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Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton A&P Biology 141

Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton A&P Biology 141

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Page 1: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton A&P Biology 141

Chapter 8:The Appendicular Skeleton

A&P Biology 141

Page 2: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton A&P Biology 141

The Appendicular Skeleton

Figure 8–1

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The Appendicular Skeleton

• Allows us to move and manipulate objects• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:

– the limbs – the supportive girdles

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The Pectoral Girdle

Figure 8–2a

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle, their functions, and features?

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The Pectoral Girdle

• Also called the shoulder girdle• Connects the arms to the body • Positions the shoulders• Provides a base for arm movement• Consists of:

– 2 clavicles – 2 scapulae

• Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

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The Clavicles

Figure 8–2b, c

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The Clavicles

• Also called collarbones• Long, S-shaped bones• Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)• Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

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The Scapulae

• Also called shoulder blades• Broad, flat triangles• Articulate with arm and collarbone

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The Scapula

• Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa

Figure 8–3a

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Structures of the Scapula• Body has 3 sides:

– superior border– medial border (vertebral border)– lateral border (axillary border)

• Body has 3 corners:– superior angle– inferior angle– lateral angle

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Structures of the Scapula

Figure 8–3b

The Scapular Head

•Holds glenoid cavity •Which articulates with humerus

•To form shoulder joint

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Processes of the Glenoid Cavity

• Coracoid process:– anterior, smaller

• Acromion: – posterior, larger – articulates with clavicle– at the acromioclavicular joint

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Structures of the Scapula

• Posterior surface

Scapular spine:ridge across posterior surface of bodySeparates 2 regions: supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa

Posterior Features of the Scapula

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What are the bones of the upper limbs, their

functions, and features?

• The Upper Limbs• Arms, forearms, wrists,

and handsNote: arm (brachium)

1 bone - the Humerus

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The Humerus

• Also called the arm • The long, upper armbone• Articulates with the pelvic girdle

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Tubercles of the Proximal Epiphysis

• Separated by the intertubercular groove:– greater tubercle:

• lateral• forms tip of shoulder

– lesser tubercle: • anterior, medial

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Head and Neck

• Head:– rounded, articulating surface– contained within joint capsule

• Anatomical neck:– margin of joint capsule

• Surgical neck:– the narrow metaphysis

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The Shaft• Deltoid tuberosity:

– a bulge in the shaft– attaches deltoid muscle

• Radial groove:– for radial nerve– posterior to deltoid tuberosity

– The Distal Epiphysis• Medial and lateral epicondyles:

– for muscle attachment

• Condyle of the humerus:– articulates with ulna and radius

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Articular Regions of the Condyle

• Trochlea:– coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa – articulates with ulna

• Capitulum:– radial fossa– articulates with radius

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The Forearm

Figure 8–5

Also called the antebrachiumConsists of 2 long bones:

ulna (medial)radius (lateral)

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Ulna: The Olecranon

• Superior end of ulna • Point of elbow• Superior lip of trochlear notch• Articulates with trochlea of humerus

Ulna: The Coronoid Process• Inferior lip of trochlear notch

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Ulna: Articulations with the Humerus

• Forearm extended: – olecranon enters olecranon fossa

• Forearm flexed:– coronoid process enters coronoid fossa

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Ulna: Other Articulations• Radial notch:

– articulates with head of radius– forms proximal radioulnar joint

• Ulnar head:– prominent styloid process– attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist

Interosseous Membrane• A fibrous sheet• Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius

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The Radius

• Lateral bone of forearm• Disk-shaped radial head above the neck• Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches

biceps

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Articulations of the Radius

• Ulnar notch:– distal end– articulates with wrist and radius

• Styloid process:– stabilizes wrist joint

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The Wrist

Figure 8–6

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The Wrist

• 8 carpal bones:– 4 proximal carpal bones – 4 distal carpal bones – allow wrist to bend and twist

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The 4 Proximal Carpal Bones

• Scaphoid bone:– near styloid process

• Lunate bone:– medial to scaphoid

• Triquetrum:– medial to lunate bone

• Pisiform bone:– anterior to triquetrum

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The 4 Distal Carpal Bones

• Trapezium:– lateral

• Trapezoid bone:– medial to trapezium

• Capitate bone:– largest

• Hamate bone:– medial, distal

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Metacarpal Bones

• The 5 long bones of the hand • Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to

medial• Articulate with proximal phalanges

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Phalanges of the Hands

• Pollex (thumb):– 2 phalanges (proximal, distal)

• Fingers:– 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

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The Pelvic Girdle

Figure 8–7

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle, their functions, and features?

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The Pelvic Girdle

• Made up of 2 hipbones (ossa coxae)• Strong to bear body weight, stress of

movement• Part of the pelvis

Os Coxae• Made up of 3 fused bones:

– ilium (articulates with sacrum)– ischium– pubis

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The Acetabulum

• Also called the hip socket• Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and

pubis • Is on the lateral surface of the os coxae • Articulates with head of the femur (lunate

surface)

Acetabular Notch• A gap in the ridge of the margins of the

acetabulum

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•Marks of the IliumGreater sciatic notch:

for sciatic nerve• Marks of the Ischium• Ischial spine:

– above lesser sciatic notch• Ischial tuberosity:

– posterior projection you sit on • Ischial ramus:

