CHAPTER: 9INDIAN PROLEATRIAN STRUGGLEWe have already thrown some light about the various conditions of Indian proletarian class. Before going to discussion about present Indian proletarian struggle we have to see the genesis and characteristics of Indian working class and their movements. Over more than centurys time their proletarian struggle have been enriched and experienced mainly in two phases. Firstly, pre-independent period and secondly, post-independence period. Indian proletarian struggle is newer than European proletarian class and also its birth occurs in different situations from that of European countries. In colonial and pre-independent period Indian capitalist class grows slowly in cripple condition die to uneven development of capitalism in the era of imperialism. So, Indian working class, both quantitatively and qualitatively immature and politically less powerful than its European counterparts. Yet within short period of time Indian proletarian slows its class consciousness and vigor for class struggle that proves their revolutionary character. The development of Indian proletariat and its genesis is quite different from its European counterparts, particularly of England and France. The proletariat of Europe was formed and developed by the industrial revolution of England and followed by industrial revolution in other parts of Europe. The civilization of the western part of Europe was city-based during the time of feudalism followed by the era of enlightenment. By the industrial development, the toiling people were involved in cottage industry, handicrafts and guild manufacturing units looses their work due to non-viability of these smaller production units, because of uneven competition with modern industry. So, more and more toiling people taking their jobs by selling their labor become proletariat of the modern industry. These toiling masses who become proletariat of Europe were not dependent on rural economy. In this way, working class become proletariat as they can sell only their labor and being productive force alienated from means of production. So, they have nothing to lose but only the change as depicted by Karl Marx. So, European proletariat was more advanced in literacy rate and by tradition. In India workers of cottage industry and handicraft have lost their jobs in the rural sector because Indian society basically was mainly based on rural economy. Due to lack of modernization of industry these unemployed people led their lives by transforming them as landless agricultural labors. This was occurred by British imperialism by their exploitation and direct intension to destroy Indian traditional cottage industries. To increase their market in India and world at the same time to snatch the raw materials for their own industrial product. By the simultaneous exploitations and oppression both from nearly formed feudalism by British imperialist these landless labors became helpless and foodless migrated from village to cities taking their jobs in newly growing modern industry. Thus, for only handful food and for existence these rural people transformed into Indian proletarian class. This reality was reflected in very well known story of great Bengali writer SARAT CHANDRA CHATTOPADHYAY in MAHESH where Gofur, a peasant, loses his land by exploitation of feudal lord and went away from his village to take job in city. Though this newly formed working class was comparatively backward by professionally, traditionally and by literacy rate. But they have taken their struggling character within a short period. The effort for establishing modern industry was started in India in the year 1980. The newly rising capitalist of India got lot of troubles and obstructions from British ruler for establishing their industries. In this colonial British rule industrialization by Indian capitalist was growing very slowly facing various obstructions from the imperialist rulers. Here lies the contradiction between imperialist capital and national capital. That is why, Indian National capital became handicapped and crippled since its birth. The people up rooted and nearly like destitute by rural feudal exploitation came to the cities from their villages to for getting jobs in the industries mainly in the big cities like Calcutta, Bombay etc. Though they were working in the city based industries, they had continued their relations in their villages where their relatives and neighbors remained in rural areas. In this way, the most poor and socially sub-altern class with backward class people from villages came to urban areas forgetting the job of industrial workers. This is in brief the genesis of Indian proletarian class. So what we already said repeating again these people of proletarian class is different from European counterparts by their economic and cultural traditions. Though they are experienced and enriched through their class, yet they have to depend in majority cases on educated pro-proletarian middle class leadership due to their backwardness in literacy rate and political thoughts. More than centurys of time past there were some changes in national and international aspects yet the organic leadership of the proletarian class not yet developed till today. Till present time, the leadership of the proletarian struggle came from different trade union mass organizations headed by different political parties either leftist or rightist. These trade unions basically arise from middle class petty bourgeois. Due to lack of organic leadership which must come from proletarian class itself and harbor of petty bourgeois middle class leadership in the proletarian class struggle its target becomes more and more reformist economist outlook rather than taking revolutionary political ideology. Famous works of great Lenin in WHAT IS TO BE DONE where he shows that proletarian class should not only fight for their own class interest only, they have to fight for interest of all classes who are exploited by capitalism and feudalism and this fight must be for revolutionary political change because proletarian class historically most advanced and capable of leader of all toiling masses.The commonness of Indian bourgeois and newly formed proletariat in their class interest during the era of Indian national freedom struggle against imperialist British rule made solidarity between two antagonistic classes. So, Indian proletariat joined in the struggle for independence and national liberation against imperialist British rule, but leadership of this freedom movement was remained in the hand of the representatives of Indian capitalist class. But it is seen in the history that Indian national bourgeois and capitalists have always tendency of compromising character during their fight against British imperialism due to their dependency on imperialist capital and crippling handicapped comparing to this national capitalist class Indian proletariat had taken more uncompromising and revolutionary character during national independence struggle. In the year 1905, Lord KARJON, the governor of India, divided Bengal province which historically named as BANGA BHANGA triggered a massive struggle to stop this division and called as BANGA BHANGA RODH movement. This struggle was taking a political