 1,986 1878 ____________________________________________ _ 38 ] ,840 1877 ____________________________________________ _ 38 1,842 1876 ______ . ______________________________________ _

38 1,561 1875 ____________________________________________ _ 40 2,442 1874 ____________________________________________ _ 40 2,563 1873 ____________________________________________ _ 40 2,642 1872 ____________________________________________ _ 44 2,610 1871 ____________________________________________ _

43 2,590 1870_____ 62,383 __________ __________ 7,839 43 3,422 1869 ____________________________________________ _ 45 3,271 1868 ____________________________________________ _ 45 1,765 1867 ____________________________________________ _ 45 1,795 1866 ____________________________________________ _

46 906 1865 _________________________________ c __________ _ 46 3,587 1864 ____________________________________________ _ 4.6 3,345 1863 ____________________________________ . ________ _ 46 3,010 1862 ____________________________________________ _ 49 2,835 186L ___________________________________________ _

49 2,388 1860_____ 55,055 __________ __________ 5,606 48 2,254 1859 ____________________________________________ _ 51 2,022 1858 ____________________________________________ _ 52 1,940 1857 ____________________________________________ _ 54 1,742 1856 ____________________________________ ' ________ _

54 1,646 1855 ______ • _____________________________________ _ 56 1,761 1854 ____________________________________________ _ 55 2,005 1803 ____________________________________________ _ 55 1,724 1852 ____________________________________________ _ 55 1,519 1851 ____________________________________________ _

55 2,621 1850_____ 40,755 __________ __________ 2,923 56 2,168 1849 ____________________________________________ _ 55 2,198 1848 ____________________________________________ _ 56 2,294 1847 ____________________________________________ _ 57 2 ,304 1846 __________________________ ~ _________________ _

57 54 54 50 48

2,091 1845 ____________________________________________ _ 2,052 1844 ____________________________________________ _ 1,894 1843 ____________________________________________ _ 1,744 1842 ____________________________________________ _ 1,432 1841 ____________________________________________ _

DENTAL SCHOOLS

Number Graduates

83 84

31 960 29 813 29 739 26 584 23 473

22 481 21 417 19 394 18 367 15 395

14 315 12 243 12 210 11 197 11 168

11 137 11 138 10 150 10 141 10 142

10 147 10 118 8 89 7 120 4 69

4 61 4 38 4 32 4 29 3 70

3 64 3 57 3 39 3 38 4 28

4 .fi4 4 47 4 42 2 26 2 22

2 17 2 24 2 22 2 15 2 15

5 6 6 3 2

44 41 37 35 34

1,254 1840 __________________________________ _ 1,000 1 _________ _ 873 1830 __________________________________ _ 300 ___________________ _

436 1,457 1820 __________________________________ _ 100 ___________________ _ 1,220 1810 __________________________________ _ 50 J---------- _________ _

Series C 85-91.-HEALTH-SELECTED REPORTABLE DISEASES: 1912 TO 1945 [Annual rate per 100,000 population. Includes data for District of Columbia which is not counted as a State]

" Number Polio- Whoop- Number Polio- I W!toop-· States Diph- Small- Typhoid Scarlet States Diph- Small- Typhoid Scarlet report- theria pox fever 1 fever mye- ing report- theria pox fever 1 fever mye- mg

litis cough litis cough YEAR ing YEAR jng

--_. ------------------ ---------------------85 86 87 88 89 90 91 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

--------------- ---------------1945 ________ 48 14.1 0.3 3.7 132.9 10.3 101.4 1928 _________ 48 76.2 32.8 22.6 146.5 4.7 134.9 1944- _______ 48 10.7 0.3 4.2 145.3 14.4 82.9 1927 _________ 48 90.2 31.7 29.3 178.3 8.9 153.0 1943 ________ 48 11.1 0.6 4.1 106.5 9.3 143.3 1926 _________ 47 80.1 28.6 36.2 165.2 2.5 166.5 1942 ________ 48 12.2 0.6 5.0 96.0 3.0 143.3 194L _______ 48 13.5 1.0 6.5 96.9 6.8 167.0 1925 _________ 47 85.1 35.4 42.3 165.2 5.6 136,1

1924 _________ 47 107.4 50.6 32.8 165.5 5.7 147.1 1940 ________ 48 11.8 2.1 7.4 117.9 7.5 139.4 1923 _________ 48 133.0 27.9 32.0 158.7 3.4 157.5 1939 ________ 48 18.4 7.6 10.0 124.6 5.6 140.1 1922 _________ 47 158.3 30.3 33.8 146.2 2.4 107.9 1938 ________ 48 23.4 11.5 11.4 145.6 1.3 174.6 1921. ________ 46 202.9 101.0 47.4 186.2 7.0 --------1937 ________ 48 22.1 9.0 12.4 177.1 7.4 166.1 1936 ________ 48 23.4 6.1 12.4 190.2 3,5 114.6 1920 _________ 42 154.9 101.4 38.5 165.3 2.8 --------1919 _________ 37 144.7 63.8 42.9 ]18.3 2.3 --------1935 ________ 48 30.8 6.2 14.4 204.6 8.5 141.6 1918 _________ 38 101. 5 83.1 50.0 94..5 2.8 --------1934 ________ 48 34.1 4.2 17.6 174.1 5.9 209.8 1917 ___ ~ _____ 36 133.0 52.7 63.0 139.2 4.9 --------1933 ________ 48 40.1 5.2 18,6 169.0 4.3 142.5 1916 _________ 28 129.2 23.4 82.3 114.5 41.1 -----_. 1932 ________ 47 48.1 9.0 21. 4 168.9 3.2 172.4 193L _______ 47 57.2 24.4 21.4 162,4 14.6 137.0 1915 _________ 26 132.7 50.2 74.0 108.6 3.1 --------1914 _________ 27 152.5 66.4 82.4 133.0 2.4 --------1930 ________ 48 54.0 39.7 22.1 141. 4 7.9 135.5 1913 _________ 31 142.1 55.7 84.2 143.1 4.0 --------1929 ________ 48 70.3 34.8 19.2 150.4 2.7 162.5 1912 _________ 19 139.0 30.8 81.8 138.2 5.5 --------

I Includes paratyphoid fever except for period 1912 to 1931.

