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Chapter 8 Growing Tensions. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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With the number of new American settlers moving into Texas, things are getting tense. Students should be able to recognize the reasons for the tensions between the Mexican Government and the new Texans (mostly former Americans) that eventually lead to the Texas Revolution.
The key events to focus on –Constitution of 1824Fredonian RebellionMeir y Teran’s ReportLaw of April 6, 1830Affair at AnahuacArrest and Imprisonment of Stephen F. Austin
Mexico City
POWER
POW
ER
POWER
Federalists – power should be shared between the states and the national government
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1824Written by the Federalist government:
• Divided Mexico into 19 states and 4 territories• Combined Coahuila and Tejas as one state---Coahuila y Tejas.• Texas could become a single Mexican state after it’s population grew large enough• Out of the 12 members of the state legislature that met in Saltillo, Texas could have only 1
Federalists mostly left the American settlers in Texas alone
Ch. 7 Review
Mexico Constitution of 1824• In the new constitution, the republic took the name of
United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic
• Federal Republic – A federation of states in which affairs of state are a "public matter" not the private concern of the rulers in which public offices are subsequently appointed or elected rather than privately accommodated.
• POWER OF THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE
Chapter 8; Section 1 The Difficulties Begin
(1826-1830)
Republic of FredoniaMier y TeranLaw of April 6, 1830
Fredonian Revolt1825 - Haden Edwards was awarded a large piece of land as an empresario --
•He was allowed to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches
•When Edwards arrived at his land (in September) he discovered that there were already people living there (many had been there for generations)
•MINE! No, it’s MINE!!
•The Political chief in the area sided with the settlers (against Edwards)
•Edward’s brother, Benjamin, thought the only way to solve the problem was to declare his colony independent from Mexico… so both he AND his brother did! Ack!
- The brothers got 15 -30 armed settlers and took the Old Stone Fort (Dec. 16)
- They raised a red and white flag that said, “Independence, Liberty and Justice”
- Called it the Republic of Fredonia
- The Mexican government (with the help of Stephen F. Austin) sent troops to Nacogdoches to stop the revolt. (January)
- Some Fredonians were captured but most of them ran across the Sabine River (border) into the United States … the revolt was over.
So . . .
EVENT: WHEN? WHO? WHERE? WHAT?1 -
Fredonian Revolt
December
16, 1826
Haden Edwards Benjamin
Edwards15-30 Armed
settlers
Nacogdoches
Republic of Fredonia
Revolted against Mexican
governmentAnd created
republic,Mexican army
responds and revolt collapses
•The Mexican government wanted to know what the heck was going on in Texas so the sent General Mier y Teran to investigate.
• Teran told the Mexican government that Texans outnumbered Mexicans in East Texas at least 5 to 1.
• Worried about the growing American influence in Texas.
• He also told the government that if they didn’t do something that Texas would be “lost forever.”
Effects of the Fredonian Revolt
EVENT: WHEN? WHO? WHERE? WHAT?
1 -Fredonian Revolt
December 16, 1826
Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards15-30 Armed settlers
NacogdochesRepublic of
Fredonia
Revolted against Mexican governmentAnd created republic,Mexican army responds and
revolt collapses2 – Mier y
Teran
Report
1828 Inspection party led by
General Manuel de
Mier y Teran
Sent to East
Texas
Found Anglos outnumbered
Mexicans 5 to 1.Recommended Mexico
act or Texas would be “lost
forever”
Mexico City
POWER
POW
ER
POWER
Centralists – power should be concentrated in the central government of Mexico City
•LAW OF APRIL 6, 1830
• Stopped all immigration from the UNITED STATES
• Issued a decree (law) abolishing slavery in Mexico (including Texas)
• Suspended empresario contracts
• Encouraged immigration from MEXICO AND EUROPE
• Placed customs duties (taxes) on goods made in foreign countries (the United States)
Texans DID NOT like the new laws the Centralists were putting in place.
THEY SAID IT VIOLATED THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS (The Constitution of 1824)
CENTRALISTS CAME INTO POWER IN 1829
EVENT: WHEN? WHO? WHERE? WHAT?
1 -Fredonian Revolt
December 16, 1826
Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards15-30 Armed settlers
NacogdochesRepublic of
Fredonia
Revolted against Mexican governmentAnd created republic,Mexican army responds
and revolt collapses2 – Mier y
Teran Report
1828 Inspection party led by General Manuel de
Mier y Teran
Sent to East Texas
Found Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1
Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever”3 -Law of
April 6, 1830
April 6, 1830
Mexican Government
Texas Settlers
Texas/Mexico
Stops US immigration,
Suspended empresario
Contracts, Encourages
Mexican and European
settlement, set up forts,
Discouraged foreign (US)
trade
Chapter 8; Section 2Rebellions!!!!!
