Chapter 8 P. 121-141 America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783

DVDs America: The Story of Us Disc 1 Revolution Chapter 4 Saratoga Founding Fathers Volume 2 You Say You Want a Revolution

American Revolution British 7.5 million Wealth/naval power Army 50,000 Hired mercenaries Hessians 50,000 American Tories/Loyalists Served in British army Some as spies Older generation Many fled to England @ 80,000 left Indians Colonists 2.5 million No funds Wretched militia Patriots Outstanding leadership Washington Franklin Adamses Jefferson Marquis de Lafayette

Londoninept/confused Generals second rate Soldiers capable but brutally treated Provisions scarce 3,000 miles away Orders three-month delays American geography 1,000 x 600 miles No main city Self-sustaining Tough, resilient Marksmen Moral advantage Belief in a just cause Poorly organized Lacked unity Jealousy among the states Money problems Military supplies few Manufactured goods in short supply Profiteering American Revolution British Colonists

Colonial Army Poorly clothed and fed A few thousand regulars General Baron Friedrich von Steuben Recruited by Franklin Organizational genius Trained the troops February 23, 1778 arrived in the camp at Valley Forge Held their own against the British Blacks at Trenton, Brandywine, Saratoga Profiteering hurt the army Some colonials sold to British because British paid in gold Benedict Arnold/traitor Baron von Steuben

Baron Friedrich Von Steuben (1730-1794) German officer who served with the Continental Army by training the forces stationed at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778

Philadelphia All thirteen colonies Agreed to raise a Continental Army in case the petition failed Elected George Washington commander of the army Immense moral strength of character Patience, courage, discipline, justice Served without pay July 1775 Wrote an Olive Branch petition Loyalty to crown Last ditch effort to reconcile with the King Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 The Great Seal of the United States Created in 1782 E Pluribus Unum Out of many, one.

George Washington

Independence Hall May 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened at the State House (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia.

Washington Taking Command of the Army at Cambridge July 1775, General George Washington assumed command of the Continental Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Marquis de Lafayette Gave America not only his military services but $200,000 of his private funds. He returned to France after the American Revolution to play a role in the French Revolution.

Following the Continental Congress August 1775 George III proclaimed Colonies in rebellion Thus treason if continue September 1775 Arranged to hire Hessian mercenaries November, 1775 Congress learned George III once again refused to look at the colonial petition Americans still affirmed loyalty to the king, however Raised an army Shot kings troops War of inconsistency fought from April 1775 to July 1776

Portrait of King George (1738-1820) by Thomas Gainsborough King George III ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution

Battles of Ticonderoga and Crown Point May 1775 Upper New York Benedict Arnold Ethan Allen Henry Knox Led a small force and Surprised and captured the British garrisons and gunpowder and artillery that would have been used against Boston Thus Boston protected Major General Henry Knox

Major General Henry Knox (1750-1806) by John Francis Eugene Prud'homme American general during the Revolution, the first Secretary of War under the U.S. Constitution. Knox is well known for bringing captured British artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston in 1776.

Revolution in the North 1775-1776

Battle of Bunker Hill June 1775 Breeds Hill Seized by sharpshooting colonials Mowed down British Ran out of ammunition British took the hill, however Cost was frightful slaughter of British troops Moral victory for colonials After Bunker Hill George III proclaimed colonies in rebellion

Bunker Hill Monument The first major battle of the Revolution June 1775 Saw over 1,000 British and 450 American casualties

Common Sense Thomas Paine January, 1776 75 page pamphlet Called for independence and creation of a new political societydemocratic republic Power flowed from the people Popular consent Written to convince people why the colonies should be independent of Britain Used Enlightenment ideas to convince the common man that separation was necessary Directly answered the arguments that loyalists gave for why we should not separate

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration

Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin by Joseph Siffred Duplessis

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Richard Henry Lee June 1776 These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states Continental Congress assigned a Five man committee Robert R. Livingston and Roger Sherman Ben Franklin and John Adams did not want to write it Thomas Jefferson (33 years old) got the job Borrowed from John Locke Radical Formal statement against a king and a legitimate government Heated debate over nine months Made with an eye to foreign opinion John Hancock first to sign 55 others signed