shape and successively was so massive that it took a national character. At the torrent of their great mass movement imperialist ruler withdraw their decision in year 1908. This was for the first time a successful mass movement was occurred under the leadership of the national bourgeois and their representatives. In this BANGA BHANGA RODH movement newly born Indian capitalists and their political representatives were able to consolidate the common people under their leadership by propagating the slogan of SWADESHI this means rejection of all foreign products particularly manufactured by England and to accept national industrial products. Through this mass movement the contradiction between imperialist capital and national capital became apparent in economic and political field. Though these movements have little effect on imperialist economy, but it created a great impact on common people, national freedom fighters, even on the revolutionaries of those days. So from anti--- BANGA BHANGA movement Indian nationalism grows slowly from local issues to national issues to take a prolong course of struggle for national liberation. So the nationalists of Bengal consolidated the working class in their favor by demanding better wages and better working condition which are the urgent need of working people. So proletariat class particularly working in the foreign industrial farms had given the support to nationalist courses. Though the contradiction between capital and labor was continuing, these demands of working class were not proportionate in national industrial sector compared to foreign industrial sector. At the same time nationalist leaders were also taken soft attitude to the Indian capitalists. We may prove it from the history of working class movement. Here the scope of detailed discussion is not possible in this book. The interested reader may read the book HISTORY OF INDIAN WORKING CLASS MOVEMENT written by SUKOMAL SEN. But along with this disparity Indian proletarian class took important role in this national movement. It is important to say some few words about Indian Working Class struggle and citing some evidence from the history of Indian Working class movements. For example in the year 1906 at the month of July Indian workers of Bengal section of east India Railway under British owner protested against their company authority for difference of wages and tyranny based on apathies. In their program they had taken the demand of better working and dwelling condition workers demanded to call them as Indian rather than disgraceful word Native introduced by British ruler and owners. Ultimately, they went for strike. From this movement it was apparent the anti-imperialistic self- respectful and struggling character of Indian proletariat. The great national leaders of that time like Mr. CHITTARANJAN DAS, Mr. BIPIN CHANDRA PAL, and the Indian civilians of Calcutta acknowledged from the core of their heart for this struggle of Railway workers. By severe violence and terror British government coerced this strike. Yet this struggle of working class was not totally failed, its influence was propagated among the railway workers throughout India and as a result of this strike, formation of first working class trade union named EAST INDIA RAILWAY EMPLOYEES UNION was established. Along with this great struggle few working class movements was occurred in the year 1906 like the workers of HOOGLY JUTE INDUSTRY had gone for strike for reduction of their wages against British owners and the national leaders encouraged the movement of workers in British-owned industries. But their remained silence in this case of Indian industrial owners. Railway workers again went for greater struggle for their economic demands in 1907 and ultimately went for strike in Calcutta, Bombay along with other different places in India. This strike took place in the month of November and it was sustained for 10 days which resulted disruption of transport system. At that time Calcutta was capital city of British India. It was completely isolated from the rest of the parts of the country. This was a tremendous blow against the British ruler. This 10 days strike proved the power and energy of proletarian class struggle among the all strata of people of India, especially in the eastern part of the country. First political struggle was organized by Indian proletarian class in the year 1908 in the month of July at Bombay. At that time Bombay was the second biggest metro city with 10, 0000 of population. Among them 2, 00, 000 people were industrial workers. In that same year the great nationalist leader BAL GANGADHAR TILAK of Maharashtra was arrested by the police of British government and was thrown in jail. This initiated a tremendous mass agitation throughout India against the decision of imperialist ruler. The working class of Bombay joined in the mass agitation and they showed their vigor through their agitation and went for strike. By this way, Indian proletarian class expressed their anti-imperialist outlook. The proletarian struggle of that time was immensely important. Proletarian class for the first time expressed their political outlook by action. The Indian national bourgeois and capitalist classes were not able to give the proper importance and respect towards the political consciousness of Indian working class due to their class character and class position. There were massive mass movement and mass agitation during the trial period of Mr. TILAK. At the end of the trail TILAK was given an imprisonment of 6 years time period. the working class people protested against the judgment of British ruler by organizing themselves in strike. They were not frightened by the severe cruelty and terror created by British armed police, instead they organized themselves in protest and resistance. The barricade war was started in the different streets of Bombay between the working people and imperialistic forces. This struggle was sustained for one week causing death of 200 workers and lots of them were injured and arrested. With this severe terror, cruelty and massive casualty, this great struggle and strike ended. This struggle shows the uncompromising revolutionary character of proletarian class by assembling people in free movement of resistance against the imperialist ruler comparing with compromising character of Indian bourgeoisThough there was a weakness in the genesis of Indian proletarian class comparing to the European proletarian class, yet they had taken the revolutionary character very quickly due to their class position. These all we can guess from the above stated incidences. At that time, there was no political party or organizations appeared in the field of the national struggle with proletarian class ideology. Yet the working class showed their power of class leadership in these two issues of national struggle like anti-division movement of Bengal and resistance struggle for protesting the imprisonment of Mr. TILAK. By these two political mass movements proletarian class showed though they were in embryonic state, yet they had capacity of the class leadership for national liberation from imperialist rule and also for liberation of toiling masses from every type of human exploitation.