50

HEALTH Data: C 92-117

Series C 92-103.-HEALTH-HOSPITAL FACILITIES BY TYfE OF SE~VICE: 1909 TO 1945

TOTAL GENERAL MENTAL TUBERCULOSIS ALL .OTHER BEDS PER 1,000 POPULATION

YEAR Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Total General

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

1945 ________________ 6,511 1,738,!M4 4,744 922,549 563 657,393 449 78,774 755 80,228 12.5 6.6 1944 ________________ 6, 11 1,7 9,945 4,833 925,818 566 648,745 453 79,848 759 75,534 12.5 6.7 1943 ________________ . 6,655 1,649,254 4,885 850,576 575 650,993 455 79,860 740 67,825 1 .1 6.2 1942 ________________ 6,345 1,383,827 4,557 594,260 586 646,118 468 82,372 734 61,077 10.3 4.4 194L _______________ 6,358 1,324,381 4,518 533,498 596 638,144 477 82,365 767 70,374 9.9 4.0

1940 ________________ 6,291 1,226,245 4,432 462,360 602 621,284 479 78,246 778 64,355 9.3 3.5 1939 ________________ 6,226 1,195,026 4,356 444,947 600 606,284 480 75,972 790 67,823 9.1 3.4 1938 ________________ 6,166 1,161,380 4,286 425,324 592 591,822 493 76,022 795 68,212 8.9 3.3 193 L _______________ 6,128 1,124,548 4,245 412,091 579 570,616 508 76,751 796 65,090 8.7 3.2 1936 ________________ 6,189 1,096,721 4,207 402,605 584 548,952 506 73,692 892 71,472 8.6 3.1 1935 ________________ 6,246 1;075,139 4,257 406,174 592 529,311 496 70,373 901 69,281 8.4 3.2 1934 ________________ 6,334 1,048,101 4,198 393,425 614 513,845 495 70,063 1,027 70,768 8.3 3.1 1933 ________________ 6,437 1,027,046 4,237 386,713 621 498,955 497 70,682 1,082 70,696 8.2 3.1 1932 ________________ 6,562 1,014,354 4,305 395,543 624 479,548 512 69,676 1,121 69,587 8.1 3.2 1931 ________________ 6,613 974,115 4,309 384,333 587 451,245 509 65,923 1,208 72,614 7.9 3.1

1930 ________________ 6,719 955,869 4,302 371,609 561 437,919 515 65,940 1,341 80,401 7.8 3.0 1929 ________________ 6,665 907,133 4,268 357,034 572 414,386 502 61,310 1,323 74,403 7.4 2.9 1928 ________________ 6,852 892,934 4,361 363,337 553 394,268 508 62,113 1,430 73,216 7.4 3.0 1927 ________________ 6,807 853,318 4,322 345,364 563 373,364 508 63,170 1,414 71 ,420 7.2 2.9 1926 ________________ 6,946 859,445 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- .. --------- ---------- 7.3 ------- ---1925 ________________ 6,896 802,065 4,041 293,301 589 341,480 466 49,131 1,800 118,153 6.9 2.5 1924 ________________ 7,370 813,926 _ ....... _------ ---------- ---------- ----- .. ---- ---------- ---- .. ----- ---------- ---------- 7.1 ----------1923 ________________ 6,830 755,722 3,793 ---------- 593 ---------- 476 ---------- 1,968 ---------- 6.8 ----------1922 ________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------1921 ________________ 16,236 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

1920 ________________ 6,152 817,020 4,013 311,159 521 295,382 52 10,150 1,566 200,329 7.7 2.9 1919 ________________ ----5~323 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------1918 ______________ .. _ 612,251 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 5.9 ---- ------

1914- _______________ 5,037 532,481 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 5.4 ----------1909 ________________ 4,359 421,065 ----"------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -- - -- -- --- ---------- 4.7 ----------

I Excludes hospitals with less than 10 beds.

Series C l04-117.-HEALTH-HOSPITAL FACILITIES BY OWNERSHIP OR CONTROL: 1923 TO 1945

TOTAL GOVERNMENTAL NONPROFIT PROPRIETARY

Federal . State Local Church I Other YEAR Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds

Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds Hospitals Beds

104 105 106 107 108 109 HO HI 112 113 114 115 116 117

1945 ________ 6,511 1,738,944 705 546,384 549 619,642 929 190,'692 1,036 135,481 1,954 195,805 1,338 50,940 194L _______ 6,611 1,729,945 798 551,135 539 609,025 925 192,118 1,020 133,090 1,961 195,624 1,368 48,953 1943 c _______ 6,655 1,649,254 827 476,673 531 610,115 926 189,351 1,004 130,488 1,952 192,219 1,415 50,408 1942 ________ 6,345 1,383,827 474 220,938 530 606,437 920 188,406 977 126,141 1,949 190,150 1,495 51,755 194L _______ 6,358 1,324,381 428 179,202 530 600,320 906 185,989 993 123,331 1,917 182,140 1,584 53,399

