Chapter 9- Water Cycle and Climate-1

7/31/2019 Chapter 9- Water Cycle and Climate-1

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Chapter 9- The Water Cycle

Workbook p. 219- 249


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Processes in the Water Cycle

Earth has a limited amount of water So, it has to be recycled The WATER CYCLE is made up of 5 processes

Evaporation/transpiration- water vapor entering theatmosphere (from large bodies or water or plants Whats the difference?

Condensation- when air cools down, it cant hold allthe moisture so it forms liquid drops on surfaces

Precipitation- when water droplets get too large andfall out of clouds back to the Earth

Infiltration- water that goes into the ground

Runoff- water that flows back to the oceans over theland


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The Water Cycle (p. 220)


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Our Water

Where is most of our water? Only 3% is fresh (USABLE) water

Where is most of that found? Only 1% of the Earths water has

utilizable, fresh, groundwater


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So, Where is Freshwater Found?

Glaciers and icebergs Groundwater

Atmosphere (water vapor) Streams/rivers Ponds/lakes


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Groundwater

Makes up 33% of freshwater

Found underground Gravity pulls water toward the center of

the Earth

If water fills all the spaces in the rock it iscalled the ZONE OF SATURATIONArea above the zone of saturation is

where there isnt any water and is called

the ZONE OF AERATION Layer in between is the WATER TABLEAquifer- a layer of rock that is saturated

with water


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Storage and Movement

Porosity- measure of how much water canpass through rocks

Permeable- measure of how fast watercan pass through spaces in rocks Impermeable- water cannot pass through

the rocks spaces

Aquifer- a permeable layer of rock that issaturated with water


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Storage and Movement1. Porosity- how much water soil can hold

Amount of space between particles NOT on size of pores

Depends on:

Shape- More round = more porous Packing- Less compact = more porous

Sorting- More sorted = more porous

p. 221-222


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Storage and Movement2. Permeability- ability of soil to transmit

water Depends on:

Size of pores- Larger pores = greater

permeability Connectivity of pores- More connected =greater permeability

p. 222 Impermeable will not allow water to pass! Watch this
http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module06/Permeability.htmhttp://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module06/Permeability.htm


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Storage and Movement

3. Capillarity- ability of water to go upward

through the soil particles

Depends on: Size- Smaller particles = greater capillarity

Does this because water is polar

The smaller the tube, the more it goes up Important for __.

p. 222


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Precipitation and Streams

Precipitation recharges streams But, there is a time lag (delay) The most precipitation and the highest

stream level are not simultaneous It takes a while for the water to get there

Size, type of precipitation, gradient,vegetation, type of land

If there is no precipitation, streams will berecharged by groundwater


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Open your book to p. 2241. 3-Its IMPERMEABLE

2. 4-Capillarity3. 3-Its the smallest4. 2

5. NONE OF THEM!!!1. Which 2 cities are?

6. 47. 1- They may share a watershed8. 1- Porosity is the same. Permeability is least

with the largest beads

9. 1- How fast it goes through

10.3

11 2 E ti


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11. 2- Evaporation12. 4- Winds13. 414. 3

15. 3- ESRT p. 116. 217. 318. 219. 3

20. 1- Same porosity. Faster Permeability.21. 1- Capillarity increases as size decreases.22. 4- ESRT p. 623. 4

24. WRONG- 5. NYC gets its water from upstate.25. 126. 3- ?27. 128. 2

29. 3- Then, there will be more groundwater on top!


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Traveling Energy Heat can travel 3 ways.

Do you remember what they are?

Convection What moves the heat?

What convection cells cause?

Conduction What moves the heat?

What is an example?

Radiation What is an example? (The most important example!)

Why is radiation important?

What is one of the only ways that humans realize that

radiation reaches the Earth?


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Insolation

What is it? It is NOT the stuff they put in walls!

(Write this down!!!) It is an acronym

INcoming SOLar radiATION

It is all of the radiation that comes in fromthe sun- thus, the name


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Heating Earths Surface

The ability of insolation to heat Earthssurface depends upon:

1. Angle of Insolation2. Duration of Insolation3. Type of Surface it Strikes


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1. Angle of Insolation The more severe the angle, the stronger the

suns rays. The sun shines its light directly at the Earth It cant bend the light

Called a Vertical Ray

So, the strongest light hits the Earth between23 o North (Tropic of Cancer) and 23 o South(Tropic of Capricorn)

This is why the equator is warm and the poles arecold. The equator gets a more Vertical Ray (90o)

and the Poles gets a less severe ray. p. 230 2 cycles:

Daily

Yearly


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1. Angle of InsolationDaily Cycle

Highest in the sky at APPARENT SOLAR NOON

No matter the time on the clock, it is when the sun is at itshighest point. In other words, Daylight Savings Time doesntmatter!

Time lag Warmest at about 2pm

Yearly Highest in the sky for us in the Northern Hemisphere on

June 21st (Summer Solstice) YES, YOU HAVE TO KNOWTHIS DATE!

The sun shines directly at 23 o North on this day This causes the seasons- NOT our distance from the sun

We are actually furthest from the sun in July! Time lag Warmest in July


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1. Angle ofInsolation


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2- Duration of Insolation The time from sunrise to sunset The longer that the sun shines on something, the

warmer it gets It is warmest in the summer because the sun shines on

us for the longest amount of time It rises earlier and sets later

It is coldest in the winter because the sun shines on usfor less time It rises later and sets earlier

The equator doesnt have seasons because it always has12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness on any

given day! If you were to add up ALL of the daylight on ANY place

on the planet, you will ALWAYS have 6 months ofdaylight There are some times of year when one of the poles will get 24

hours of light. But, why doesnt it get warm?


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http://zolushka4earth.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/sunbeams6.jpghttp://zolushka4earth.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/sunbeams6.jpg


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3- Type of Surface Light will either reflect or absorb

A good absorber is a good radiatorA poor absorber is a poor radiator In other words, if it gets IN easy it gets OUT

easy

Dark-colored, rough surfaces absorb more Light-colored, smooth, shiny surfaces

reflect more

ie- 2 cups: one dark and one light. In theday, which will heat up faster? So, which willbe warmer? At night, which will cool dawnfaster? So, which will be warmer?


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http://zolushka4earth.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/radiation-form-sun-and-earth.jpghttp://zolushka4earth.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/radiation-form-sun-and-earth.jpg


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Greenhouse Effect Important to the Earth

The reason that Earth is livable p. 233


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Factors that Affect Climate There are 4 things that have an affect on climate:

Latitude Altitude Mountains Large Body of Water

1. Latitude As you move up in Latitude, the temperature goes down.

2. Altitude As you move up in Altitude, the temperature goes down.

3. Mountains See p. 238 Windward side vs. Leeward side Cool and Wet vs. Warm and Dry

4. Water The closer you are to a large body of water, the more mild the

weather will be. Oceans cause warmer winters and cooler summers

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Chapter 9- Water Cycle and Climate-1