In the year 1917, the Great Russian revolution became successful after a prolong course of struggle by the Communist Party (BOLSHEVIC) with proletarian class ideology under great leadership of V.I LENIN. This revolution proved that in the era of imperialism the socialist revolution and social change can be possible in backward country through class struggle with communist political ideology. So this revolution became expansion of Marxist theory in any country either advanced or backward and even in a country in colonial stage. Lenin showed due to uneven development of capitalism, with progression to its moribund stage of imperialism, socialism can be possible in any country through different stages. It may be democratic, national democratic which lead to socialistic character under the leadership of Communist party with proletarian class ideology. There is no Chinese wall between all these revolutions when it occurs with proletarian class ideology. This is in short, LENINISM that is Marxism in the era of imperialism. Afterwards Communist ideology becomes redefined into Marxism and Leninism. This theory was effectively and successfully applied in Soviet Russia under the leadership of BOLSHEVICS by alliance of proletarian class and peasantry that led to socialist revolution in October (November) from bourgeois democratic revolution in February in which the authoritarian government of ROMANOV, the jar of Russia was dethroned. So here bourgeois democratic revolution ultimately ended in socialist revolution and according to Lenin the class ideology of proletarian class had been applied by the alliance of proletariat and peasantry by withering one revolutionary stage to another revolutionary stage without taking any halt between these two stages of revolution. Here lies the difference between the traditional Marxists under the leadership of MENSHEVICS with BOLSHEVICS. So, Marxism and Leninism become a world outlook for social revolutionary change to establish communism through inter mediatory state system of socialism may be applied in all countries of the world.The Russian revolution enormously influenced throughout the world. This shows new path for national liberation in the different countries by proletarian and communist political ideology. It had also influenced Indian national freedom fighters. Slowly, a portion of petty bourgeois middle class and intellectuals have taken proletarian class ideology rather Marxism and Leninism. As a result of this, many organizations and groups were growing in India and abroad influenced by Marxist and Leninist political ideology. Through the course of interaction within these groups Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed in the year 1925 in Indian soil. Before this in the year 1920 the mass-organization of working class was established in the name of ALL INDIA TRADE UNION. Though in the first phase the leadership of this working class mass organization was given by reformist bourgeois leaders like Mr. BAL GANGADHAT TILAK, LALA LAJPAT ROY and BIPIN CHANDRA PAL had taken more extremist role, but in the later days when freedom movement was developing influence of Communists on working class, people became more intense. After the death of TILAK, Mr. MOHONDAS KARAMCHAND GHANDHI afterwards named as MAHATMA GANDHI appeared in the scene of Indian freedom struggle. Later more than three decades till independence, his leadership was nearly unquestionable and people throughout India of every strata and even every classes was given their consent and support to his leadership for freedom struggle. Mr. GANDHI was continuing this struggle by imposing his non-violence ideology through non-cooperation, civil disobedience and hunger strike (ANASHAN SATYAGRAHA). Majority portion of the leadership of Indian National Congress continued their fight under GANDHIS leadership and this became the mainstream of Indian freedom struggle. Here, we have to consider other forces who fought gloriously and courageously against the British ruler had taken different path mostly based on violence, but not democratic. Remembering their sacrifices, it was true that these freedom fighters were not able to establish themselves in the mainstream of national liberation struggle. Mr. GANDHI was criticized and still this criticism is continuing but we have to agree that he had been able to win the mind of most of the people of India by keeping intact his reformist bourgeois character. Previously, we have discussed in brief the social psychology character and from that discussion we have seen that non-violence arose and developed in Indian soil through course of history and being common social character of Indian people. Mr. GANDHI had utilized this firm and powerful weapon of non-violence in freedom struggle very cleverly. Sometime in the form of struggle and in other time with compromise. For taking space and breath for further greater struggle. This has some similarity with ANTONIO GRAMSCI. According to GRAMSCI, the struggle may be depicted as trench fight or the war of position and other time it may be war of movement, Gandhiji was not a Marxist even he was not aware about Gramscis thought, rather he was influenced by reactionary philosophy of Tolstoy and traditional Indian philosophy. Many times his thinkings and decisions are peculiar to the modern thinkers. The greatest Indian poet RABINDRANATH TAGORE regarded Gandhiji as MAHATMA, but he had lots of difference of opinions with Gandhiji, though both of them remained in idealist philosophical background. In a letter to Subhas Chandra Bose, RabindraNath Tagore said that their differences in thoughts were much more than their commonness. But he respected Gandhijis for his actions which were oriented towards grass root people enabling him an unquestionable leader of common people for whole Indian sub continent. Thus Gandhiji was able to continue as principle leader of Indian freedom movement from 20th decade of 20th century till independence. Gandhiji cited new direction and hope for the Indian freedom fighters and common people, though he maintained his class character of typical Indian National bourgeois of struggle, compromise and struggle. But his all non-violence methodologies were evolved purely from Indian soil which he applied in political field of national liberation. It was a new unique experimentation in political and national liberation movement. Indian communists could not understand the truth behind his methodology of non-violence. They were criticizing Gandhiji about his compromising role in national freedom movement overlooking his struggling effort. At the same time they were supporting and canvassing European methodology of mass action. Militant mass movement, barricade conflict and arm struggle which were more saturated with European history. So Indian Communist Party was formed by the intellectuals from middle class people as it occurred in every country in the world. Being the middle class of a colonial and semi-feudal country these petty bourgeois intellectuals were generally dependent hero worshipper and they have always a tendency for miraculous quick change of the society. Result of this class character of Indian middle class which reflected ideology of the communist party formed by them was more imitating type of revolutionaries. So, political ideology of the Communist Party of India was recycling sometimes following Russian model of revolution and other time Chinese model, even any successful revolution occurred in abroad. The self sacrifice patriotism and universal brotherhood and internationalism of Indian communists were never able to win the heart of the common Indian people including majority of toiling masses.

