Chapter 9 Launching a New Republic. I can tell what the Judiciary Act of 1789 established. ► 1.) Why did Hamilton want to place tariffs on foreign goods?

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Launching a New RepublicLaunching a New Republic

I can tell what the Judiciary Act I can tell what the Judiciary Act of 1789 established.of 1789 established.

► 1.) Why did Hamilton 1.) Why did Hamilton want to place tariffs want to place tariffs on foreign goods?on foreign goods?

► A.) to ensure a steady A.) to ensure a steady flow of incomeflow of income

► B.) to encourage B.) to encourage Americans to buy Americans to buy American goodsAmerican goods

► C.) To encourage the C.) To encourage the growth of American growth of American industry.industry.

► D. All of the AboveD. All of the Above

► 2.) Which document 2.) Which document set up the federal set up the federal court system?court system?

► A.) the Constitution of A.) the Constitution of the United States.the United States.

► B.) The Articles of B.) The Articles of ConfederationConfederation

► C.) The Federal C.) The Federal Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

► D.) The Alien and D.) The Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Acts

Warm-up

I can list the struggles of George I can list the struggles of George Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency

► 18.) _____ 18.) _____ Alexander Hamilton favored a strong federal government because he Alexander Hamilton favored a strong federal government because he believed it wouldbelieved it would

► benefit the economy. As a result of this belief, he also supported —benefit the economy. As a result of this belief, he also supported —► A.) A.) the abolishment of all tariffsthe abolishment of all tariffs► BB.) the establishment of a national bank.) the establishment of a national bank► C.) C.) increasing agricultural activityincreasing agricultural activity► D.) D.) imposing high taxes on factoriesimposing high taxes on factories► *Strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution*Strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution► *Agricultural economy*Agricultural economy► *Weak central government*Weak central government► *Loose interpretation of the*Loose interpretation of the► U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution► *Industrial economy*Industrial economy► *Strong central government*Strong central government► Use the information above and your knowledge of social studies to answer Use the information above and your knowledge of social studies to answer

the following question.the following question.► 19.) ______ 19.) ______ The different political views in the diagram above represent the —The different political views in the diagram above represent the —► F.) F.) Loyalists and PatriotsLoyalists and Patriots► GG.) Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.) Democratic-Republicans and Federalists► H.) H.) Know-Nothings and AbolitionistsKnow-Nothings and Abolitionists► J.) J.) Whigs and LoyalistsWhigs and Loyalists

I Can explain the struggles of I Can explain the struggles of John Adams Presidency.John Adams Presidency.

► TEST OVER CHAPTER 9 FRIDAY OF THIS WEEKTEST OVER CHAPTER 9 FRIDAY OF THIS WEEK► Warm-upWarm-up

►Writing assignment (Half Page); write your Writing assignment (Half Page); write your farewell address for the 8farewell address for the 8thth Grade, helping the Grade, helping the incoming 7incoming 7thth Graders. Graders.

► Tell them what they should expect.Tell them what they should expect.► Tell them what you liked.Tell them what you liked.►Warn them on what they should know.Warn them on what they should know.► This assignment will mirror George This assignment will mirror George

Washington’s Farewell Address.Washington’s Farewell Address.

Pages to Read for SurePages to Read for Sure

► 1.) Setting Up the Courts pg. 2781.) Setting Up the Courts pg. 278► 2.) Washington’s Cabinet pg. 2782.) Washington’s Cabinet pg. 278► 3.) Interpreting the Constitution pg 2813.) Interpreting the Constitution pg 281► 4.) Hamilton’s Financial Plan pg 279-281 4.) Hamilton’s Financial Plan pg 279-281 ► 5.) Interpreting the Constitution pg 2815.) Interpreting the Constitution pg 281► 1.) The French Revolution pg 285-2861.) The French Revolution pg 285-286► 2.) Battle of Fallen Timbers pg 283-2842.) Battle of Fallen Timbers pg 283-284► 3.) The Whiskey Rebellion pg 284-2853.) The Whiskey Rebellion pg 284-285► 4.) Remaining Neutral pg 2864.) Remaining Neutral pg 286► 5.) Remaining Neutral pg 2865.) Remaining Neutral pg 286► Must Read these sections could be a possible quiz.Must Read these sections could be a possible quiz.

Federal Judiciary Act of 1789

►To create a court system, Congress passed the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789. This act gave the Supreme Court six members: a chief justice, or judge, and five associate justices. Over time, that number has grown to nine. The act also provided for other lower, less powerful federal courts. Washington appointed John Jay, the prominent New York lawyer and diplomat, as chief justice.

