Chapter 9 Section 2IndustrializationCase Study: ManchesterObjective: Analyze the impact of industrialization on society

Vocabulary: Urbanization & Middle Class

Setting the Stage•Industrialization led to a

better quality of life for most people

•Rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions, air & water pollution, & the ills of child labor

•It also led to class tensions, especially between the working class & the middle class

Industrialization Changes Life•By the 1800s,

people could earn higher wages in factories than on farms

•People wore better clothing, woven on power looms in England’s industrial cities

•Cities swelled with waves of job seekers

Industrial Cities Rise• The number of European cities

boasting more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47

• Urbanization: growth of cities & the migration of people into them

• Factories developed in clusters because they were built near sources of energy

• London had a population of about one million & was Europe’s largest city

Living Conditions• England had no development

plans, sanitary codes, or building codes

• England lacked adequate housing, education, & police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside to seek jobs

• Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding in one bedroom

• Average life span was 17 for working-class citizens living in the city

Working Conditions• Factory owners wanted to

keep their machines running as many hours as possible

• The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week

• Factories were seldom lit or clean

• There was no government program to provide aid in case of injury

• Women & children were employed in the mining industry because they were the cheapest source of labor

Class Tensions Grow•The Industrial Revolution

created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation

•Most of this wealth belonged to factory owners, shippers, & merchants

•Middle Class: social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, & wealthy farmers

The Middle Class•The new middle class

transformed the social structure of Great Britain

•The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, & managers

•The lower middle class included factory overseers & skilled workers

The Working Class• The working class, saw

little improvement in their living & working conditions

• Some people tried to destroy the machines they felt were putting them out of work

• The Luddites attacked whole factories by destroying laborsaving machinery

• Mobs of workers rioted, mainly because of poor living & working conditions

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution•The Industrial

Revolution created jobs & contributed to the wealth of the nation

• It also produced healthier diets, better housing, & cheaper clothing

•For the working class, it took longer, but their lives gradually improve

Long-Term Effects•Living & working

conditions improved over those workers in the 19th century

•Profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues

•Profits have allowed local, state, & federal governments to invest in urban improvements & raised the standard of living

The Mills of Manchester• Manchester’s rapid, unplanned

growth made it an unhealthy place for the poor people who lived & worked there

• However, wealth flowed from its factories

• Eventually the working class saw their standard of living improve

• Children were beaten to stay awake & used on the most dangerous machine due to their tiny hands

• Factory Act of 1819, finally put restrictions on working age & hours