1940 ________ 6,291 1,226,245 336 108,,928 521 572,079 910 192,682 998 120,809 1,903 177,681 1,623 54,066 1939 ________ 6,226 1,195,026 329 96,S38 523 560,575 888. 188,233 1,001 120,740 1,839 172,765 1,646 56,375 1938 ________ 6,166 1,161,380 330 92,248 523 541,279 875 181,609 981 119,521 1,776 169,980 1,681 56,743 193L _______ 6,128 1,124,548 329 97,951 522 508,913 871 181,885 975 115,283 1,718 162,474 1,713 58,042 1936 ________ 6,189 1,096,721 323 84,234 524 503,306 877 176,300 969 113,288 1,742 162,586 1,754 57,007

1935 ________ 6,246 1,075,139 316 83,353 526 483,994 882 174,365 970 113,268 1,670 155,300 1,882 64,869 1934 ________ 6,334 1,048,101 313 77,865 544 473,035 892. 166,988 970 113,263 1,676 154,449 1,939 62,501 1933 _______ ~ 6,437 1,027,046 295 75,635 557 459,646 924 159,192 984 115,840 13,677 1216,733 (2) (2) 1932 ________ 6,562 1,014,354 301 74,151 568 442,601 935 162,615 1,001 117,555 13,757 1217,432 (2) (2) 193L _______ 6,613 974,115 291 69,170 576 419,282 949 153,072 1,011 116,935 13,786 ) 215 ,656 (2) (2)

1930 ________ 6,719 955,869 288 63,581 581 405,309 943 150,836 1,017 116,846 13,890 1219,297 (2) (2) 1929 ________ 6,665 907,133 292 59,901 578 385,706 925 136,930 1,024 113,555 13,846 1211 ,041 (2) (2) 1928 ________ 6,852 892,934 294 61,765 595 369,759 924 135,910 1,056 114,613 13,983 1210,887 (2) (2) 1927 ___ " ____ 6,807 853,318 301 60,444 592 354,786 916 129,939 1,060 108,582 13,938 1}99,567 (2) (2) 1926 ________ 6,946 859,445 --------- 63,553 --------- 334,984 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------- ~

1925 ________ 6.896 802,065 299 57,091 351 317,264 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --- ------ --62~ 674-1924- _______ 7,370 813,926 310 62,352 632 321,399 1,050 125,302 1,233 110,760 1,748 131,439 2,397 1923 ________ 6,830 755,722 220 53,869 601 302,208 915 115,871 893 77,941 2,439 160,114 1,762 45,719

1 Includes proprietary hospitals and beds. ~ Included under "Other nonprofit" hospitals and beds.

51

Data: C 1~8-127 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

Series C 118-119.-HEALTH-UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES: 1798 TO 1945

YEAR Appro- Expendi- YEAR Appro- YEAR Appro- YEAR Appro- YEAR Appro-ENDING priations tures ENDING priations ENDING priations ENDING priations ENDING priations ruNE 30 JUNE 30 JUNE 30 JUNEao JUNE 30

118 119 118 118 118 118

1945 _______ $140,288,285 $135,713,433 1914 _______ $2,622;186 1883 _______ $526,620 1852 _______ $334,393 1822 _______ $81,923 1944 _______ 125,621,259 120 , 649 ,680 1913 _______ 2,145,964 1882 _______ 508,215 185L ______ 333,447 182L ______ 98,569 1943 _______ 65,311,917 62,201,379 1912 _______ 1,744,206 1881- ______ 386,059 1942 _______ 47,442,119 45,275,600 191L ______ 1,756,001 1850 _______ 121,437 1820 _______ 130,084 1941- ______ 38,157,415 37,137,735 1880 _______ 386,973 1849 _______ 115,496 1819 _______ 50,405 1910 _______ 1,771,767 1879 _______ 361,409 1848 _______ 109,989 1818 _______ 46,911 1940 _______ 33,445,929 32,702,301 1909 _______ 2,541,770 1878 _______ 371 ,310 1847 _______ 120,216 1817 _______ 48,081 1939 _______ 28,819,665 28,253,379 1908 _______ 2,300,144 1877 _______ 373,862 1846 _______ 90,675 1816 _______ 43,864 1938 _______ 24,748,215 24,009,665 190'1- ______ 2,283,315 1876 _______ 351,129 1937 _______ 25,365,060 23,839,041 1906 _______ 1,872,163 1845 _______ 113,074 1815 _______ 48,374 1936 _______ 20,632,725 18,771 ,934 1875 _______ 438,893 1844 _______ 110,864 1814- ______ 30,191 1905 _______ .1,694,193 1874 _______ 452,379 1843 _______ 95,917 1813 _______ 41,789 1935 _______ 12,922,878 12,762,843 1904 _______ 1,273,366 1873 _______ 458,003 1842 _______ 118,929 1812 _______ 42,421 1934 _______ 12,956,203 11 ,047 ,068 1903 _______ 1,274,862 1872 _______ 473,873 184L ______ 169,760 1811 _______ 54,586 1933 _______ 13,598,438 12,080,211 1902 _______ 1,219,251 187L ______ 543,592 1932 _______ 16,921,729 16,130,841 190L ______ 1,807,807 1840 _______ 71 ,675 1810 _______ 53,715 193L ______ 15,846,574 13,946,395 1870 _______ 368,153 1839 _______ 66,311 1809 _____ ~_ 74,192

