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Chapter 8 Sections 1-4. By: Kelsey Garrison Brittany Ramsey. S eismology. The study of earthquakes. The scientists who study the earthquakes are called seismologists. Fault. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 8Sections 1-4
By:Kelsey GarrisonBrittany Ramsey
Seismology• The study of earthquakes. The
scientists who study the earthquakes are called seismologists.
Fault• A break in the Earth’s crust along
which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another. Earthquakes occur along faults due to this sliding.
Deformation • The change in the shape of a rock in
response to stress. • Rock along a fault deforms mainly in two
ways-in a plastic manner, like a piece of molded clay, or in a n elastic manner, like a rubber band.
Elastic rebound• The sudden return of elastically
deformed rock to its original shape. • Elastic rebound occurs when more
stress is applied to rock than the rock can withstand.
Seismic waves• Waves of energy that travel through the
earth.• Different types of seismic waves travel at
different speeds and move the materials that they travel through differently.
P waves• Travel through solids, liquids, and
gases-fastest seismic waves. Because p waves are always the first seismic waves to be detected, they are also called primary waves.
S waves• Shear waves-second fastest seismic
wave. Also, S waves are slower than P waves and always arrive second; thus, they are also called secondary waves.
Seismographs• Are instruments located at or near
the surface of the earth that record seismic waves.
Seismogram• A tracing of earthquake motion
created by a seismograph. • Seismologists use seismograms
to calculate when an earthquake started.
Epicenter• Thon the Earth’s e point surface directly above an
earthquakes starting point. • The most common method by which
seismologists find an earthquake’s epicenter is the
Focus• The point inside the Earth where
an earthquake begins.
Gap hypothesis• States that sections of active faults
that have had relatively few earthquakes are likely to be the sites of strong earthquakes in the future.
Seismic gaps• The areas along a fault where relatively
few earthquakes have occurred.
Moho• A place within the Earth
where the speed of seismic waves increases sharply. It marks the boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle.
Shadow zone• An area on the Earth’s surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquakes can be detected.