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson of Virginia Chosen to write a declaration separating the colonies from Great Britain June 10-28, 1776-Jefferson wrote the Declaration June 28, 1776-Declaration presented to Congress June 28-July 2, 1776-Delegates edited the document July 2, 1776-Continental Congress voted for independence July 4, 1776-Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence July 5, 1776- 100-200 broadsides (poster size copies) made in Philadelphia

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self evident: That all men are created equal: that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness: that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed: that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government

Declaration of Independence Signers All protestant and white Only one Catholic One third were slave holders Washington had the Declaration read aloud in camp New Yorkers marking the adoption of the Declaration brought down the George III statue

Pulling Down the Statue of George III by William Walcutt A statue of George III, standing in the Bowling Green in New York City, was one of the first casualties of the American Revolution; colonists marked the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by pulling it down. Much of the metal was melted to make bullets, but in the twentieth century the head--largely intact--was unearthed in Connecticut.

Declaration Copies rushed to the 13 colonies and the sites of the Continental Army to be read aloud to the people July 19, 1776 Congress ordered an official copy to be printed on parchment paper August 2, 1776 most members of Congress signed the Declaration Historians are not sure if King George himself ever received a copy of the Declaration Declaration was not so much to tell the King but for the Congress to let the colonists know that their delegates had agreed on independence and to get ready to fight for it No longer fighting for rights as Englishmen, from July 4, 1776, Americans fighting for creation of a separate nation

Drafting the Declaration of Independence by Jean Leon Ferris Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Jefferson drafted the Declaration drawing from established political philosophy justifying the need for independence. Franklin and Adams helped revise.

Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull, 1817 Jefferson delivers the Declaration, July 4, 1776 to the Continental Congress

Liberty Bell Rung to celebrate the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776 in Philadelphia

Battle of Long Island New York July 1776 Battle to protect New York British fleet arrived 500 ships 35,000 men Largest armed force in America General William Howe led the British General George Washington Outnumbered18,000 ill-trained Outmaneuvered Humiliating defeat Disasterlost 1,500 men Washington managed to evacuate 10,000 troops in the fog General Howe failed to finish the job A storm came in

War in the North 1775-1777 The early phase of the Revolutionary War was dominated by British troop movements in the Boston area, the redcoats' evacuation to Nova Scotia in the spring of 1776, and the subsequent British invasion of New York and New Jersey.

Burgoynes Campaign 1776 Britains failed invasion British planned an invasion from Canada to Capture the Hudson Valley Led by General John Burgoyne American General Benedict Arnold planned 15 boats Recruited 800 men to blockade Lake Champlain Oct 1776 British flotilla attacked American fleet shattered All boats damaged But bought the patriots time Arnold bought the country another season to fight General Benedict Arnold

Washington Crossing The Delaware by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851 Driven out of New York and into Pennsylvania General George Washington regrouped his army and crossed the Delaware River to launch a victorious surprise attack on Hessian troops. The attack took place in Trenton, New Jersey around Christmas, 1776

Battle of Princeton by James Peale At the Battle of Princeton in early 1777, American forces under George Washington cemented the victory they had won a few days earlier at Trenton. This view was painted in 1787 by James Peale, who fought in the battle.

George Washington and General Mercer at Princeton By John Trumbull 40 Patriots and 275 British soldiers died in the Battle of Princeton. Washington proved victorious and the British abandoned New Jersey.

The American Crisis December 1776 Thomas Paine Brilliant essays, The Crisis Communicated the ideas of the Revolution to common farmers as easily as to intellectuals Creating prose that stirred the hearts of the fledgling United States THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Washington had it read to his troops

Battle of Saratoga October 1777 Upstate New York along Hudson River British bogged down and surrounded Burgoyne surrendered his entire command One of the decisive battles in world history Major turning point in the Revolutionary War Convinced the French to join the war and take sides with the Americans Formal alliance 1778 Americans successful in destroying the British hopes to split the colonies in two Reinvigorated the colonial cause General Benedict Arnolda hero

Burgoyne Surrenders to Gates October 1777 by John Trumbull Battle of Saratoga/Turning point in the war British General John Burgoyne (on the left) surrendered to American General Horatio Gates