1900 _______ 1,646,913 1869 _______ 376,957 1838 _______ 35,234 1808 _______ 36,515 1930 _______ 11,256,448 11 ,069 ,468 1899 _______ 1,114,493 1868 _______ 434,530 1837 _______ 202,021 1801- ______ 61,474 1929 _______ 10,947,840 10,715,724 1898 _______ 1,214,745 1867 _______ 431,596 1836 _______ 82,961 1806 _______ 66,820 1928 _______ 10,028,377 9,882,664 1891- ______ 878,137 1866 _______ 312,292 1927 _______ 9,622,966 9,316,141 1896 _______ 709,392 1835 _______ 91,621 1805 _______ 57,928 1926 _______ 10,035,079 9,939,684 1865 _______ 278,656 1834 _______ 64,532 1804- ______ 59,210 1895 _______ 659,747 1864 _______ 217,824 1833 _______ 78,651 1803 _______ 54,933 1925 _______ 10,583,752 10,195,986 1894 _______ 641,201 1863 _______ 318,307 1832 _____ -'_ 58,942 1802 _______ 81,401 1924 _______ 13,027,486 12,299,401 1893 _______ 1,654,612 '1862 _______ 328,526 183L ______ 59,182 1923 _______ 15,820,144 14,371 ,388 1892 _______ 711,811 186L ______ 330,172 1798-1801 __ 141,690 1922 _______ 38,737,827 37,483,293 1891- ______ 608,822 1830 _______ 57,447 1921- ______ 55,962,968 55,469,358 1860 _______ 448,073 1829 _______ 58,361

1890 _______ 724,697 1859 _______ 328,195 1828 _______ 56,217 1920 _______ 34,252,461 31.,030,198 1889 _______ 786,550 1858 ___ ' ____ 314,161 1827 _______ 58,233 1919 _______ 17,056,365 7,107,317 1888 _______ 496,441 1857 _______ 417,325 1826 _______ 58,133 1918 _______ 4,640,684 4,131,741 1881- ______ 570,227 1856 _______ 305,068 1917 _______ 3,512,261 3,105,773 1886 _______ 515,316 1825 _______ 56,992 1916 _______ 3,021,967 2,930,893 1855 _______ 348,733 1824 _______ 64,752

1885 _______ 836,852 1854 _______ 146,576 1823 _______ 53,062 1915 _______ 2,998,050 2,858,628 1884 _______ 421,348 1853 _______ 233,718

Series C 120-127.-NUTRITION-FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION INDEXES AND NUTRIENTS AVAILABLE: 1909 TO 1945

INDEX NUTRIENTS AVAILABLE, INDEX NUTRIENTS AVAILABLE, (1935-39=100) PER CAPITA PER DAY (1935-39=100) PER CAPITA PER DAY

Food Food Food Food con- con-

YEAR pro- sump- Food Cal- Vita- Thia- Ascorbic Rib 0- YEAR

pro- sump- Food Cal- Vita- Thia- Ascorbic Rib 0-duc- duc-tion, tion, energy cium min A mine acid flavin tion, ,tion, energy cium min A mine acid flavin

volume 1 per volume 1

per capita capita

----------------------- ------------------------120 121 . 122 123 124 125 126 127 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127

-------------------------- -----------------------,---Calories Grams Int. units Mgs. Mgs. Mgs. Calories Grams Int. units Mg8. Mgs. Mg8.

1945 __ 138 114 3,370 1.08 9,800 2.24 189 2.55 1926 __ 97 102 3,480 0.86 7,400 1.60 104 1.85 1944 __ 138 112 3,470 1.04 9,400 2.28 132 2.48 1943 __ 133 107 3,400 1.02 9,200 2.19 126 2.20 1925 __ 93 101 3 460 0.85 7,100 1.62 103 1.88 1942 __ 125 108 3,360 1.00 9,000 1. 96 127 2.06 1924 __ 97 102 ,;3,490 0.84 7,300 1.72- 108 1.84 1941-_ 115 108 3,430 0.95 8,500 1. 78 122 1. 95 1923 __ 95 101 3,450 0.81 7,700 1.73 109 1.83

1922 __ 92 99 $,460 0.82 8,000 1. 65 106 1. 79 1940 __ 111 105 3,350 0.93 8,200 1.69 120 1.93 1921-_ 84 94 3,260 0.81 7,600 1.59 100 1. 75 1939 __ 106 104 3,330 0.93 8,300 1. 61 121 1.92 1938 __ 103 100 3,260 0.91 8,200 1. 56 118 1.89 1920 __ 87 97 3,350 0.84 8,000 1.63 108 1. 79 1937 __ 101 100 3,240 0.89 8,100 1. 50 112 1.84 1919 __ 90 98 3,480 0,84 8,000 1.65 101 1.84 1936 __ 97 99 3,270 0.88 7,800 1. 52 108 1.84 1918 __ 90 95 3,380 0.84 8,000 1. 69 105 1.86

1917 __ 82 96 3,430 0.80 7,600 1.63 99 1. 78 1935 __ 93 96 3,170 0.87 8,200 1.47 115 1. 78 1916 __ 81 96 3,460 0.77 7,400 1.67 95 1. 72 1934 __ 100 99 3,270 0.85 8,100 1. 59 108 1.82 1933 __ 97 97 3,250 0.85 ' 8,000 1. 59 105 1.80 1915 __ 84 96 3,440 0.77 7,500 1.68 105 1. 73 1932 __ 96 98 3,290 0.86 8,200 1.62 109 1.83 1914-_ 81 97 3,480 0.76 7,200 1.67 101 1.71 1931-_ 100 100 3,400 0.86 7,900 1.65 110 1.86 1913 __ 78 96 3,480 0.78 7,300 1.71 101 1. 77