The influence of the communist ideology was increasing in the field of working class and trade union movement and established their leadership in the year 1920-30. In 1928 AITUC (All India Trade Union Congress) had submitted their demands in their conference that were as followings:1. Nationalization and statization of land and industry2. Universal suffrage for all adult citizens3. Right for strike and movement4. Abolition of feudalism and princely states

These objectives were taken by Indian working class based on the policy of socialist-republic. Since then Indian proletarian struggle were progressing some time simultaneously with national freedom struggle as well as for their own class interest. But successively it took uncompromising struggling character. Leaders of Indian nationalist was frightened by uncompromising role of Indian proletariat and they divided the working class organization for their own class inetrest. By this division a separate organization, INTUC was established. This working class mass organization became trusted and committed to the leadership of Indian National Congress even till today. Afterwards, there are many mass organizations of working class appeared among working class people of India. They are directed and as the mass organization of different bourgeois political parties and groups. In this context the role of the Communist Party was nearly same as bourgeois political party. The leftists of India had consolidated into the Communist Party, but in due course of time there were few parties and groups appeared with communist ideology like RSP (Revolutionary Socialist Party), RCPI (Revolutionary Communist Party of India) etc. In political field in the decade of 60s after independence the main Communist Party was divided into two fractions as CPI (Communist Part of India) and CPI (M) (Communist Party of India (Marxist)). After few years CPI (M) again gets divided and birth of another party CPI (ML) [Communist Party of India (Marxist and Leninist)] was not well organized or regimented , mostly divided into many groups and fractions more familiar as Naxalites, they were originated basically from the peasant struggle of NaxalBari of sub-Himalayan village of Jalpaiguri district. Their activities propagated in few rural areas of Bengal, Bihar and Andhra. They had no mass organization in industrial urban areas. But a lot of talented youth of some parts of country including Bengal were plunged into the struggle in late 60s and early 70s. so, through the successive division of leftists created division in working class mass organizations. This division took place in AIUC, the linked mark organization of Communist Party of India and formation of CITU (Central Indian Trade Union) which is working class mass organization of CPI (M). Other side few leftists trade union like UTUC linked with RSP,UTUC (LS) linked with SUCI and other few smaller left oriented working class mass organization were formed. By the process of division in the working class mass organization they had lost their independent role and successively become identified with their linked party and utilized as an instrument for their mother party. This division created a great obstruction and weakness for working class struggle. Now again we come to the working class movement. In the year 1929, the workers of textile industry of Bombay organized general strike to protest for massive termination of workers in textile industry. This struggle was continued for six months involving nearly one lakh workers in this movement. In this struggle, the communists were able to establish their leadership. Afterwards, the workers of jute industry of Bengal went for general strike in that same year. The owners of the jute industries increased working hours from 54 to 64 per week. This resulted dissatisfaction of working people of jute industry and they organized this general strike in protest to this inhuman policy of the industrial owners. This general strike was sustained for nearly 6 months. After that it was demolished by cruel police action in favor of British Industrial owners. Thus the working class movement was developing in course of time. Some time there was a partial success of these movements and other time failure due to tyranny of police in favor of owners. Yet the outlook of proletarian class became progressively anti-imperialist and revolutionary in character just before independence of India in the year between 1945 to 1947. The most important incidence of that period was the struggle of the workers of post and Telegraph department and most glorious incidence occurred during the time of Indian Naval Revolt, the people from working class gave the full support to this revolt and they organized movements which were shown by the procession of the workers in most of the streets in Bombay. In conclusion of pre-independence working class struggle it was evident that the struggle organized by proletarian class was uncompromising anti-imperialist in character, in comparison with compromising role of Indian National Congress led by Indian bourgeois. If we analyze the proletarian class struggle of India in co-relation with the national movement we can see some important weakness about its leadership. Most of the cases of working class struggle remained in the hand of reformist compromising bourgeois leaders of Indian National Congress. The proletarian class and their political party, that is Communist party failed to establish their leadership in national freedom movement. The probable causes are as follows:

1. The working class of India was numerically vary smaller than the massive population of Indian common people2. As traditionally they are backward and coming from rural background with less literacy rate the organic leadership was not grown Indian working class people.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOOTNOTE: In primary phase the leadership of working class people comes from literate petty bourgeois middle class and even affluent people with revolutionary ideology. This is true because in course of historical and social development the people of proletarian class and toiling masses are not well acquainted with modern education and revolutionary political view. This was more relevant in India, as the cause of it might be that most of industrial workers and peasantry had very low literacy rate. Though this reality has changed in present time. The leadership which evolved from working class and toiling masses through the development of class struggle and incorporating their experiences with modern education and revolutionary political ideology give birth to organic leadership (author). The great character Pavel and his comrades in the famous novel Mother of Gorky may be an example of organic leadership. This leadership made the Bolshevic party to organize progressive class struggle culminating in a successful socialist revolution.