General Horatio Gates By Gilbert Stuart

The Burgoyne Campaign Battle of Saratoga Defeat of General John Burgoyne Major turning point in the war Led to the recognition of American independence by France and later by Spain

Valley Forge Dec. 1777- June 1778 10,000 troops camped on the Schuylkill River twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia High ground and position near the river easily defensible Close enough to the Philadelphia to maintain pressure on the British General Friedrich von Steuben Trained the troops Washington in February 1778 sent Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to New Jersey To gather food and cattle for the men Returned with 50 head of cattle and 30 horses In March 1778 disease struck Influenza, typhus, typhoid, and dysentery all erupted

Results of Valley Forge Turning point for those who survived Ill-equipped irregulars became a genuine army of professional soldiers General Von Steuben 2,000 men died at Valley Forge Over two-thirds were killed by disease Outbreaks were eventually contained through Sanitation regulations Inoculations and the work of surgeons Surviving Valley Forge was a moral victory

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters Shows the commander and his friend, the young aristocrat from France, sharing a moment of conversation while soldiers huddle together around a fire. While British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps.

Statue of General Anthony Wayne Valley Forge National Historical Park Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Line of Cannons at Valley Forge By winter of 1777-1778, Washington's forces had relinquished Philadelphia to the British, setting up winter camp in Valley Forge

The Prayer at Valley Forge Troops were low on supplies, starving, and freezing in Valley Forge. Washington said his men displayed patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarce be paralleled.

Original Stars and Stripes 1777 Continental Congress adopted the "Stars and Stripes" as the national flag of the United States.

Campaign of 1777 Fought on two fronts: Along the upper Hudson and Mohawk River valleys, In vicinity of Philadelphia The rebels won in the north. Capture of Philadelphia did the redcoats little good, and they abandoned the city the following year. The British triumphed--at least nominally--in the south.

New YorkPennsylvania Theater 1777-1778

American Revolution in the NORTH 1776-1779

Results of Saratoga Colonial war became a world war 1778-1783 Franco-American Alliance Promised to wage war until U.S. won independence First entangling alliance 1779 Spain entered against Britain 1780 Comte de Rochambeau 6,000 troops arrived in Rhode Island Morale rose

Benedict Arnold General Benedict Arnold Close to Washington Hero of Saratoga Ambitious, greedy, unscrupulous Felt he was not appreciated 1780 Plotted with the British to sell out a key stronghold West Point on the Hudson River Promised money and an officers commission Plot was detected Morale was staggered Washington, Whom can we trust?

Benedict Arnold Handing John Andre Papers Benedict Arnold (1741-1801, on the left) American officer who shifted his allegiances to Britain, handing papers to his British contact Major John Andre. Andre was later captured and Arnold's betrayal exposed.

Nine World Wars DatesIn EuropeIn America 1688-1697War of the League of AugsburgKing Williams War 1689-1697 1701-1713War of Spanish SuccessionQueen Annes War 1702-1713 1740-1748War of Austrian SuccessionKing Georges War 1744-1748 1756-1763Seven Years WarFrench and Indian War 1754-1763 1778-1783War of the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution 1775-1783 1793-1802Wars of the French RevolutionUndeclared French War 1798-1800 1803-1815Napoleonic WarsWar of 1812 1812-1814 1914-1918World War IWorld War I 1917-1918 1939-1945World War IIWorld War II 1941-1945

Southern Campaign British hoped to win because there were so many loyalists Georgia overrun in 1778-1779 Charleston, SC fell in 1780 Warfare in the Carolinas bitter Patriots vs. Loyalists brutal Battle of Kings Mountain 1781 American rifleman wiped out British detachment 1781 General Nathaniel Greene (Fighting Quaker) Strategy of delay Stand, retreat, exhaust the enemy Ultimate success in clearing out most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops

War in the South 17801781

American Revolution in the South 1778-1781

The War in the South The southern war--after the British invasion of Georgia in late 1778--was characterized by a series of British thrusts into the interior, leading to battles with American defenders in both North and South Carolina. Finally, after promising beginnings, Cornwallis's foray into Virginia ended with disaster at Yorktown in October 1781.