1912 __ 80 98 3,520 0.80 7,500 1.76 103 1.80 1930 __ 98 100 3,460 0.87 7,600 1.63 101 1.83 1911-_ 78 98 3,500 0.74 7,300 1.75 96 1. 73 1929 __ 97 102 3,480 0.88 8,000 1.66 112 1. 86 1928 __ 100 102 3,540 0.86 7,600 1.70 105 1.85 1910 __ 75 97 3,520 0.75 7,500 1.74 104 1. 73 1927 __ 97 101 3,470 0.86 7,800 1.66 106 1.85 1909 __ 76 98 3,560 0.78 7,700 1.81 106 1.80

I For sale and for farm home consumption.

52

NUTRITION Data: C 128-155

Series C 128-155.-NUTRITION-FOODS, APPARENT CIVILIAN PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION: 1849 TO 1945

[In pounds, except eggs]

j I MEATS (DRESSED WEIGHT) EDIBLE FATS AND OILS FRESH FRUITS PROCESSED FRUITS VEGETABLES

, Pork, Total, Marga- Canned Dried

YEAR 1 Beef and Lamb and rine Canned

Total veal excl. mutton

fat Lard 8 (actual Total ( Citrus fruit 0

fruit fruit 7 Fresh 8 Canned D

lard content 2 weight) juice 6

---128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

1945 _________ 143.8 70.7 65.9 7.2 39.5 11.5 4.0 143.8 10 65.4 11 14.7 10.3 6.1 265 11 43;2

1944 _________ 152.8 66.0 80.2 6.6 41.2 12.6 3.9 143.8 10 67.8 11 9.3 9.9 6.4 254 11 34.6

1943 _________ 138.6 57.7 74.5 6.4 41.8 13.1 3.9 120.4 10 59.7 11 12.9 6.9 6.0 237 11 34.5

1942 _________ 139.3 69.4 62.7 7.2 44.4 13.1 2.7 129.7 ID 57.0 16.4 8.2 4.5 254 38.7

194L _____ - -- 141.9 67.8 67.3 6.8 47.4 13.7 2.7 147.8 10 57.1 17.9 8.4 4.0 241 38.8

1940 _____ ---- 141.7 62.1 73.0 6.6 46.3 14.3 2.4 143.3 56.3 19.0 6.9 6.4 240 35.2

1939 _________ 132.8 61.9 64.3 6.6 46.2 12.6 2.3 152.5 60.9 15.9 6.1 6.2 243 31.5

1938 _________ 126.2 61.6 57.8 6.8 44.9 11.0 2.9 134.1 48.8 15.3 4.8 5.4 247 31.3

1937 _________ 125.4 63.4 55.4 6.6 44.7 10.5 3.1 141.7 44.1 13.4, 4.5 5.5 235 32.9

1936 ______ ..: __ 127.4 66.0 54.8 6.6 44.8 11.2 3.0 128.1 45.8 16.6 2.4 5.4 219 29.4

1935 _________ 12115.9 '" II 48.1 6.8 43.1 9.5 3.0 136.0 44.3 13.3 2.0 5.8 231 30.2 V.L.V

1934- ________ 12146.0 74.6 65.0 6.4 43.9 12.9 2.1 118.5 39.5 12.4 0.6 5.4 218 25.2

1933 _________ 134.6 58.3 69.6 6.7 42.5 13.9 1.9 126.4 39.1 11.7 0.4 5.2 213 21. 5

1932 _________ 130.3 53.0 70.3 7.0 42.2 14.3 1.6 128.3 36.5 10.2 0.4 5.4 227 21.4

193L ________ 130.0 54.9 68.0 7.1 43.6 13.5 1.8 163.2 42.0 10.8 0.4 4.7 222 22.8

1930 _________ 128.3 55.1 66.6 6.6 44.3 12.6 2.6 134.2 31.0 12.8 0.3 5.3 213 29.0

1929 _________ 131.3 56.0 69.7 5.6 44.5 12.7 2.9 144.3 39.8 12.3 0.3 5.2 223 28.4

1928 _________ 131.6 55.2 70.9 5.5 43.6 13.2 2.6 150.4 29.5 12.6 0.1 5.9 207' 24.3

1927 _________ 134.8 61.8 67.7 5.3 43.1 12.7 2.3 130.5 32.2 12.6 0.3 6.1 215 22.8

1926 _________ 138.0 68.5 64.1 5.4 43.6 12.2 2.0 165.9 31.4 12.0 0.2 6.0 203 22.9

. 1925 _________ 140.0 68.0 66.8 5.2 42.9 12.2 2.0 136.2. 28.9 11.1 0.2 6.2 202 28.8

1924 _______ -'_ 147.3 68.1 74.0 5.2 41.3 14.2 2.0 151. 5 33.8 8.9 0.1 6.3 208 22.5

1923 _________ 147.3 67.8 74.2 5.3 41. 7 14.3 2.0 147.7 32.5 9.0 0.3 5.4 191 23.3

1922 _________ 137.8 66.9 65.8 5.1 39.7 13.2 1.7 147.9 24.6 7.5 0.2 6.4 211 20.5

192L ________ 134.0 63.1 64.8 6.1 36.1 10.8 2.0 115.7 30.5 8.2 0.3 5.4 194 14.8

1920 _______ -- 136.1 67.1 63.6 5.4 36.2 12.0 3.4 145.3 26.0 9.4 0.6 6.5 220 19.2

