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Chapter 8: Physical Growth in Preschool Children
8.1 Physical Growth
8.2 Motor Development
8.3 Health and Wellness
8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment
8.1 Physical Growth
Body Growth
Brain Development
Sleep
Body Growth
Growth slows and is more stable during preschool years
Loss of fat and changing proportions
Cartilage turns to bone
Usually have all 20 primary teeth
8.1 Physical Growth
Average Growth During Preschool Years
Changing Body Proportions
Tooth Development
Brain Development
Preschool years a time of rapid growth for brainSynaptic pruning continuesMyelinization continues, particularly of the corpus callosum and sensory and motor regions of the brainBrain becomes more specialized
8.1 Physical Growth
Development of Brain
The Brain
Sleep
Amount of sleep decreases, including giving up naps around 4 years Bedtime struggles occur nightly in 20-30% of children Some children have sleep disturbances: nightmares, night terrors, sleep walking, and bedwetting
8.1 Physical Growth
Hours of Sleep
8.2 Motor Development
Gross-Motor Skills
Fine-Motor Skills
Handedness
Gender Differences in Motor Skills
Gross-Motor Skills
Big improvements in running and hoppingImproved ability to catch and throw a ballAdvanced motor skills lead to unstructured play
8.2 Motor Development
Development of Throwing and Catching
Fine-Motor Skills
Improved dexterity leads to more precise and delicate movements Greater fine-motor skill means that children can feed and dress themselvesBetter grip of writing implements means improved drawings
8.2 Motor Development
Stages of Drawing
HandednessBy 2 years, most children show a clear hand preference, 90% are right-handedLeft-handed people are more likely to have migraines, allergies, and language-based problemsLefties are more likely to be artistically and spatially talented
8.2 Motor Development
Gender Differences in Motor Skills
Boys tend to be more muscular and more activeBoys better at running and throwingGirls tend to be better at balancing, hopping, skipping, and fine-motor activities
8.2 Motor Development
8.3 Health and Wellness
Nutrition
Threats to Children’s Development
Nutrition
Preschoolers need to eat less per pound than infants and toddlers Some preschoolers become picky eatersParents should encourage a well-balanced diet
8.3 Health and Wellness
Threats to Children’s Development
Minor illnesses are common (7-8 colds per year)Chronic illness, except asthma, is not common in childhoodStress and poverty are more likely to lead to injury and illnessHospital stays can be made less traumatic
8.3 Health and Wellness
8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment
Consequences of Maltreatment
Causes of Maltreatment
Preventing Maltreatment
Consequences of Maltreatment
When children are abused, their social, emotional, and intellectual development is often affectedAs adults, children who were abused are more prone to depression and anxiety
8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment
Causes of MaltreatmentCultural and social factors--cultural attitudes, poverty, social isolationParental--unhappy adults with limited parenting skillsChildren--very young and ill children more often targets as are stepchildren
8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment
Preventing Maltreatment
Change attitudes toward acceptable punishmentEliminating poverty and other stressors Providing parents with better parenting and coping skills and social support
8.4 Child Neglect and Maltreatment