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. The leadership of the working class and toiling masses remained in the hand of petty bourgeois and intellectuals.4. The ideology and movements of proletarian class of India was not widely amalgamated with the struggle of numerically bigger class, peasantry with their struggle and class interest.5. The imitating and dependence character of Indian Communist Party forced them to take the line of peoples war (JANA JUDDHO) in the international situation during the period of World War. For that reason they supported imperialistic British force as an allied force of socialist Russia by the directives of Communist International and British Communist party. This created lots of confusions about role of Communist party among the leftists activists and freedom loving people resulting communist became alienated from the mainstream of freedom struggle. Without considering the mindset of Indian common people the great historical blunder was done by communist party for their basic dependence character and even lots of freedom loving people recognized communist party as traitor of national movement.6. Apart from the working class and peasantry the conflict and contradictions among different ethnicity, tribals, and other classes including religious difference and castes caused a very complicated position of Indian polity. All these problems could not possible to solve by the leaders of the working class people, that is, communist party by following clear internationalism. So, Indian proletarian class and their advance section were not able to establish themselves being the hegemonies leader of common people of India being the symbol of their hopes and expectations. For solving all these problems there should be many changes in the policy and program of communist party in post-independence period, but the leftists including the Communist Party of India was not able to do so. In addition to this they were unable to understand the peculiarity of Indian polity and tradition and tendency to apply different international model of class struggle in Indian field. This is an utter liquidification of creating Marxist revolutionary view resulting alienation of them from the great ideology of Marxian class struggle. Successively they took revisionist and reformist outlook concentrating them in parliamentary fight keeping their full support to capitalist constitution and its democracy. Due to their involvement in class struggle in few provinces of India they became in power by forming government in Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. Initially, they had an outlook of giving some relief and welfare to people by utilizing bourgeois constitutional power. Limited land reforms, OPERATION BARGA ---------- registration of the contractual farmers (BHAG CHASHI), free education up to school leaving level and most important task of decentralization of power by forming local autonomy and government through PANCHAYAT RAJ, they have shown some differences with other parliament political parties, especially Congress party. But with due course of time getting the power of bourgeois state-system the petty bourgeois leadership of leftist political parties including communists have become devoid of class struggle and corrupted. As a result they are alienated from common people and toiling masses. So, they have lost regards of people and become target of hatred of people. In reality, the proletarian class along with all toiling masses becomes guardian less, though the class struggle is being continued in different section of the people along with other popular mass struggle without proper working class political leadership. These movements generally based on local and immediate issues.Proletarian class struggle have been continuing for the last post-independence of 60 years through many obstacles, divisions and recent thirty years of imperialist liberalization along with the changes of the political scenario in national and international situations. These working class struggles were basically organized for their economic demands like better wages and working condition, till the end of 70s. This movement some time was isolated form in other time consolidated form. Among this most important struggle was the struggle of Railways working people in the year 1974. They demanded better salary and bonus in these public sectors, in the primary stage through negotiations, but government, with Railway ministry, had taken very rigid and careless attitude towards working class demands. This rigidity of Indian government had compelled Railway workers to go for strike for unlimited period. Though this struggle became massive, but it was not same in all parts of the country. In the states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, TamilNadu------ they joined in the struggle in lesser number. But in some provinces it was wide spread. This strike sustained for 20 days. This strike had been withdrawn in the end of May, 1974, due to tremendous torture of police with state coercion. At the same time division of working class leadership caused weakness of their organizational strength that had catalyzed the process of failure of the movement. This great struggle ended with havoc arrests of workers and lots of them were terminated from their job. In spite of this failure Railway working class struggle had given tremendous blow to the government and state led by Congress party with their Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi. After this massive struggle of the railway workers national politics had taken a different route. The central government successively showed its semi-fascist character by applying unpresidental state coercion and tyranny. In protest of this veteran most respected socialist leader Mr. JAYPRAKASH NARAYAN started movements in Bihar after his long gap since independence. By his leadership, this movement was gaining popularity not only in Bihar, but also in other parts of the country and became a threat to central government under prime ministership of Mrs. INDIRA GANDHI. This movement targeted the political authoritarianism, corruption, and state tyranny. This struggle, getting the support from all sections of people and became popular and massive. In the torrent of this movement, some of the Congressman and socialist parties joined under the leadership of this veteran leader. Most of the political parties opposition to central Congress government including leftist parties except CPI had joined and given support to this highly experienced politician and one-time, a leading freedom fighter. The movement was wide spread in all over India except South.CPI (M) and its allies other leftists party except CPI was confused about this movement due to their organizational weakness and lack of political vision. Afterwards, the leftists became able to overcome their confusion and given support to this movement. In course of time, the state coercion and tyranny gets more intensified by the government led by Mrs. INDIRA GANDHI. But at that time the judgment of Allahabad High Court gave the verdict that Mrs. GANDHI misused the state power and state apparatus during her parliamentary election propaganda. So, her membership of parliament was suspended due to this verdict of High court. Mrs. Gandhi appealed in Supreme Court against this verdict. The Supreme Court had given the permission to continue her as the Prime Minister of the central government, but her presence in the parliament was banned till the final verdict of Supreme Court. These newly raised situations strengthen the consolidated strength of the opposition and it was manipulated in a short period. The Congress government was in deep crisis and at the same period increasingly working class dissatisfaction, lock-out, closer, workers strike accentuated the deepening of this crisis. If we accumulate different statistics and information one can see that the aggression towards the working class was maximized during this period by industrial owners supported by state power. Loss of working days, suspensions, termination and increasing unemployment were more extensive in that period. The government declared internal emergency to legalize state coercion and tyranny to apply it against working class people and oppositions for tackling this all wide crisis. This shows its naked semi-fascist appearance of capitalism and its government. That democratic right of the people, freedom of speech, freedom of news media, and civil rights, political movement of the oppositions and trade union movements were banned and destroyed by state sponsored tyranny. During the time of internal emergency