1919 _________ 138.9 69.3 63.9 5.7 39.9 10.7 3.4 124.8 23.5 9.7 0.3 6.7 194 18.3

1918 _________ 141.7 75.8 61.1 4.8 40.0 11.9 3.3 121.9 16.4 7.5 0.4 4.3 190 24.0

1911- ________ 135.3 71.9 58.9 4.5 36.7 10.1 2.7 132.2 22.0 7.7 0.3 6.1 186 21.0

1916 __ ------- 140.2 65.3 69.0 5.9 38.5 11.7 1.8 136.0 22.0 7.1 0.4 5.0 188 17.3

1915 _________ 134.9 62:3 66.5 6.1 39.6 11.6 1.4 158.6 23.1 5.6 0.6 4.9 195 15.5

1914 _________ 140.0 67.8 65.1 7.1 40.1 10.7 1.4 164.5 24.1 5.7 0.1 4.0 187 20.2

1913 ________ ~ 143.7 69.6 66.9 7.2 36.8 10.8 1.5 134.9 16.6 4.2 0.3 3.4 187 18.5

1912 _________ 145.8 71.4 66.7 7.7 35.3 11.3 1.5 159.6 18.5 4.2 0.4 4.4 197 20.8

191L ________ 152.0 75.6 69.1 7.3 --------- 11.8 1.1 156.5 19.8 3. 9 0.2 4.1 181 16.9

1910 _________ 146.4 77.6 62.3 6.5 --------- 12.3 1.6 137.9 17.8 3.6 0.5 3.3 194 14.6

1909 _________ 155.2 81.5 67.0 6.7 --------- 12.2 1.2 137.9 16.1 2.5 --------- 4.0 202 14.5

1908 _________ 163.3 79.3 77 :7 6.3 --------- 14.4 1S 1.0 .-.------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --- ------1907 _________ 158.2 77.8 74.1 6.3 --------- 13.2 1S 0.9 ... - ... ------ --------- --------- --------- ----- ... --- -------- ... --- ------1906 _________ 155.6 78.3 71.0 6.3 --------- 11.7 18 0.8 ... ------ ... - ... -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

1905 _________ 155.1 77.9 70.9 6.3 --------- 11.8 IS 0.-6 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------"-

190L ________ 152.7 75.6 70.6 6.5 --------- 12.5 18 0.6 ... -------- ... -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------1903 _________ 152.1 76.9 68.2 7.0 --------- 11.8 18 0.6 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------1902 _________ 144.9 71.0 66.8 7.1 --------- 12.1 13 0.9 ... -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -- ... ------ ---------190L ________ 15l.2 73.3 70.8 7.1 --------- 12.9 13 1.6 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ----- ----

1900 _________ 150.7 72.3 71.9 6.5 --------- 13.2 13 1.3 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------1899 _________ 150.7 ' 72.4 71.8 6.5 --------- 12.7 12 1.4 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

DAIRY PRODUCTS Eggs, Chicken Sugar, Coffee

Con- farm and Total densed Butter, and turkey

cane Wheat Peanuts, (green

Sweet- milk for Fluid and beet flour 28 shelled 21 bean

YEAR 1 Potatoes potatoes Dry- human milk and

and Cheese 17 farm and nonfarm (dressed (refined) basis)

beans evapo- cream- (number) weight) 19

consump- cream 15 rated ery18 tion U milk 16

142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155

1945 ______ --- 129 19.7 7.7 794 433 18.3 5.9 10.9 397 33.2 73.6 164.2 6.3 16.7

1944- ________ 127 19.4 7.8 780 412 16.1 4.9 12.0 350 30.1 89.1 162.2 6.3 15.8

1943_. _ - _ - - -- 133 21.6 9.0 759 393 18.6 5.0 11.7 346 33.9 80.4 162.7 6.3 13.0

1942 _____ - - -- 125 20.9 11.1 837 372 18.3 6.3 15.7 316 27.1 86.3 155.7 4.8 13.4

194L ________ 128 20.2 8.8 806 350 18.3 6.0 15.9 311 23.8 103.7 152.2 5.0 15.6

1940 ___ -- ---- 130 19.3 8.3 821 343 19.2 6.0 16.9 317 22.2 95.2 147.4 4.3 15.5

1939 _________ 121 21.0 9.2 824 344 17.7 5.9 17.3 311 21.7 98.0 151.4 4.6 14.9

1938 _____ - --- 132 22.9 9.6 794 338 17.1 5.8 16.4 308 19.5 95.0 153.4 4.4 14.8 \

1937 _________ 126 22.5 7.8 797 342 16.6 5.5 16.4 306 20.7 95.8 152.8 4.5 13.3 J

1936 _________ 132 22.8 8.9 791 340 15.8 5.3 16.4 287 20.8 97.2 157.5 4.1 13.7

1935 _________ 144 28.6 8.4 799 335 16.1 5.2 17.1 278 20.2 96.4 150.3 3.7 13.4

1934 _________ 138 27.4 9.0 813 333 14.9 4.8 18.2 287 21.0 93.5 153.3 4.5 12.3

1933 _________ 137 28.2 7.0 812 349 13.7 4.5 17.8 295 22.7 93.1 152.6 4.1 12.7

1932 _________ 139 28.9 7.4 830 350 13.9 4.3 18.1 311 21.8 94.1 157.4 4.7 12.4

193L _ - - - - - -- 140 21. 7 8.8 835 348 13.3 4.4 18.0 331 21.1 99.9 159.9 3.0 12.9

930 _________ 136 20.7 9.5 815 351 13.5 4.6 17.2 329 23.3 109.1 168.9 4.1 12.5

929 _________ 155 23.8 7.8 812 356 13.6 4.6 17.4 334 21.5 97.0 172.6 4.0 12.2

928 _____ - - -- 155 23.7 8.6 805 354 12.2 4.4 17.5 338 20.2 103.7 177.1 4.3 12.0

921- ____ -- -- 142 26.6 8.7 813 353 11.6 4.4 18.1 342 21.0 102.4 173.3 3.4 12.1

926 _________ 130 21.8 7.6 818 354 11.8 4.7 18.5 339 19.7 104.5 177.5 3.7 12.3

See footnotes on next page.

