Chapter 8 Sections 3+4 Chapter 8 Sections 3+4 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Sections 3+4Sections 3+4

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Sections 3+4Sections 3+4

Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

The Changing American

Labor Force

The Changing American

Labor Force

Child LaborChild Labor

Child LaborChild Labor

“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly

An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Knights of Labor trade cardKnights of Labor trade card

Goals of the Knights of Labor

Goals of the Knights of Labor Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.

Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.

Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.

Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877




The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs

Governor John Peter Altgeld

Governor John Peter Altgeld

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workers Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.

Represented workers in matters of Represented workers in matters of national legislation.national legislation.

Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.

Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.

Prevented disputes among the many Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.craft unions.

Mediated disputes between Mediated disputes between management and labor.management and labor.

Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of

Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers

Homestead Steel Homestead Steel WorksWorks

Big Corporate Profits!Big Corporate Profits!

Attempted Assassination!

Attempted Assassination!

Henry Clay FrickHenry Clay Frick

Alexander BerkmanAlexander Berkman

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

• Henry Clay Fick, the chairman Henry Clay Fick, the chairman of Carnegie Steel, responded to of Carnegie Steel, responded to the Homestead Strike by calling the Homestead Strike by calling in guards from the Pinkerton in guards from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to National Detective Agency to protect the plant and the protect the plant and the workers hired to replace the workers hired to replace the strikers. (Scabs)strikers. (Scabs)

• Union Leadership: The Steel Union Leadership: The Steel Workers’ UnionWorkers’ Union

• Role of state or federal Role of state or federal government: The governor of government: The governor of Pennsylvania called in the state Pennsylvania called in the state militia to put down the strike.militia to put down the strike.

• Outcome: The strike ended, and Outcome: The strike ended, and the union was broken when the union was broken when workers accepted a cut in wages. workers accepted a cut in wages. The steel industry was not The steel industry was not unionized until the 1930s. unionized until the 1930s.

Management vs. Labor

Management vs. Labor

““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement

““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor

““scabs”scabs”

PinkertonsPinkertons

lockoutlockout

blacklistingblacklisting

yellow-dog yellow-dog contractscontracts

Collective Collective BargainingBargaining

informational informational picketingpicketing

organized organized strikesstrikes

A “Compa

nyTown”:

Pullman, IL

A “Compa

nyTown”:

Pullman, IL

Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894• George Pullman was the inventor and George Pullman was the inventor and

manufacturer of the Pullman sleeping manufacturer of the Pullman sleeping car for comfortable railway travel.car for comfortable railway travel.

• Conditions: George Pullman cut Conditions: George Pullman cut wages by 25 percent, but did not make wages by 25 percent, but did not make corresponding reductions in the rent corresponding reductions in the rent and food costs charged to workers and food costs charged to workers living in his company town.living in his company town.

• Tactics used by both sides: The union Tactics used by both sides: The union picketed and instigated a national picketed and instigated a national boycott of all Pullman railway cars. boycott of all Pullman railway cars. Pullman obtained a federal injunction Pullman obtained a federal injunction to end the strike.to end the strike.

• Union leadership: Eugene V. Union leadership: Eugene V. Debs was the president of the Debs was the president of the American Railway Union.American Railway Union.

• Role of state or federal Role of state or federal government: President Grover government: President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike and arrest union to end the strike and arrest union leaders.leaders.

• Outcome: The union was broken. Outcome: The union was broken. The Supreme Court upheld The Supreme Court upheld Cleveland’s actions on the Cleveland’s actions on the grounds that the union had grounds that the union had obstructed interstate commerce obstructed interstate commerce and interfered with delivery of and interfered with delivery of the mail.the mail.

Pullman CarsPullman Cars

A Pullman A Pullman porterporter

The Pullman Strike of 1894


President Grover Cleveland

President Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card

will be delivered!will be delivered!



Government by injunction!Government by injunction!

The SocialistsThe Socialists

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

M Violence was justified to Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.overthrow capitalism.

I W W & the InternationaleI W W & the

Internationale

The Hand That Will Rule the World One

Big Union

The Hand That Will Rule the World One

Big Union

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”

M Mary Harris.Mary Harris.

M Organizer for theOrganizer for theUnited MineUnited MineWorkers.Workers.

M Founded the Founded the SocialSocialDemocratic Party Democratic Party in 1898.in 1898.

M One of the One of the founding founding members of the I. members of the I. W. W. in 1905.W. W. in 1905.

The “Bread & Roses” Strike

The “Bread & Roses” Strike

DEMANDS:DEMANDS:

15¢/hr. wage increase.15¢/hr. wage increase.

Double pay for overtime.Double pay for overtime.

No discrimination against strikers.No discrimination against strikers.

An end to “speed-up” on the An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line.assembly line.

An end to discrimination againstAn end to discrimination againstforeign immigrant workers.foreign immigrant workers.

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912


Lawrence Strike (1912)Lawrence Strike (1912)• Conditions: Low wages were the Conditions: Low wages were the

central issue. central issue. • Tactics used by both sides: The union Tactics used by both sides: The union

promoted socialism. The company promoted socialism. The company hired strikebreakers and asked the hired strikebreakers and asked the governor of Massachusetts for governor of Massachusetts for assistance.assistance.

• Union leadership: The Industrial Union leadership: The Industrial Workers at the World (IWW) were led Workers at the World (IWW) were led by Joseph Ettor, “Big Bill” Haywood, by Joseph Ettor, “Big Bill” Haywood, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.