from 1975 all the protesting people including oppositions political parties were arrested and thrown into jail without judicial trial and verdict, by applying fascist ordinance ------ MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act) taken by Indira Gandhi led Congress government. This indicates a dark phase of Indian politics. But the industrialist and capitalist welcomed this internal emergency. Internal emergency was withdrawn after 19 months and though delayed but preparation for general parliamentary election had started. Many national leaders were released from jail and they wanted to be consolidated under the great leader Jaiprakash Narayan. This coalition formed a new political party named as JANATA DAL. This JANATA DAL was a coalition of different political leaders and cadres of many political parties and groups, some of them came from old Congress Party, Socialist Party, Janasangha Sangathan Congress and Bharatiya Lokdal were accumulated in this coalition to form a single party (though heterogeneous in character). Instead of formation of Left and democratic forces for alternative to Congress Party with their bourgeois political ideology, another political party with same capitalistic view introduced as a democratic alternative. So, in this historical juncture from 1970 to 1977, communist parties (CPI, CPIM, CPIML) including their allied leftist democratic force failed to utilize this critical and historical moment to establish them as a national alternative. So, left democratic alternative loses its importance in national political arena. Significantly, arising coalition between the rightist and centralist political parties to emerge as an alternative to Congress Party, but with bourgeois political ideology. In this situation the leftist force led by CPI (M) except CPI had no alternative, but to fight alone in the general election, so they supported Janata Dal by making an alliance with this newly formed alternative capitalist party. This heterogeneous combination of Janata Dal won the general parliamentary election in 1977 by massive support of electorate. This anti-Congress mindset of the common people including toiling masses was continued. At the same time, Congress led government was terminated first time after independence making a new history in electoral process of India by starting process of bourgeois alternative to Congress Party. Anti Congress attitude of the people , the leftists led by CPI (M) was able to form government in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura by winning assembly election in the same year 1977. They also got some assembly seats in Assam, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab. In this political scenario by division of working class organization and their movements became narrowed and limited within economic demands. By a slow process of influences of political parties, the working class organizations successively had lost their independent role. Nearly all working class organizations were mainly guided by their linked political parties.After 1977, that we had said already in few provinces, leftists had comparatively done better performance in provincial elections, but their influences throughout India were not grown in further period of time. The CPI came out from Congress alliance and joined in the left democratic coalition led by CPI (M). By replacing Mr. Rajeswar rao as a secretary of their party, by veteran leader Mr. Dange. The leftists had a dream of becoming national alternative to Congress or other political parties with their capitalist view. But in reality this has not yet reflected. By forming the provincial governments in the states like West Bengal, Tripura and Kerala within the constitutional framework of capitalist democratic system, they became committed to Indian constitution. This commitment towards Indian constitution rather capitalist state-system made them another propagator of capitalist parliamentary system in spite of their struggling character against bourgeois state system. In progression of time they came away from great ideology of class struggle and slowly took revisionist path. In late 70s and early 80s they said that Indian capitalist system they wanted to give some relief and welfare and good governess to the people through governmental activity. But this is very limited, so radical change of the state system is required to solve basic problem of inequality and class-exploitation. In course of time this relief attitude of leftists government has changed the theory of social and industrial development within capitalist framework. Class struggle, peoples democratic revolution or revolution -----all these subjects and theories are kept in the book and have been thrown in the womb of future. Afterwards, the Communist Party and the allied leftists parties had changed their political actions that their main aim is to get reflected in the parliamentary electoral procedure and to sustain their position to be intact in provincial government power. In course of time electoral fight became the highest and most important struggle in their political action. It is Marxist and Leninist dictum that the communist revolutionaries may participate in bourgeois parliamentary election only for development of class struggle in different social sectors and to utilize this parliamentary system for representing and sharpening the political outlook of working class and communist revolution. Instead of sharpening this class struggle and propagation of revolutionary ideology leftists led by communists slowly detached from mass movement and class struggle. Whatever struggle led by them was utilized generally for increasing their position in general parliamentary and assembly election. This revolutionist outlook of communists with allied leftists has practically an immense effect on working class struggle including other toiling mass struggle. So working class had lost their revolutionary and political outlook and ultimately they ate struggling for economic benefits to maintain their existence. In other side new drama have launched in economical and political aspect of national and international level. From late 70s after formation of Janata Dal government with prime minister ship of Morarji Desai, there were many internal conflicts in Janata Dal as because this party actually was a coalition of heterogeneous parties and elements. This disseminated the fall of Janata Dal government in the month of July 1979. Leftists had played a role of catalyst in this political crisis. After continuation of political unrest Congress Party led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi won in the interim parliamentary election and reestablished in state power by forming Congress led government with absolute majority. In this time, militant separists movements were growing in different parts of the country, especially in Punjab, where the Khalistani movement of some of the Sikh Community became vigorous and widespread in Punjab state. The central government sent their armies to the campus of Golden Temple of Amritsar by the name of operation Blue Star to destroy Khalistan terrorist who were concentrated in the Golden Temple under the leadership of Bhindranwale, were dead. This operation Blue Star created deep hatred among the Sikh community against Mrs. Gandhi. As a result of this Mrs. Gandhi was cruelly shot dead by her two Sikh security persons in her own residential campus on dated 31st October of 1984. Death of Indira Gandhi had initiated cruel repression towards the people of Sikh community throughout India, especially in capital city Delhi where more than 3000 people were killed by the pro-Congressman. This took the shape of riot between Sikh and non-Sikh pro-Congressman, the controversy about the role of