What did the Judiciary Act of What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish?1789 establish?

Set-up a federal court systemSet-up a federal court system

Determined the number of Supreme Determined the number of Supreme Court Judges. 1 Chief Justice and 5 Court Judges. 1 Chief Justice and 5 Associate Judges. John Jay was the 1Associate Judges. John Jay was the 1stst Chief JusticeChief Justice

► The Congress created three departments. In his first major task as president, Washington chose talented people to run them. For secretary of war, he picked Henry Knox, a trusted general during the Revolution. It was Knox’s job to oversee the nation’s defenses. For secretary of state, Washington chose Thomas Jefferson. He had been serving as U.S. minister to France. The State Department oversaw relations between the United States and other countries.

► Washington turned to the brilliant Alexander Hamilton to be the secretary of the treasury. Hamilton had to manage the government’s money. The secretary’s ties to the president began during the war when he had served as one of

► Washington’s aides. To advise the government on legal matters, Washington picked Edmund Randolph as attorney general.

What departments did What departments did Washington create, and whom Washington create, and whom did he appoint to head them?did he appoint to head them?

► CabinetsCabinets► Secretary of war/ Henry Secretary of war/ Henry

KnoxKnox► Secretary of state/ Secretary of state/

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson► Secretary of treasury/ Secretary of treasury/

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton► Attorney General/ Attorney General/

Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph


►The debate over Hamilton’s plan for a national bank exposed differences about how to interpret the Constitution. Madison and Jefferson argued that the Constitution did not give the government the power to set up a bank. They believed in the strict construction—narrow or strict interpretation—of the Constitution. They stated that the government has only those powers that the Constitution clearly says it has. Therefore, since the Constitution does not mention a national bank, the government cannot create one.

►Hamilton disagreed. He favored a loose construction—broad or flexible interpretation—of the Constitution. Pointing to the elastic clause in the document, he argued that the bank was “necessary and proper” to carry out the government’s duties. (See The Living Constitution, page 238.) According to this view, when the Constitution grants a power to Congress, it also grants Congress the “necessary and proper” means to carry out that power. Jefferson and Hamilton argued their positions to Washington. Hamilton won, and the Bank of the United States was set up in 1791. The president, meanwhile, was dealing with other challenges at home and abroad, which you will read about in Section 2.

Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the National Bank?National Bank?

Why did Hamilton Support the national Why did Hamilton Support the national bank?bank?

►3.) deemed it Unconstitutional3.) deemed it Unconstitutional►4.) Believed it would give government 4.) Believed it would give government

a safe place to keep money, make a safe place to keep money, make loans to businesses/governments, and loans to businesses/governments, and Issue money.Issue money.


What are loose and strict constructions What are loose and strict constructions of the Constitution, and who favored of the Constitution, and who favored

each?each?

► Loose Construction-Loose Construction-broad or flexible broad or flexible interpretation-interpretation-HamiltonHamilton

► Strict Construction-Strict Construction-narrow or strict narrow or strict interpretation-interpretation-Madison and Madison and JeffersonJefferson


► The war between France and Britain put the United States in an awkward position. France had been America’s ally in the Revolution against the British. A 1778 treaty still bound the two nations together. In addition, many saw France’s revolution as proof that the American cause had been just. Jefferson felt that a move to crush the French Revolution was an attack on liberty everywhere. Hamilton, though, pointed out that Britain was the United States’ most important trading partner, and British trade was too important to risk war. In April 1793, Washington declared that the United States would remain neutral, not siding with one country or the other. He stated that the nation would be “friendly and impartial” to both sides. Congress then passed a law forbidding the United States to help either side.

1789 The French Revolution1789 The French Revolution►United States stayed NeutralUnited States stayed Neutral►U.S. Was caught in-between because U.S. Was caught in-between because

France had helped them in the France had helped them in the Revolutionary War and the British Revolutionary War and the British were in charge of them for so long.were in charge of them for so long.


►The Native Americans retreated to Fort Miami. The British, not wanting war with the United States, refused to help them. The Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed Native American hopes of keeping their land in the Northwest Territory. Twelve tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. They agreed to cede, or surrender, much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government.