1779 South Carolina Continental currency Every state issued paper money to finance its part in the Revolution. Because this currency had little solid backing, it lost value almost immediately. By the time these South Carolina notes were printed, their real value was only 10 percent of their face value. One outcome of such drastic drops in the value of money was that even inelegant dressers like patriot Samuel Adams had to pay $2,000 for a new hat and suit.

War in the West Six Nations of the Iroquois joined Britain Chief Joseph Brant and British Ravaged large areas of backcountry Pennsylvania and New York Even during war, westward movement Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky Illinois country Britain vulnerable to attack George Rogers Clark victories along the Ohio River May have forced the British to cede the region north of the Ohio

George Rogers Clark's Campaign, 17781779

American Revolution in the West 1776-1779

The War in the West, 1776-1782 Carolina militiamen drove attacking Cherokees far back into the Appalachians in 1776. George Roger Clark's victory at Vincennes in 1779 gave the United States effective control of the Ohio valley. In retaliation for their raids on New York and Pennsylvania, John Sullivan inflicted widespread starvation on the Iroquois by burning their villages and winter food supplies in 1779.

American Navy Infant navy Commanded by daring officers John Paul Jones Father of the American navy Destroyed British merchant shipping Privateers Privately owned ships armed and authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping > 1,000 American privateers @ 70,000 men Captured 600 British ships Brought in gold, harassed the enemy, raised morale Unfortunate effect was that it diverted manpower from main war effort British shippers so hurt by privateers and the regular navy that British shippers and manufacturers pressured Parliament for an honorable end to the war John Paul Jones

John Paul Jones (1747-1792) American naval war hero renowned for his victories during the American Revolution.

Second Southern Campaign 1778-1781 Second attempt by Britain to crush the rebellion in the South shows the many battles waged in the Lower South before Cornwallis's encampment at Yorktown and his surrender there. This decisive southern campaign involved all the military resources of the combatants, including British, loyalist, French, and American ground forces and British and French naval fleets.

Yorktown October 19, 1781 Spring 1781 Lafayette persuaded King Louis XVI to Send a fleet to America Admiral Francoise de Grasse Carrying 4,000 fresh troops Arrived at the Chesapeake in August 1781 Surprised, ambushed and mauled British fleet Washington and Rochambeau marched to Virginia 16,000 strong Surrounded British General Charles Cornwallis Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of 7,000 men

Yorktown 1781

Washington before Yorktown by Rembrandt Peale Washington riding his beloved horse, Nelson

Surrender of the British at Yorktown French naval power combined with American military savvy to produce the decisive defeat of the British.

Surrender of Cornwallis By John Trumbull British General Cornwallis formally surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, bringing the American Revolution to a close.

Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon The brilliant young French general appears here with his African-American aide, a Virginia slave named James. Among other services to Lafayette, James spied on Cornwallis before the latter's surrender.

Charles Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis was defeated by American troops at Yorktown, Virginia, assuring the end of the American Revolution.

The British Surrender This article announced the surrender of British General Cornwallis in 1781, assuring an American victory in the war.

Yorktown Battlefield, Virginia 1781 French troops joined American forces at Yorktown, and attacked British fortifications by land and sea. The campaign was successful. British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered.

Treaty of Paris 1783 Benjamin Franklin John Adams John Jaymade secret overtures to London Instructions from Congress Make no separate peace Consult the French at every stage TERMS 1. British formal recognition of INDEPENDENCE 2. Generous boundaries West to Mississippi River North to Great Lakes South to Spanish Florida 3. Retain a share in fisheries in Newfoundland

Treaty of Paris 1783 Painting by Benjamin West American delegates John Jay, John Adams, Ben Franklin, Henry Laurens and William Temple Franklin. Painting is unfinished. The British delegation refused to pose.

Results of Treaty of Paris 1783 Britain gave generous terms to U.S. to woo Americans from the French France formally approved the terms Relieved the conflict was over Did not want to deal with concessions to Spain

Treaty of Paris 1783

Washington Resigns as Commander-in-Chief by John Trumbull Following the signing of the Treaty of Paris, 1781 Washington retired as commander in chief of the Continental Army, allowing the setup of a true republic.

Fourth of July Fireworks in New York City Fireworks are a major part of the traditional Fourth of July celebration. New York City is known for putting on one of the largest and most elaborate displays.

Documents

Chapter 8 P. 121-141 America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783