the pro-Congressman along with their leaders in this riot are a matter of debate in present days. But in spite of all these facts the Congress Party renamed as Congress (I) got a massive victory with more than two-third majority in the majority in the parliamentary election of 1984. Numerically, this victory was so massive that it was the biggest parliamentary victory was so massive that it was the biggest parliamentary victory since independence. Rajiv Gandhi, the elder son of Mrs. Gandhi was elected as prime minister of Congress led government. Even after this massive victory of changes of Congress the political scenario of India was continuing. There was a division in the Congress Party and Mr. V.P Singh, the finance minister of India of Congress government became the leader of this division of Congress party. The elevation o Mr. V.P Singh as a symbol of revolt against the government to fight corruption done by Congressmen led by Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi was well welcomed by many opposition political parties and common people of India. A new party evolved named as JANAT PARTY led by Mr. V.P Singh. Congress party led by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi had lost in the next parliamentary election. As a result Janata Party with its allied force named National Front came in central state power and supported by one side of the leftist allied parties and other side Bharatiya Janata Party of opposite political view of Hindutwa. The BJP was a part of Janata Dal of 1977, but formerly named as Janasangha Party with their different mass organization named as Sangh Paribar led by Rastriya Sevak Sangh (RSS). Though BJP called themselves as real secular party, but they have a fundamentalist religious tune of Hindutwa for their mass organization of Sangh Paribar. So with this coalition of opposite political polarity and their support the government of National Front led by Mr. V.P Singh was not able to sustain in power for longer time. After the fall of V.P Singh led government, the reality of politics of coalition became more evident in Indian national politics. BJP increases its organizational strength by encouraging RSS and Sangh Paribar to come the fundamentalist religious issues in the arena of national politics. Utilizing the organizational strength of RSS and Sangh Paribar and launching the movement for Ram Mandir in Ajodhya with worst activity of demolition of Babri Masjid, BJP appeared as a larger political force in opposition of Congress Party in nationalist politics. The crisis in the socialist camp first appeared by rising of LETCH WALESA in Poland and the movement of people of Poland was able to overthrow socialist government led by Workers Party with traditional communist ideology. This was started at the early years of 1980. The crisis became more and more deepened in socialist camps, particularly in East European countries including Soviet Russia. The craving for democracy and so called bourgeois view of freedom was growing among the people of these countries and protested against the totalitarian social state system was increasingly day by day. The anti-communist forces with the active support of Western imperialist camps utilized the situation and became consolidated for social change in reverse direction. This incident also proves that the communist party how much alienated from proletarian class and toiling masses of a country by their totalitarian state governance. So the crisis of Poland and its communist party was not raised due to conspiracy of Western imperialist forces, it was mainly due to its inner contradiction which isolated ruling political forces. The Workers Party from proletarian and toiling masses for its totalitarian undemocratic outlook. There were so many other contradictions which created this crisis were a matter of wider debate is beyond the scope of this book. But we can guess through this counter revolution crisis of socialist camp was how much deepened that the ruling party with their totalitarian and undemocratic character. Afterwards USSR adopted some liberal reform by introducing GLASNOST and PRESTROIKA. But with this reform Soviet Russia could not able to combat this deepened crisis. Within a short period of time the East European countries including most powerful superpower USSR went for counter revolution resulting fall of state-power of these countries. So the socialist state of East European countries including USSR based on state ownership led by communist party were dethroned through this counter revolution. These abolishes the Cold War of bipolarity contradiction between the socialist camp led by USSR with so called socialist state ownership oriented society and other side imperialist capitalist country by leadership of United States Of America after Second World War. So the balance of power has lost resulting the hegemony of US imperialism was established throughout the world. The intellectuals, economists and theoreticians of imperialist camp became garrulously triumphant celebration of victory and beating drum to announce the end of history by saying that capitalism is the ultimate and highest stage of civilization.In the mean time after the death of great leader Mao-Tse-Dong of China, the Communist party led by Mr. Deng-Siao-Ping has taken the reformist steps in capitalist path and they introduced market economic socialism by engulfing the state power. The imperialist camp has already started to apply the theory of neo-economic liberalization by globalization of market economy. This is an old theory of capitalism with new shape in the era of international imperialism. So the drum beating of liberal economy, industrialization and development in capitalist outlook have started. There was no so called counter revolution in China and other socialist states of Asia. The totalitarian undemocratic government led by communist parties was able to continue as a state ruler, but there were changes within the communist parties of these communist countries. The Communist Party of China led by Mr. Deng-Siao-Ping practically welcomed this theory of economic liberalization and globalization. They took the theory of socialist market economy and started their reform in the bourgeois path and become capitalist ruler. By camouflaging in the name of socialist market economy they had started the socialist system by abolishment of agricultural commune, state-owned industry, state sponsored health system and other peoples welfare units. All these processes have been started from 80s decade and that increases Chinese economic strength by heaps and bounds. China has become an economic superpower of the World , but this benefit of economy is not gone in favor of people of China. At present time China is a country of maximum inequality next to Nepal in Asia. So the world wide counter-revolution in socialist camp either declared (USSR and East Europe) or undeclared China and some Asian countries are making the unipolar world of hegemony of capitalism. This originates a wide spread depression and confusion among the leftists and revolutionaries throughout the world. These depression and confusions have created a great influence on the movement of proletarian and other working class people of India. Yet the proletarian struggles continued mainly for keeping intact their existence. So these struggles are basically for better wages and economic demands. In the year 1982 the most important fight of Bombays textile workers who went for strike sustaining for 6 month time period. It was the largest working class struggle in post-independence period. Nearly 50,000 workers have lost their jobs. With this massive loss these workers have left their working places and become penny less and popper. Bombays textile workers movement creates