1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers►Native Americans resistance in OhioNative Americans resistance in Ohio►Gained Ohio and Indiana through Gained Ohio and Indiana through

Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville


►Washington, urged on by Hamilton, was prepared to enforce the tax and crush the Whiskey Rebellion. They feared that not to act might undermine the new government and weaken its authority. Hamilton condemned the rebels for resisting the law. In October 1794, General Henry Lee, with Hamilton at his side, led an army of 13,000 soldiers into western Pennsylvania to put down the uprising. As news of the army’s approach spread, the rebels fled. After much effort, federal troops rounded up 20 barefoot, ragged prisoners. Washington had proved his point. He had shown that the government had the power and the will to enforce its laws. Meanwhile, events in Europe gave Washington a different kind of challenge.

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion►13,000 soldiers went to the west to 13,000 soldiers went to the west to

put down the uprisingput down the uprising


►Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to England for talks about the seizure of U.S. ships. Jay also hoped to persuade the British to give up their forts on the Northwest frontier. During the talks in 1794, news came of the U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Fearing another entanglement, the British agreed to leave the Ohio Valley by 1796. In Jay’s Treaty, the British also agreed to pay damages for U.S. vessels they had seized. Jay failed, however, to open up the profitable British West Indies trade to Americans. Because of this, Jay’s Treaty was unpopular.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

► The British would The British would evacuate posts in evacuate posts in the Ohio Valleythe Ohio Valley

► British Pay British Pay DamagesDamages


►Like Jay, Thomas Pinckney helped the United States reduce tensions along the frontier. In 1795, Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain gave Americans the right to travel freely on the Mississippi River. It also gave them the right to store goods at the port of New Orleans without paying customs duties. In addition, Spain accepted the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida and the southern boundary of the United States.

1795 Pinckney’s Treaty1795 Pinckney’s Treaty

► Spain Recognized Spain Recognized 3131stst parallel as the parallel as the northern boundary northern boundary of Florida of Florida

► Agreed to open the Agreed to open the Mississippi River Mississippi River and Port of New and Port of New Orleans to American Orleans to American traffic.traffic.


I Can explain the struggles of I Can explain the struggles of John Adams PresidencyJohn Adams Presidency► Warm-upWarm-up

► 1.) A person who favors 1.) A person who favors a loose construction of a loose construction of the Constitution would the Constitution would take the same view as take the same view as which early U.S. which early U.S. political figure?political figure?

► A.) John AdamsA.) John Adams► B.) Alexander HamiltonB.) Alexander Hamilton► C.) George WashingtonC.) George Washington► D.) None of the AboveD.) None of the Above

► 2.) How did Congress 2.) How did Congress finally agree to address finally agree to address George Washington, George Washington, the first President?the first President?

► A.) Your Most HighA.) Your Most High► B.) Your MajestyB.) Your Majesty► C.) Mr. PresidentC.) Mr. President► D.) KingD.) King

►Americans listened more closely to Washington’s parting advice on foreign policy—relations with the governments of other countries. He urged the nation’s leaders to remain neutral and “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” He warned that agreements with foreign nations might work against U.S. interests. His advice served to guide U.S. foreign policy into the twentieth century.

►Despite Washington’s warning against political parties, Americans were deeply divided over how the nation should be run.

1796 Washington’s farewell 1796 Washington’s farewell addressaddress

► Against “Spirit of Against “Spirit of Party” by which he Party” by which he meant political meant political divisions.divisions.

I Can explain the struggles of John I Can explain the struggles of John Adams PresidencyAdams Presidency

John Adams Takes Office

► In 1796, the United States held its first elections in which political parties competed. The Federalists picked Washington’s vice-president, John Adams, as their candidate for president. An experienced public servant, Adams had been a leader during the Revolution and at the Continental Congress. He had also been a diplomat in France, the Netherlands, and Britain before serving with Washington. The Democratic-Republicans chose Jefferson.

Adams elected presidentAdams elected president

► 11stst election in which election in which political parties political parties competed.competed.

► It resulted in a It resulted in a president and vice president and vice president from president from separate parties.separate parties.


Problems with France►Then three French agents—later referred to

as X, Y, and Z—took the Americans aside to tell them the minister would hold talks. However, the talks would occur only if the Americans agreed to loan France $10 million and to pay the minister a bribe of $250,000. The Americans refused. “No, no, not a sixpence,” Pinckney shot back. Adams received a full report of what became known as the XYZ Affair. After Congress and an outraged public learned of it, the press turned Pinckney’s words into a popular slogan: “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” In 1798, Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize French vessels. Congress also set aside money to expand the navy and the army.