• Role of state or federal Role of state or federal government: The governor called government: The governor called in the state militia to maintain in the state militia to maintain order and protect the order and protect the strikebreakers.strikebreakers.

• Outcome: The strike was settled, Outcome: The strike was settled, and workers received a pay raise. and workers received a pay raise. Amnesty was granted to the Amnesty was granted to the strikers. strikers.



The “Formul

a”

The “Formul

a”

unions unions + violence + strikes + socialists + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants immigrants = anarchistsanarchists

Labor Union MembershipLabor Union Membership

“Solidarity Forever!”by Ralph Chapin (1915)

“Solidarity Forever!”by Ralph Chapin (1915)

When the union's inspiration When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, through the workers‘ blood shall run,There can be no power greater There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; anywhere beneath the sun;Yet what force on earth is weaker Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, than the feeble strength of one,But the union makes us strong! But the union makes us strong!

CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!

Come On Come On and and

Sing Along!!Sing Along!!

Come On Come On and and

Sing Along!!Sing Along!!

“Solidarity Forever!”“Solidarity Forever!”Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite,Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might?Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight?For the union makes us strong!


“Solidarity Forever!”“Solidarity Forever!” * * * *

Through our sisters and our brothersThrough our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, we can make our union strong,For respect and equal value, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. we have done without too long.We no longer have to tolerate We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, injustices and wrongs,Yes, the union makes us strong!Yes, the union makes us strong!


Workers Benefits Today

Workers Benefits Today

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

Right-to-Work States Today

Right-to-Work States Today

The Grange MovementThe Grange Movement• The National Grange of the Order of The National Grange of the Order of

Patrons of Husbandry, also simply Patrons of Husbandry, also simply styled the Grange, is a fraternal styled the Grange, is a fraternal organization for American farmers that organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and together for their common economic and political good. Founded in 1867 after the political good. Founded in 1867 after the Civil War, it is the oldest surviving Civil War, it is the oldest surviving agricultural organization in America, agricultural organization in America, though now much diminished from the though now much diminished from the over one million members it had in its over one million members it had in its peak in the 1890s through the 1950s. peak in the 1890s through the 1950s.

• In addition to serving as a In addition to serving as a center for many farming center for many farming communities, the Grange was communities, the Grange was an effective special interest an effective special interest group for farmers and their group for farmers and their agendas, including fighting agendas, including fighting railroad monopolies and railroad monopolies and pushing for rural mail pushing for rural mail deliveries. deliveries.

Supreme Court DecisionsSupreme Court Decisions

• Companies facing regulation Companies facing regulation under the so-called Granger under the so-called Granger laws challenged the laws in laws challenged the laws in court. In the landmark case of court. In the landmark case of Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court decided that a Supreme Court decided that a state could set maximum rates state could set maximum rates for the storage of grain.for the storage of grain.

• But the Supreme Court But the Supreme Court reversed itself in 1886 in the reversed itself in 1886 in the case of Wabash, St Louis, case of Wabash, St Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois and Pacific Railway v. Illinois by declaring that railroad by declaring that railroad rates set by state laws rates set by state laws interfered with Congress’s interfered with Congress’s exclusive power to regulate exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.interstate commerce.

Problems experienced by Problems experienced by small farmerssmall farmers

• Farmers were at the mercy of banks, Farmers were at the mercy of banks, merchants, and the railroads. merchants, and the railroads. Farmers also lacked the capital to Farmers also lacked the capital to purchase expensive farm machinery purchase expensive farm machinery and equipment. Additional expenses and equipment. Additional expenses included shipping and storing their included shipping and storing their crops. While farm production tripled crops. While farm production tripled in the last three decades of the 19th in the last three decades of the 19th century, prices that farmers received century, prices that farmers received fell by about 75 percent. Falling fell by about 75 percent. Falling prices and rising costs increased prices and rising costs increased farmers’ debts and led to numerous farmers’ debts and led to numerous bank foreclosures in which farmers bank foreclosures in which farmers lost their lands. lost their lands.

The PopulistsThe Populists• The Populists tried to help farmers The Populists tried to help farmers

by supporting the free coinage of by supporting the free coinage of silver. This policy was designed to silver. This policy was designed to induce inflation, raise farm prices, induce inflation, raise farm prices, and provide relief for debt-ridden and provide relief for debt-ridden farmers. (Inflation traditionally farmers. (Inflation traditionally benefits debtors like farmers, benefits debtors like farmers, because the value of money repaid because the value of money repaid is worth less than when money was is worth less than when money was borrowed.) The Populists hoped to borrowed.) The Populists hoped to realize their inflationary plans by realize their inflationary plans by supporting William Jennings Bryan, supporting William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for the Democratic candidate for president. president.

• Unfortunately for the farmers and Unfortunately for the farmers and the Populists, Bryan was defeated. the Populists, Bryan was defeated. Although the Populists were unable Although the Populists were unable to accomplish much for the farmers, to accomplish much for the farmers, they paved the way for the they paved the way for the Progressive movement, which Progressive movement, which followed them. Theodore Roosevelt, followed them. Theodore Roosevelt, a popular Progressive president, a popular Progressive president, helped farmers by cracking down on helped farmers by cracking down on railroads’ abuses and strengthening railroads’ abuses and strengthening the Interstate Commerce the Interstate Commerce Commission.Commission.

Documents

Chapter 8 Sections 3+4 Chapter 8 Sections 3+4 Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900