great debate and effect throughout India, but outcome was tragic. This tragedy results a worst effect on working class movement. It would require timely intervention to restrict this movement in favor of workers existence by politically motivated and pragmatic attitude of working class organizations. The cause behind the failure of this massive struggle is due to division and conflict between working class organizations and supremacy of the political parties. At the same time some working class organizations and their mother political parties made conspiracy with industrial owners to destroy this struggle. Nearly at the same time the jute industries of Calcutta and its neighboring region were sinking and became sick due to lack of modernization of these industries and being successively closed down. The workers of these jute industries were the victim of the sickness of these industries. They had started struggle for nationalization of these industries. Though the left front government had given their support for this demand of workers, but the central government did not give any importance. As a result in the year 1984 nearly 3 lakhs of workers of jute industries went for strike for indefinite period. The movement was withdrawn after 84 days of strike by making contract between workers and industrial owners. There were many workers movement either big or small in public and private sector from 1980s to the first decade of 21st century. These are mainly on economic demands some time suspension, termination and unemployment and other time protest against the privatization of public sectors (which is the result of the liberal economy of globalization). These struggles are done by working class for their own existence and basically devoid of political destiny of revolutionary changes in the country.Due to change in the national and international situations there are new things added in the political history of India:Firstly, the monopoly power of Indian National Congress in the central government has been lost.Secondly, as an alternative to Congress party rather bourgeois party leftists failed to establish themselves and this causes great harm to revolutionary socialist consciousness.Thirdly, the reality of coalition government in the central power has become apparent.Fourthly, there are two main coalitions----one is UPA (United Progressive Alliance) under the leadership of Indian National Congress and other was NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party). In last few parliamentary elections one of these alliances has come in power and this phenomenon is nearly occurring alternatively, by the electoral mandate of the people of India. But remarkably notable, these two alliances have not much difference in economic policy. At present both of these two alliances are supporting and sponsoring the privatization of public sector and free liberal economic policy of globalization. Even the leftists are not free from this policy of globalization and liberal economy, although they are giving statement against privatization, suspension of work with termination of workers in both private and public sectors. But in practice,, especially in West Bengal, they have taken the steps in favor of liberal globalized economic policies. In this aspect they have followed Chinese model of a socialist market economy and capitalist development are being their main political and economic issues.As a result of this reformist and revisionist deformity of leftists they have lost their class identity and outlook. In reality they have become worshipper of capitalism and capitalist parliamentary democracy. So in brief leftists had a revolutionary role in the first period of their political existence when they were connected with working class struggle and mass movements slowly, they had changed their position and outlook when they came in provincial power and shaping themselves as a revisionist and reformist political force with aspiration to establish themselves in capitalist democratic system of India, both in state assembly and parliamentary electoral process. Its repetition of the history of social democrats of European countries who are isolated from the communist parties by infusing reformist and revisionist line and was departed from proletarian class struggle and mass movement. So the same fate occurred with the leftists of India led by CPI (M) who are dissociated from their revolutionary task by organizing class struggle and mass movements towards revolutionary social change. By following revisionist policies and giving their full support to the parliamentary system of capitalism, they became the partner of capitalist democracy. As a result of this which is inevitable that has occurred. Leftists are successively become isolated from working class people and becoming electoral political party dependent on capitalist administrative measure resulting in a corrupted political party. At the same time the loom pens and anti-socials have added in the leftist parties. With corruption the loompenization of leftist political parties become so apparent that they become the target of hatred of common people especially in West Bengal.Some time they are protesting against the BJP for their fundamentalist outlook and giving their support to the Congress and other time they are in opposition to Congress and other time they are in opposition to Congress for international policy of central government------ leftists are playing the political game of powerless team to the people of India. They reach in a tremendous crisis by losing peoples support and political prestige in major provinces like West Bengal and Kerala in national and provincial political field. The parliamentary capitalist democracy has become triumphant though there are severe inequality, economic crisis, tremendous deepening of life styles of working class people and severe crisis of world economy. But the balloon of international imperialist liberal economy has busted in the first decade of the 21st century appeared by the great recession in the year 2007 and 2008 and becoming a chronic economic crisis of globalized liberal economy. This time of crisis either in both national and international level the leftists were not interested to take political step for organizing class struggle and mass movement to utilize this crisis situation for developing revolutionary consciousness. Rather they started to adopt the policy of capitalist industrialization in outlook by supporting liberal globalized economy and become worshipper of capitalist system. This is an absolute treachery against the interest of toiling masses. This culminates the brutal torture against the peasantry of Singur and Nandigram and tried to demolish their struggle by utilizing state power. We have already discussed this naked character of leftists led by CPI (M). This incidence has been remembering us the famous short story Natu Moktarer Sawal of great Bengali writer Tara Shankar Bandhopadhyay where Natu Moktar was a lawyer of lower court with a humanist, idealist, and pro-poor person became changed person in his character towards pro-feudal and become the friend and relative of landlords. After he became powerful in money and fame. The leftists are the example of Natu Moktar in present age by characterizing themselves as friend of Indian big capitalist in Singur and liberalized imperial capitalist (by forming SEZ) in Nandigram. The economic crisis, severe unemployment and joblessness created throughout the world and also in India. In protest of this chronic crisis the toiling masses and proletarian class have been increasing day by day. So the searching have started for an alternative new path for new World system and new India and a need of a master discourse for formation of new social order.