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Chapter 9Chapter 9
Learning Principles and ApplicationsLearning Principles and Applications
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
Classical conditioning - learning, associating a natural stimuli and a neutral one
Learning - permanent change in behavior from experience
Ivan Pavlov - psychologist discovered classical conditioning
Dog experiment
Classical conditioning - learning, associating a natural stimuli and a neutral one
Learning - permanent change in behavior from experience
Ivan Pavlov - psychologist discovered classical conditioning
Dog experiment
Pavlov’s experimentPavlov’s experiment
Creating a response from conditioning Neutral stimulus - does not initially elicit response (BELL) UCS - unconditioned stimulus - predictable response
without training (FOOD FOR THE DOG) UCR - unconditioned response (SALIVATION) CS - conditioned stimulus - once neutral but after training
leads to a response (BELL ) CR - conditioned response - once neutral but after training
leads to a learned response (SALIVATION)
Creating a response from conditioning Neutral stimulus - does not initially elicit response (BELL) UCS - unconditioned stimulus - predictable response
without training (FOOD FOR THE DOG) UCR - unconditioned response (SALIVATION) CS - conditioned stimulus - once neutral but after training
leads to a response (BELL ) CR - conditioned response - once neutral but after training
leads to a learned response (SALIVATION)
Sect. 1 cont.Sect. 1 cont.
Generalization - responds to a 2nd stimulus similar to the original
Example - circle = food , oval = food Discrimination - ability to respond differently, never
giving food to the oval Example - younger person (dentists drill is like all drills)
older person (dentist drill is different) Real life example of classical conditioning - bed wetting
alarm Getting stomach flu after eating a certain food, you may
always feel sick about that food
Generalization - responds to a 2nd stimulus similar to the original
Example - circle = food , oval = food Discrimination - ability to respond differently, never
giving food to the oval Example - younger person (dentists drill is like all drills)
older person (dentist drill is different) Real life example of classical conditioning - bed wetting
alarm Getting stomach flu after eating a certain food, you may
always feel sick about that food
Section 2 - Operant ConditioningSection 2 - Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning - learning from the consequences of behavior
Operant conditioning different from classical - how it is conducted / observed
Reinforcement - event that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Example - teach a dog to shake Positive reinforce - treat Extinction will happen when you stop rewarding
Operant conditioning - learning from the consequences of behavior
Operant conditioning different from classical - how it is conducted / observed
Reinforcement - event that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Example - teach a dog to shake Positive reinforce - treat Extinction will happen when you stop rewarding
Sect. 2 cont.Sect. 2 cont.
Primary reinforce - satisfies biological needs example - hunger and thirst, and sleep
Secondary reinforce - paired with primary reinforce through classical conditioning
Acquired value and reinforcement Example -- MONEY
Primary reinforce - satisfies biological needs example - hunger and thirst, and sleep
Secondary reinforce - paired with primary reinforce through classical conditioning
Acquired value and reinforcement Example -- MONEY
Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement
Timing and frequency of reinforcement 1. Fixed - ratio schedule - specific # of correct responses required
before reinforcement example - 5 fouls gets you ejected from a game 2. Variable - ratio schedule - unpredicted # of responses required
before reinforcement Example - slot machine 3. Fixed - interval schedule - specific amount of time must elapse
before reinforcement Example - check every 2 weeks 4. Variable - interval schedule - response after varying amounts of
time Example - surprise quizzes in class
Timing and frequency of reinforcement 1. Fixed - ratio schedule - specific # of correct responses required
before reinforcement example - 5 fouls gets you ejected from a game 2. Variable - ratio schedule - unpredicted # of responses required
before reinforcement Example - slot machine 3. Fixed - interval schedule - specific amount of time must elapse
before reinforcement Example - check every 2 weeks 4. Variable - interval schedule - response after varying amounts of
time Example - surprise quizzes in class
Shaping and chainingShaping and chaining
Shaping - reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones
Example - reward an act similar to the desired ones, gradually make it closer to desired
Chaining - response chains - learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each producing a signal for the next
Example - swimming (arms, legs, breathing)
Shaping - reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones
Example - reward an act similar to the desired ones, gradually make it closer to desired
Chaining - response chains - learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each producing a signal for the next
Example - swimming (arms, legs, breathing)
Aversive controlAversive control
Aversive control - conditioning where behavior is influenced by means of unpleasant stimuli
2 types: Negative reinforcement and punishment Negative reinforcement - removing or preventing painful
stimulus when response occurs Example - taking a stone out of your shoe - B.F. Skinner Escape conditioning - remove unpleasant stimulus Avoidance conditioning - training to prevent an unpleasant
stimulus before it begins
Aversive control - conditioning where behavior is influenced by means of unpleasant stimuli
2 types: Negative reinforcement and punishment Negative reinforcement - removing or preventing painful
stimulus when response occurs Example - taking a stone out of your shoe - B.F. Skinner Escape conditioning - remove unpleasant stimulus Avoidance conditioning - training to prevent an unpleasant
stimulus before it begins
End of sect. 2End of sect. 2
Punishment - unpleasant consequences occur and decrease the frequency of behavior
Example - speeding ticket Disadvantages : Can cause rage, aggression, fear, and
avoidance
Punishment - unpleasant consequences occur and decrease the frequency of behavior
Example - speeding ticket Disadvantages : Can cause rage, aggression, fear, and
avoidance
Section 3 - Social LearningSection 3 - Social Learning
Social learning - behaving by observing or imitating 2 types 1. Cognitive learning - mental processes of learning from
observing or imitating Latent learning - learning without immediate change in
behavior - finding a building in a part of town you recognize
Learned helplessness - tried to control a situation, failed so give up
When this occurs the following responses occur: Stop trying, low self-esteem, depression
Social learning - behaving by observing or imitating 2 types 1. Cognitive learning - mental processes of learning from
observing or imitating Latent learning - learning without immediate change in
behavior - finding a building in a part of town you recognize
Learned helplessness - tried to control a situation, failed so give up
When this occurs the following responses occur: Stop trying, low self-esteem, depression
Sect. 3 cont.Sect. 3 cont.
2. Modeling - copying behavior Behavior modification - applying learned
principles to change people’s actions and feelings
Token economy - receive points, build up points to receive reward
2. Modeling - copying behavior Behavior modification - applying learned
principles to change people’s actions and feelings
Token economy - receive points, build up points to receive reward