53

Data: C 128-155 VITAL STA'l.'ISTIC8, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION

Series C 128-155.-NUTRITION-FOODS, APPAREN·T CIVILIAN· PER CAPITA CO}~SUMPTION: 1849 TO 1945-Con.

[In pounds, except eggs]

DAIRY PRODUCTS

YEAR I Potatoes

142

.. not:: 153 J.i7J:.1V _________

1924 _________ 158 1923 _________ 170 1922 _________ 154 192L ________ 154

1920 _________ 146 1919 _________ 153 1918 _________ 173 1917 _________ 154 1916 _________ 142

1915 _________ 182 1914 _________ 163 1913 _________ 185 1912 _________ 181 191L ________ 158

Sweet­potatoes

143

10 A .Lo.".t

20.0 29.0 31. 9 30.3

34.4 " 31.4 30.1 28.7 28.5

27.0 24.6 26.1 26.6 27.2

Dry­beans

144

7.3 7.8 5.9 5.1 4.8

5.7 5.4 7.4 7.5 5.1

5.8 6.4 6.1 6.8 6.3

Total milk for Fluid human milk and con- cream 15 sump-tion 14

145 146

802 354 796 353

1910_________ 197 29.0 6.5 _________________ _ 1909_________ 195 29.6 6.8 _________________ _ 1908 ___________________________ - _________________ ----- ___ _ 1907 ____ ~ ____________________ - - - _ - - _ - - - - __ - - - __ - - - - - _ - - __ _ 1906 _____________________________________________________ _

1905 ___________________ . ________ - _________________ ---- ____ _ 1904 _____________________________________________________ _ 1903 ___________________________ - _______________ - _________ _ 1902 _________________________ " __ - _________________________ _ 1901 ________________________ -- - -- - -_ - - -- ___ - - - _ - - - - - -_ -_ -_

1900 _____________________________________________ - _______ _ 1899 ____________________ - __ -- _ - - - --- -- - - - ---- -_ - - - - - - - - __ _

Con-densed

and evapo- Cheese 17

rated milk 16

147 148

11 " 4.6 .l..J..1

11.8 4.5 11. 5 4.3 10.9 4.2 9.8 4.1

8.6 4.0 9.4 4.1

10.3 3.8 9.5 4.2 9.6 4.0

9.5 4.3 8.9 4.4 8.0 4.4 7.1 4.0 6.4 4.1

5.8 4.4 5.5 -3.9 5.1 3.8 4.7 3.5 4.4 3.5

4.1 4.1 3.8 4.1 3.5 4.0 3.2 .4.0 3.0 4.5

2.7 3.7 2.5 3.7

Eggs, Chicken Sugar, Coffee and Butter, farm and turkey cane and Wheat Peanuts, -(green

farm and nonfarm (dressed beet flour 20 shelled 21 bean cream- (number) weight) 19

(refined) basis) ery 18

149 150 151 152 153 154 155

10 1\ 318 1 n 0 104.2 176.7 4.2 10.5 .1.0. V ..L,j7.o

18.0 324 19.2 99.5 174.9 3.1 12.1 17.8 327 19.4 90.6 176.1 2.8 12.5 17.0 316 18.9 104.4 181.2 3.0 11.6 16.2 299 17.8 87.3 177.5 3.5 11.7

14.8 299 18.3 85.6 186.3 4.7 11.4 15.3 303 19.0 86.6 196.6 11.6 13.8 284 17.8 74.7 164.1 9.7 15.8 281 17.7 78.0 198.2 11.7 17.3 299 18.4 76.9 204.9 11.2

17.2 313 19.2 77.5 199.8 10.2 17.0 295 19.3 81.0 207.0 8.8 16.5 303 19.4 81.3 206.4 8.5 16.6 311 19.9 75.8 212.3 10.3 18.6 329 20.8 77.4 206.6 8.0

18.4 306 20.6 75.4 211.7 8.7 17.8 293 19.6 73.7 209.2 9.2 19.7 --------- --------- 2281.2 --------- --------- ---------17.6 --------- --------- 77.5 --------- --------- ---------17.8 --------- --------- 76.1 --------- --------- ---------19.9 --------- --------- 70.5 --------- --------- ---------18.5 --------- --------- 75.3 --------- --------- ---------18.3 --------- --------- 70.9 --------- --------- ---------17.6 --------- --------- 72.8 --------- --------- ---------20.0 --------- --------- 68.7 --------- --------- ---------20.1 --------- --------- 65.2 --------- --------- ---------19.6 --------- --------- 62.6 --------- --------- - --------

DAIRY PRODUCTS Sugar, DAIRY PRODUCTS Sugar, DAIRY PRODUCTS Sugar, cane and cane and cane and