– meets inferior ramus of pubis

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Marks of the Pubis

• Superior ramus:– meets pubic tubercle

• Pubic symphysis:– gap between pubic tubercles– padded with fibrocartilage

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Marks of the Pelvic Girdle

• Obturator foramen:– formed by ischial and pubic rami– attaches hip muscles

• Pectineal line:– ridge of superior ramus of pubis– continues to iliac crest as arcuate line

• Iliac fossa:– depression between ileac crest and arcuate

line

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Articulations of the Pelvic Girdle

• Sacroiliac joint:– articulation of posterior auricular surface of

ilium– with the sacrum– stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity

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The Pelvis

Figure 8–8

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The Pelvis

• Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum, and the coccyx

• Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

3D Rotation of PelvisPLAY

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Divisions of the Pelvis

Figure 8–9

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Divisions of the Pelvis• * True pelvis:

– encloses pelvic cavity-• Pelvic brim:

– upper edge of true pelvis – encloses pelvic inlet

• Perineum region:– inferior edges of true pelvis– forms pelvic outlet– perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity

• False pelvis:– blades of ilium above arcuate line

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What are the structural and functional differences between

the male and female pelvis?

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Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis

Figure 8–10

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Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis

• Female pelvis:– smoother– lighter– less prominent muscle and ligament

attachments

Male and Female PelvisPLAY

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Pelvis Modifications for Childbearing

• Enlarged pelvic outlet• Broad pubic angle (> 100°)• Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx• Wide, circular pelvic inlet• Broad, low pelvis• Ilia project laterally, not upwards

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What are the bones of the lower limbs, their

functions, and features?

The Lower Limbs• Functions:

– weight bearing– motion

Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg

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Bones of the Lower Limbs

• Femur (thigh)• Patella (kneecap)• Tibia and fibula (leg)• Tarsals (ankle)• Metatarsals (foot)• Phalanges (toes)

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The Femur

• The longest, heaviest bone

Figure 8–11

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Femur: The Proximal Epiphysis

• Femoral head:– articulates with pelvis at acetabulum– attaches at fovea capitis

Femur: The Neck• Narrow area between head and

trochanters• Joins shaft at angle

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Femur: Trochanters• Greater and lesser trochanters:

– tendon attachments• Intertrochanteric line (anterior) and

intertrochanteric crest (posterior):– mark edge of articular capsule

Femur: The Shaft• Linea aspera:

– most prominent ridge of shaft– attaches hip muscles– joins epicondyles

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Femur: The Distal Epiphysis

• Medial and lateral epicondyles: – above the knee joint

• Medial and lateral condyles:– separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar

surface– form part of knee joint

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The Patella

Figure 8–12

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The Patella

• Also called the kneecap• A sesamoid bone• Formed within tendon of quadriceps

femoris• Base attaches quadriceps femoris• Apex attaches patellar ligament

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The Tibia

Figure 8–13

• Also called the shinbone

• Supports body weight

• Larger than fibula

• Medial to fibula

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Tibia: The Proximal Epiphysis

• Medial and lateral tibial condyles: – separated by intercondylar eminence – articulate with medial and lateral condyles of

femur• Tibial tuberosity:

– attaches patellar ligament

Tibia: The Shaft• Anterior margin:

– sharp ridge of shinbone

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Tibia: The Distal Epiphysis

• Medial malleolus:– medial projection at the ankle

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The Fibula

• Attaches muscles of feet and toes• Smaller than tibia• Lateral to tibia

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Fibula: Articulations with Tibia

• Fibula/tibia articulations:– head– inferior tibiofibular joint

• Interosseous membrane:– binds fibula to tibia

• Lateral malleolus:– lateral projection of ankle

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The Ankle

• Also called the tarsus:– consists of 7 tarsal

bones

Figure 8–14a

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Bones of the Ankle

• Talus:– carries weight from tibia across trochlea

• Calcaneus (heel bone):– transfers weight from talus to ground– attaches Achilles tendon

• Cuboid bone:– articulates with calcaneus

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Ankle Bones

• Navicular bone:– articulates with talus and 3 cuneiform bones

• Medial cuneiform• Intermediate cuneiform• Lateral cuneiform

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Feet: Metatarsal Bones

• 5 long bones of foot • Numbered I–V, medial to lateral• Articulate with toes

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Feet: Phalanges

• Phalanges: – bones of the toes

• Hallux:– big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)

• Other 4 toes:– 3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)

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Feet: Arches

• Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the foot to another

Figure 8–14b

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Feet: The Longitudinal Arch

• Calcanear portion:– lateral

• Talar portion:– Medial

Feet: The Transverse Arch• Formed by a difference in curvature

between medial and lateral borders of the foot

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KEY CONCEPT

• Pectoral girdle is highly mobile, stabilized primarily by muscles

• Pelvic girdle is more massive, stronger, and less mobile

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How does the skeleton reveal significant

information about an individual?

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Studying the Skeleton

• Reveals characteristics:– muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone

mass)– medical history (condition of teeth, healed

fractures)– sex and age (bone measurements and fusion)– body size

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What are the skeletal differences between males and females?

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Male and Female Skeletons

Table 8–1

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How does aging affect the skeletal system?

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Age-Related Skeletal Changes

Table 8–2

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SUMMARY (1 of 3)

• Components of the:– appendicular skeleton– pectoral girdle, and relationship to axial

skeleton– upper limbs, and relationship to pectoral girdle

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SUMMARY (2 of 3)

• Components of the:– pelvic girdle, and relationship to axial skeleton– lower limbs, and relationship to pelvic girdle

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SUMMARY (3 of 3)

• Differences between male and female pelvises

• Individual skeletal variations • Effects of aging