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

►Led to anti-French feelings in U.S. Led to anti-French feelings in U.S. ►Treaties with France cancelled-seized Treaties with France cancelled-seized

French vessels.French vessels.


The Alien and Sedition Acts►Angered by criticism in a time of crisis, Adams

blamed the Democratic-Republican newspapers and new immigrants. Many of the immigrants were Democratic-Republicans. To silence their critics, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. These acts targeted aliens—immigrants who were not yet citizens. One act increased the waiting period for becoming a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years. Other acts gave the president the power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them out of the country during wartime. A fourth act outlawed sedition, saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government.

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts1798 Alien and Sedition Acts

► Raised waiting periods Raised waiting periods for American for American citizenship 5 to 14 citizenship 5 to 14 years.years.

► Allowed President to Allowed President to deport or jail deport or jail undesirable aliens.undesirable aliens.

►Outlawed negative Outlawed negative opinions toward opinions toward governors and governors and president.president.


► The Democratic-Republicans, led by Jefferson and Madison, searched for a way to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts. They found it in a theory called states’ rights. According to this theory, states had rights that the federal government could not violate. Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions (or statements) passed by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures in 1798 and 1799. In the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson proposed nullification, the idea that a state could nullify the federal law within the state. In the Virginia Resolutions, Madison said a state could interpose, or place, itself between the federal government and its citizens. These resolutions declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution. No other states supported Kentucky and Virginia. However, within two years the Democratic-Republicans won control of Congress, and they either repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802.

Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions

►Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and Sedition Acts unConstitutionalunConstitutional


I can answer chapter 9 I can answer chapter 9 questions in a review.questions in a review.

► 1.) What group was the target 1.) What group was the target of the Alien and Sedition Acts of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1789of 1789

► A.) immigrantsA.) immigrants► B.) the FrenchB.) the French► C.) the BritishC.) the British► D.) the SpanishD.) the Spanish► 2.) In which document did 2.) In which document did

Jefferson and Madison use the Jefferson and Madison use the political theory of states’ political theory of states’ rights to fight the Alien and rights to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts?Sedition Acts?

► A.) the Bill of RightsA.) the Bill of Rights► B.) the Kentucky and Virginia B.) the Kentucky and Virginia

ResolutionResolution► C.) the Federal Judiciary Act of C.) the Federal Judiciary Act of

17891789► D.) the Constitution of the D.) the Constitution of the

United StatesUnited States

► 3.) What happened as a result of 3.) What happened as a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?the Battle of Fallen Timbers?

► A.) Native Americans gave up land A.) Native Americans gave up land ► B.) British helped Native B.) British helped Native

AmericansAmericans► C.) Little Turtle’s leadership was C.) Little Turtle’s leadership was

rejected by Native American rejected by Native American Tribes.Tribes.

► D.) Washington sent troops to New D.) Washington sent troops to New Orleans.Orleans.

► 4.) What was George Washington’s 4.) What was George Washington’s view of political parties?view of political parties?

► A.) they were needed for national A.) they were needed for national unityunity

► B.) Political parties would split the B.) Political parties would split the nationnation

► C.) Political parties made issues C.) Political parties made issues clearer for the votersclearer for the voters

► D.) The Federalist party was the D.) The Federalist party was the most correct partymost correct party

1.) Who was the first vice-president 1.) Who was the first vice-president and the second President of the and the second President of the

U.S.?U.S.?

► John AdamsJohn Adams

2.) A person who favors a loose construction of 2.) A person who favors a loose construction of the Constitution would take the same view as the Constitution would take the same view as

which early U.S. political figure?which early U.S. political figure?

►Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

3.) Why did Hamilton want to 3.) Why did Hamilton want to place tariffs on foreign goods?place tariffs on foreign goods?

►Ensure income for the government; Ensure income for the government; encourage Americans to buy American encourage Americans to buy American goods; grow American industry.goods; grow American industry.

4.) Which document set up the 4.) Which document set up the federal court system?federal court system?

►Federal Federal Judiciary Act of Judiciary Act of 17891789

5.) From whom did the Native 5.) From whom did the Native Americans expect to get aid Americans expect to get aid

from the Battle of Fallen from the Battle of Fallen Timbers?Timbers?

►BritishBritish

6.) Who did Washington turn to 6.) Who did Washington turn to for help in solving the for help in solving the

challenges facing the new challenges facing the new nation?nation?

►CabinetCabinet

► Henry KnoxHenry Knox Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson

7.) How did Congress finally 7.) How did Congress finally agree to address George agree to address George

Washington, the first President?Washington, the first President?