Butter, beet Butter, beet Butter, beet YEAR 1 Cheese 17 farm and (refined) YEAR Cheese 17 farm and (refined) YEAR Cheese 17 fa.rm and (refined)

creamery 18 creamery 18 creamery 18

148 149 152 148 149 152 148 149 152

1898 __________ 3.4 19.8 61. 5 1887.~ _______ 3.2 16.3 52.7 1876 ________ 2.6 14.5 38.5 1897 ____ .: _____ 3.6 20.8 64.8 1886 _________ 2.8 16.8 56.9 1896 __________ 2.9 22.2 62.5 1875 ________ 3.1 12.4 40.3

1885 _________ 3.0 16.1 51.8 1874 ________ 2.6 13.4 ---------- ... 1895 __________ 2.9 18.4 63.4 1884 _________ 3.1 15.3 53.4 1873 ________ 2.9 13.4 ----- ------1894 __________ 2.9 15.4 66.7 1883 _________ 3.3 15.2 51.1 1872 ________ 3.0 10.6 -----------1893 __________ 2.9 15.5 64.4 1882 _________ 3.1 13.9 48.4 1871 ________ 2.4 11.7 -----------1892 __________ 3.7 15.9 63.8 1881. ________ 3.2 15.2 44.2 1891 __________ 3.5 16.7 66.3 1870 ________ 3.2 10.7 -----------1880 _________ 2.7 15.5 42.7 1869 ________ 3.0 13.6 -----------1890 __________ 3.8 18.2 52.8 1879 _________ 2.2 15.6 38.1 1889 __________ 3.5 20.5 51.8 1878 _________ 3.5 14.6 38.6 1859 ________ 2.9 14.8 ----- ------1888 __________ 3.5 16.0 56.7 1877 _________ 2.7 14.4 46.1 1849 ________ 4.1 13.7 -----------

I Calendar year data except where otherwise indicated. 2 Computed from rounded data. Includes fat content of butter, margarine, lard,

shortening, and other edible oils. S Includes small quantity of lard used in manufactured products, 1899-1908;

1909-1945 excludes quantities so used. 4 Includes apples (commercial only 1934-1945), apricots, avocados, bananas,

cherries, cranberries, figs, grapes, peaches, pears, pineapples, plums and prunes, strawberries, and citrus fruits.

5 Includes apples, applesauce, apricots, berries, cherries (including brined), cranberries, figs, fruit cocktail, grapefruit segments, olives (including brined), pineapples, plums, prunes, peaches, and pears. For 1909-1942, data are on a pack year basis beginning in year indicated.

6 Includes grapefruit, orange, blended citrus, and lemon juices (single strength juices 1930-1945' concentrated juices converted to single stren~th basis 1941-1945), pineapple, apple, grape and prune juices and fruit nectars. Prior to 1928 includes grape juice only. Citrus on basis of year beginning in November 01 year ·prior to that designated. Other juices on a calendar year basis.

7 Includes apples, apricots, Zante currants, dates, figs, peaches, pears, prunes, and raisins. Data are on a pack year basis beginning in year indicated.

8 Includes tomatoes, melons, asparagus, lima beans, snap beans, cabbage, car­rots, kale, lettuce and escarole, green peas, green peppers, s~inach, artichokes, beets, cauliflower, celery, sweet corn, cucumlJ.c:!rs, eggplant, onions, shallots, and other miscellaneous vegetables. Includes commercial truck crops for fresh market shipment and rough approximations of quantities produced in farm and market gardens but does not include produce of town and city gardens.

g Includes tomatoes, corn, peas, asparagus, lima beans, snap beans, beets, car­rots, hominy, potatoes, sweetpotatoes, pickles (including bulk stock), pimientos, pumpkin and squash, sauerkraut (including bulk stock), spinach, tomato juice, pulp and puree, catsup, paste, sauce, and chili sauce, other greens and mixed vegetables (a mixture of two or more vegetables). Excludes baked beans, soups, and baby foods. For 1909-1942, data are on a pack year basis beginning in year indicated.

54

10 On a crop year basis beginning in October of preceding year. 11 On a calendar year basis. 12 Includes slaughter under the Emergency Government Relief Purchase Pro­

gram in 1934-1935. 13 Year beginning July. 14 On fat solids basis. This production of total milk for human consumption dif­

fers from total farm production of milk in that the former excludes milk fed to calves but includes off-farm production, while the latter excludes off-farm production but includes milk fed to calves. Milk fed to calves and milk produced off farms are usually of approximately equal volume.

15 Fluid milk equivalent for fresh use, containing about 4 percent butterfat. 16 Canned weight. The evaporated milk is unskimmed, unsweetened, case goods;

the condensed milk is unsweetened (plain condensed), unskimmed bulk goods; and sweetened condensed milk, unskimmed, case and bulk goods. Consumption of condensed milk has decreased from about 2.5 pounds in 1925 to 1.7 pounds in 1945.

17 Includes all kinds of cheese except cottage, pot, and bakers' cheese and full skimmed American.

18 Actual weight basis.

19 Chicken only 1909-1928, but turkey consumption was very small during that period.

20 Includes white, whole wheat, and semolina flour. 21 For year beginning September of year prior to that indicated. Excludes peanuts

crushed for oil. n SOURCE: Henry Schultz, Theory and Measurement of Demand, p. 686. For the

years 1875-1908 data from Concerning Su~ar (loose-leaf service by United States Sugar Manufacturers Association)r pp. E-54-A, B, C, D. These statistics were de­rived from Willett and Gray, Weerdy Statistirs SU.'lar Trade Journal.