Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Section 1: Cellular Growth

Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

9.1 Cellular Growth

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction

As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.

The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Transport of Substances

Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins.

Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient.


Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Cellular Communications

The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.

Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

9.1 Cellular Growth

The Cell Cycle

Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.

It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.


Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.

Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.


9.1 Cellular Growth

Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.


The Stages of Interphase

The first stage of interphase, G1

The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.

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9.1 Cellular Growth


The Second Stage of Interphase, S

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

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9.1 Cellular Growth


The Third Stage of Interphase, G2

The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis


The Stages of Mitosis

Prophase

The cell’s chromatin tightens.

Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.

Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.

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The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.

Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

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Metaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.

They line up in the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase

The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.

The sister chromatids separate.

The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

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Telophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.

Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.

The spindle apparatus disassembles.

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Cytokinesis

In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.

In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation


Normal Cell Cycle

Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.

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Quality Control Checkpoints

The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.

Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.

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Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normalcells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

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Causes of Cancer

The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.

Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.

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Stem Cells

Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

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Embryonic Stem Cells

After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.

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Adult Stem Cells

Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue

Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

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1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 1

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A. interphase

B. prophase

C. metaphase

D. telophase

Which is the first phase of mitosis?



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1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 2

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A. interphase

B. metaphase

C. anaphase

D. telophase

During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 3

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A. cytokinesis

B. interphase

C. apoptosis

D. mitosis

Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 1

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Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?

A. larger cells

B. smaller cells

C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio

D. cells shaped like a cube

9.1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 2

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At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?

A. cytokinesis

B. interphase

C. mitosis

D. synthesis


1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 3

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What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?

A. The cell grows and carries

out normal functions.

B. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes.

C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.

D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.


1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 4

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In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?

A. cytokinesis

B. interphase

C. mitosis

D. prophase


1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 5

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Which diagram shows anaphase?

A. B.

C. D.


1. A

2. B

FQ 6


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At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.


A. true

B. false

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 7

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What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?

A. chromatin and chromosomes

B. cyclin and CDKs

C. microtubules and spindle fibers

D. protein and ribosomes


1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 8

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Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?

A. chemicals such as asbestos

B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens

C. tobacco and second-hand smoke

D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun


1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 9

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What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?

A. apoptosis

B. carcinogens

C. cytokinesis

D. mitosis

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 10

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Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?

A. apoptotic cells

B. cancer cells

C. prokaryotic cells

D. stem cells

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 1

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This cell has completed what stage of mitosis?

A. anaphase

B. interphase

C. metaphase

D. telophase


1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 2

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What term is used to describe programmed cell death?

A. apoptosis

B. anaphase

C. necrosis

D. cyclins


1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 3

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What is the role of cyclins in a cell?

A. to control the movement of microtubules

B. to signal for the cell to divide

C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane

D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear


1. A

2. B

3. C

STP 1


Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?

AB

C


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1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 2

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At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?

A. G1

B. S

C. G2

D. M

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 3

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Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?

A. formation of a cell plate

B. formation of microtubules

C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell

D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

1. A

2. B

STP 4



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Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.

A. true

B. false

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 5

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Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?A. a failure in the control

mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle

B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA

C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes

during mitosisD. mutations or changes in

segments of DNA that control protein production


Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 9


Image Bank

Chapter 9

cell cycle

interphase

mitosis

cytokinesis

chromosome

chromatin


Vocabulary

Section 1

prophase

sister chromatid

centromere

spindle apparatus

metaphase

anaphase

telophase


Vocabulary

Section 2

cyclin

cyclin-dependent kinase

cancer

carcinogen

apoptosis

stem cell


Vocabulary

Section 3


Visualizing the Cell Cycle

Animation


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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction