Chapter 9Chapter 9

Cell ProcessesCell Processes

I.I. Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

A.A. The Nature of MatterThe Nature of Matter

-Everything in your environment is -Everything in your environment is made up of made up of mattermatter – anything that – anything that has mass and takes up spacehas mass and takes up space

-Energy can hold matter together -Energy can hold matter together or break it apart.or break it apart.

1.1. AtomsAtoms

a) a) ProtonsProtons – – positively charged positively charged particlesparticles

b) b) NeutronsNeutrons – – neutrally charged neutrally charged particlesparticles

c) c) ElectronsElectrons – – negatively charged negatively charged particlesparticles

2. 2. ElementsElements – when – when something is made up of something is made up of only 1 type of atomonly 1 type of atom

a) 6 elements make up 99% of living a) 6 elements make up 99% of living matter – S, P, O, N, C, & Hmatter – S, P, O, N, C, & H

3. 3. CompoundsCompounds – made up of – made up of 2 or more elements in exact 2 or more elements in exact proportionsproportions

a) a) Molecular compoundsMolecular compounds – occur – occur when different atoms share the when different atoms share the outermost electronsoutermost electrons

--moleculemolecule – a group of atoms – a group of atoms held together by energyheld together by energy

b) b) Ionic compoundIonic compound – occur when – occur when ions of opposite charges attract to ions of opposite charges attract to one another to form electrically one another to form electrically neutral compoundsneutral compounds

4. 4. MixtureMixture – combination of – combination of substances in which substances in which individual substances individual substances retain their own propertiesretain their own properties

B. Organic CompoundsB. Organic Compounds

1.1. Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds – – compounds that always contain compounds that always contain hydrogen and carbon and usually hydrogen and carbon and usually are associated with living thingsare associated with living things

a) Carbohydrates – organic a) Carbohydrates – organic molecules that supply energy for molecules that supply energy for cell processescell processes

- ex. Sugars, starch, cellulose- ex. Sugars, starch, cellulose

b) b) LipidsLipids – organic compounds that – organic compounds that store and release even more energy store and release even more energy than carbohydratesthan carbohydrates

-ex. Oils, butter, phospholipids-ex. Oils, butter, phospholipids

c) c) ProteinsProteins – organic compounds – organic compounds made up of amino acids and are the made up of amino acids and are the building blocks of many structures in building blocks of many structures in organismsorganisms

-ex. Meats, eggs, and nuts-ex. Meats, eggs, and nuts

--enzymesenzymes – proteins that – proteins that regulate regulate chemical reactions in chemical reactions in cellscells

d) d) Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids – organic – organic compounds that store important compounds that store important coded information in cells.coded information in cells.

-ex. DNA & RNA-ex. DNA & RNA

C. Inorganic CompoundsC. Inorganic Compounds

1. 1. Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds – – compounds made from elements compounds made from elements other than carbonother than carbon

- ex. Water & hydrochloric acid- ex. Water & hydrochloric acid

II.II. Moving Cellular Moving Cellular MaterialsMaterials

-The Cell Membrane controls what -The Cell Membrane controls what materials enter and exit the cell.materials enter and exit the cell.

--Selectively Permeable-Selectively Permeable- allowing allowing some materials to pass through some materials to pass through while keeping others outwhile keeping others out

A. A. Passive TransportPassive Transport – the – the movement of substances movement of substances through a cell membrane through a cell membrane without the use of energywithout the use of energy

1. 1. DiffusionDiffusion – the random – the random movement of molecules from an area movement of molecules from an area where there is relatively more to an where there is relatively more to an area where there is relatively few.area where there is relatively few.

a) a) equilibriumequilibrium – when the – when the number of molecules in one area is number of molecules in one area is relatively equal to the next arearelatively equal to the next area

2.2. OsmosisOsmosis – the diffusion of water – the diffusion of water through a cell membranethrough a cell membrane

3.3. Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion – larger – larger molecules are helped into the cell molecules are helped into the cell with the help of proteins called with the help of proteins called transport proteins.transport proteins.

Link to Celery/Potato Slic Lab Worksheet

Link to Model Cell Lab Worksheet

Link to Diffusion/Osmosis Practice Problems

Link to Diffusion in Cells worksheet

B. Active TransportB. Active Transport

--Active TransportActive Transport – when an input of – when an input of energy is required to move materials energy is required to move materials through a cell membranethrough a cell membrane

1. 1. EndocytocisEndocytocis – the process of – the process of taking a substance into a cell by taking a substance into a cell by surrounding it with the cell surrounding it with the cell membranemembrane

2. 2. ExocytosisExocytosis – the process of – the process of taking a substance out of a celltaking a substance out of a cell

III.III. Energy for LifeEnergy for Life

A.A. Trapping and Using EnergyTrapping and Using Energy

--metabolismmetabolism – the total of all – the total of all chemical reactions in an organismchemical reactions in an organism

-the chemical reactions of -the chemical reactions of metabolism need enzymesmetabolism need enzymes

1.1. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis – producers use light – producers use light energy to make sugars, which can be energy to make sugars, which can be used as foodused as food

a) Occurs in the chloroplasts in a) Occurs in the chloroplasts in plant cells.plant cells.

b) COb) CO22 + H + H22O + light O + light → C→ C66HH1212OO66 + + OO22

(Carbon Dioxide + Water + light (Carbon Dioxide + Water + light energy energy

→→Sugar + Oxygen)Sugar + Oxygen)

c) Producers make more energy c) Producers make more energy than they need. They store the excess than they need. They store the excess as starches or carbohydrates.as starches or carbohydrates.

2. 2. RespirationRespiration – chemical – chemical reactions occur that break down reactions occur that break down food molecules into simpler food molecules into simpler substances and release energy.substances and release energy.

a) Starts in the cytoplasm, then takes a) Starts in the cytoplasm, then takes place in the mitochondriaplace in the mitochondria

b) Cb) C66HH1212OO66 + O + O22→energy + CO→energy + CO22 + H + H22OO

(Sugar + Oxygen→mechanical energy (Sugar + Oxygen→mechanical energy + carbon dioxide + water)+ carbon dioxide + water)

c) Occurs in all organisms.c) Occurs in all organisms.

Link to CO2 indicator lab ws

Link to Plant Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab ws

3.3. FermentationFermentation – process where – process where cells release energy from sugar cells release energy from sugar when there is not enough oxygenwhen there is not enough oxygen

a) occurs in the cytoplasma) occurs in the cytoplasm

b) creates some energy and b) creates some energy and produces wastes – lactic acid, produces wastes – lactic acid, alcohol, or carbon dioxidealcohol, or carbon dioxide