Chapter 8THE JAZZ AGE

Sec 1 The Politics of the 1920s

Warren G. Harding Administration

Born in in 1865, began political career in Ohio (rep)

Became Senator in 1914 and in 1920 ran for president

He promised “return to normalcy” after WWI

Was elected but in 1923, when traveling to Alaska became ill and die of a heart attack

VP Calvin Coolidge took office

Scandal- Teapot Dome

In 1922, Harding’s Sec of the Interior Albert B. Fall

Secretly allowed private interest to lease lands containing U.S. navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome (located in Wyoming and California)

Fall received bribes from private investors more than $300,000

He became the first cabinet member to go to prison

Policies of Prosperity

Cooling won the Rep Nomination in 1924 and became president.

Supply- Side Economics- lower taxes will boost the economy as business and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher taxes revenues.

Cooling reduced taxes …. For wealthy from 75 to 25 %

The fed. budget decreased from $6.4 billions to 3 billions

Cooperative individualism- Herbert Hoover, Sec of Commerce (later became president) encouraged manufactures and distributors to from their own organization and volunteer information to the federal government in an effort to stimulate the economy.

Isolationism- a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Dawes Plan

As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to make huge cash payments to countries to pay for the war

In 1924, Charles D. Dawes negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany.

American banks will make loans to Germany to help it make reparations payments.

In exchange, Britain and France would accept less in reparation and pay back more on their war debts to the U.S.

Washington Conference & Kellogg-Briand Act

Representatives from 8 main countries met in D.C. to discuss disarmament.

Britain, France ,Italy, Japan, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, China.

Kellogg-Briand Act:

The Washington Conference inspired French minister and U.S. Secretary of State.

On 8/27/1928, the U.S. and other 14 countries signed the act and agreed to abandon war and to settle all disputes by peaceful means.

Sec. 2 Growing Economy

Facts: Work Hours reduced from 12-8 21 out of 26 families owned a car but did not

have bathtubs with running water Henry Ford cut work days from 6 to 5 Mass production increased supply and

demand

Henry Ford

Ford introduced the assembly line (divided operations into simple tasks)

By 1914, Ford was building a car every 93 minutes

In 1908 Model T sold for $850… in 1914 sold for $490.

In 1914 Ford increased salary to $5

Consumer Products/ Airline and Radio Industry

Americans began use more sanitary/cleaning products

Electronic items: vacuums, refrigerators, washer, dryers changed society

In 1918, the first airmail service was introduced. Congress passed the Kelly Act in which contracted private planes to take their mail.

By 1928, 48 airlines were serving 355 American cities.

Edwin Armstrong in vented a special circuit to transmit sound… radio began after

By 1926 we had CBS, NBC and many talk and radio shows.

Credit was established in the 1920; 60% of the car and 75% radios bought on credit

Borrowing and paying

Crisis

No all Americans could experience the boom…farmers (high prices in technology) and African Americans

Section 3- A Clash of Values

Nativism and immigration policies:

Rise in racism and Nativism

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

KKK – began in the South after the Civil War, used violence to intimidate free African Americans

Began to decline after the 1920s

Increased Mexican immigration (700,000)

Sacco-Vanzetti

Prejudices and fear of the era

April 15, 1920- two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory in Massachusetts

Nicola Sacco/ Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Newspaper reveled the men were anarchist (people who opposed to all forms of government)

July 14,1921 they were found guilty and sentence to death on 8/23/1927

Sacco-Vanzetti

Changes for Women

Right to vote

Attended college

Took jobs to established financial independence .

Fashion: short hair

Some became known as “flapper”: smoked cigarettes, drank prohibited liquors,make up, sleeveless dresses and short skirts.

Religion

They rejected Charles Darwin theory of evolution in which all life forms had developed from lower forms of life over millions of years.

Creationism- the belief that God created the world as described in the Bible.

Prohibition

The movement to ban alcohol sales

18th Amendment

In he 1920s Americans ignored the law about 540,000 were arrested.

Organized crime increases…

Al Capone (gangster of the era) bought

many police officer, judges, and

government officials.

21st amendment override the 18

http://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/videos#america-goes-dry-with-prohibition

Section 4 Cultural Innovations

Bohemian lifestyle- allowed artist, musicians, and writers greater freedom of expression.

People began attending the movies

Baseball and boxing were extremely popular (thanks to motion pictures and radio)

College football also became very popular.

Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway- A Farewell to Arms

Mass Media- Radio, movies, newspaper …unified the nation!!!!!

Section 5 African Americans and Politics

Harlem Renaissance

http://www.history.com/videos/the-harlem-renaissance-an-artistic-explosion#the-harlem-renaissance-an-artistic-explosion

Jazz and Blues- popular in New Orleans

African American and 1920s Politics

In 1917, about 1,300 were veterans of WWI

This made AA enter politics

Oscar DePriest was the first AA in Congress

NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) - Battled hard for the discrimination of AA