►Mr. PresidentMr. President

8.) What group was the target of 8.) What group was the target of the Alien an Sedition Acts?the Alien an Sedition Acts?

► ImmigrantsImmigrants

9.) In which document and Jefferson and 9.) In which document and Jefferson and Madison use the political theory of Madison use the political theory of states rights to fight the Alien and states rights to fight the Alien and

Sedition Acts?Sedition Acts?

►Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionVirginia and Kentucky Resolution

10.) What marked the Western 10.) What marked the Western boundary of the Trans-boundary of the Trans-

Appalachian West? Appalachian West?

►Mississippi Mississippi RiverRiver

11.) How did Pinckney’s Treaty make it 11.) How did Pinckney’s Treaty make it easier for settlers in the Trans-easier for settlers in the Trans-

Appalachian West to get their goods to Appalachian West to get their goods to the market?the market?

►Use of the Use of the Mississippi Mississippi River and River and Port of New Port of New OrleansOrleans

12.) What happened in the XYZ 12.) What happened in the XYZ Affair?Affair?

►U.S. Diplomats were asked for bribes U.S. Diplomats were asked for bribes to meet with France officials.to meet with France officials.

13.) Why did war between 13.) Why did war between Britain and France put the U.S. Britain and France put the U.S.

in an awkward position?in an awkward position?

►France was our ally, but Britain was a France was our ally, but Britain was a major trading partnermajor trading partner

14.) What happened as a result 14.) What happened as a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?

►Native Americans Native Americans gave up landgave up land

15.) How did Alexander 15.) How did Alexander Hamilton deal with the nation’s Hamilton deal with the nation’s

financial problems?financial problems?

►Asked Congress Asked Congress to put tax on to put tax on foreign goodsforeign goods

16.) What were some foreign 16.) What were some foreign policy issues faced by President policy issues faced by President

Washington?Washington?

►Spanish caused problems between Spanish caused problems between Native Americans and settlersNative Americans and settlers

17.) What contributed to the rise 17.) What contributed to the rise of political parties?of political parties?

►Disagreements over the war between Disagreements over the war between France and Britain; Hamilton and France and Britain; Hamilton and Jefferson had opposing views on the Jefferson had opposing views on the Constitution; Constitution;

18.) What was George 18.) What was George Washington’s view on political Washington’s view on political

parties?parties?

►They would split the NationThey would split the Nation

19.) Why did Alexander 19.) Why did Alexander Hamilton believe the nation Hamilton believe the nation

needed to pay its debts?needed to pay its debts?

►Other countries Other countries would not do would not do business with the business with the U.S. until debts U.S. until debts were paidwere paid

20.) How did the rise of political 20.) How did the rise of political parties affect the election of parties affect the election of

1796?1796?

►Federalist President and Republican Federalist President and Republican Vice PresidentVice President

21.) Why did Washington advise 21.) Why did Washington advise the nation to remain neutral in the nation to remain neutral in

world affairs?world affairs?

►Alliances might pull us into foreign warAlliances might pull us into foreign war

22.) How did Thomas Jefferson 22.) How did Thomas Jefferson become Vice President in the become Vice President in the

1796 election?1796 election?

►The Constitution The Constitution stated that the stated that the runner up would runner up would become Vice become Vice PresidentPresident

23.) How are Pinckney’s Treaty 23.) How are Pinckney’s Treaty and the Whiskey Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion

related?related?►Both grew out of attempts of Western Both grew out of attempts of Western

farmers to sell productsfarmers to sell products

24.) What was the basis for the 24.) What was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and Kentucky

resolutions?resolutions?►The states rights theory after the Alien The states rights theory after the Alien

and Sedition Actsand Sedition Acts

Know Strict and Loose Know Strict and Loose Construction of the Constitution.Construction of the Constitution.

►Strict Construction-Narrow or strict Strict Construction-Narrow or strict interpretation of the Constitution; interpretation of the Constitution; Madison and Jefferson had this type of Madison and Jefferson had this type of interpretation.interpretation.

►Loose Construction-broad or flexible Loose Construction-broad or flexible interpretation of the Constitution; interpretation of the Constitution; Alexander Hamilton had this type of Alexander Hamilton had this type of interpretation.interpretation.

Documents

Chapter 9 Launching a New Republic. I can tell what the Judiciary Act of 1789 established. ► 1.) Why did Hamilton want to place tariffs on foreign goods?