1831-1832Anahuac protestTurtle Bayou ResolutionsConventions of 1832 and 1833
1st Anahuac ConflictAnahuac was a port where the Mexicans would collect taxes on imported goods
The taxes were meant to raise money for Mexico and to encourage INTERNAL trade within Mexico (and not always with the US)
Juan (John) Bradburn was the Mexican commander at Anahuac
Bradburn did not always treat the Texans well… they had several disagreements
Finally, in May 1832, after Bradburn arrested William B. Travis and Patrick Jack for interfering with his efforts to enforce the laws, the settlers had had it
The Texans demanded Travis’ and Jack’s release… when Bradburn refused, there was a small battle (skirmish)
The colonists realized they needed more fire-power so they sent one of the settlers (JOHN Austin) to get a cannon from Brazoria
While he was gone…
EVENT: WHEN? WHO? WHERE? WHAT?
1 -Fredonian Revolt
December 16, 1826
Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards15-30 Armed settlers
NacogdochesRepublic of
Fredonia
Revolted against Mexican governmentAnd created republic,Mexican army responds
and revolt collapses2 – Mier y
Teran Report
1828 Inspection party led by General Manuel de
Mier y Teran
Sent to East Texas
Found Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1
Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever”3 -Law of April
6, 1830April 6,
1830
Mexican GovernmentTexas Settlers
Texas/Mexico Stops US immigration, Suspended contractsEncourages Europeansettlement, set up forts,Discouraged foreign trade
4. Anahuac
May 1832
Bradburn-colonist Anahuac Bradburn arrests Travis and Jack, 160 settlers marched to Anahuac. Bradburn agreed to release prisoners if settlers retreated, but did not release prisoners
Turtle Bayou Resolutions (June 13, 1832)
– The Texans said they were still loyal citizens of Mexico (they were NOT rebelling against Mexican authority)
– Supported Santa Anna’s revolt against the Centralists in Mexico (President Bustamante) because they were ignoring the Constitution of 1824
– Santa Anna had said that HE supported the Constitution of 1824
EVENT: WHEN? WHO? WHERE? WHAT?
1 -Fredonian Revolt
December 16, 1826
Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards15-30 Armed settlers
NacogdochesRepublic of
Fredonia
Revolted against Mexican governmentAnd created republic,Mexican army responds
and revolt collapses2 – Mier y
Teran Report
1828 Inspection party led by General Manuel de
Mier y Teran
Sent to East Texas
Found Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1
Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever”3 -Law of April
6, 1830April 6,
1830
Mexican GovernmentTexas Settlers
Texas/Mexico Stops US immigration, Suspended contractsEncourages Europeansettlement, set up forts,Discouraged foreign trade
4. Anahuac May 1832
Bradburn-colonist Anahuac Bradburn arrests Travis andJack, 160 settlers marchedTo Anahuac, Bradburn agreed to release prisoners if settlers retreated, but did not release prisoners5 – Turtle
Bayou
Resolutions
June 13, 1832
Settlers and Mexican Government
Mexico & Texas
Anahuac (Turtle
Bayou)
Declared loyalty toMexico and support
forSanta Anna
While the colonists at Turtle Bayou (Anahuac) were making nice…
John Austin (the guy who went to get the cannon was having problems getting the cannon through the port at Velasco (a different port on the TX coast)
Colonel Ugartechea (the Mexican commander at Velasco) thought they were rebels and wouldn’t let them through the port.
Fighting followed and there were casualties on both sides. Eventually, the Mexicans ran out of ammunition and surrendered.
John Austin made it back to Anahuac (Turtle Bayou) with the cannon only to find out that Travis and Jack had already been set free! Oh well.
EVENT: WHEN? WHO? WHERE? WHAT?
1 -Fredonian Revolt
December 16, 1826
Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards15-30 Armed settlers
NacogdochesRepublic of
Fredonia
Revolted against Mexican governmentAnd created republic,Mexican army responds
and revolt collapses
2 – Mier y Teran
Report
1828 Inspection party led by General Manuel de
Mier y Teran
Sent to East Texas
Found Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1
Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever”3 -Law of April
6, 1830April 6,
1830
Mexican GovernmentTexas Settlers
Texas/Mexico Stops US immigration, Suspended contractsEncourages Europeansettlement, set up forts,Discouraged foreign trade
4. Anahuac May 1832
Bradburn-colonist Anahuac Bradburn arrests Travis andJack, 160 settlers marchedTo Anahuac, Bradburn agreed to release prisoners if settlers retreated, but did not release prisoners5 – Turtle
Bayou
Resolutions
June 13, 1832
Settlers and Mexican Government
Mexico & TexasAnahuac (Turtle Bayou)
Declared loyalty toMexico and support forSanta Anna
6 - Battle of Velasco
June26,
1832
Col. Domingo de Urgartechea-
Mexican LeaderJohn Austin- Texan Leader
Velasco Mexico surrendered Texians won
Finally in 1833, Santa Anna became president of Mexico… most Texans were happy… because he had declared himself to be a FEDERALIST… he had promised to support the Constitution of 1824… which is what the Texans wanted…
I am a Federalist. NO, I am a Centralist
CONVENTIONS OF 1832 (October 1)A meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives or delegates, for discussion of and action on particular matters of common concern
• Stephen F. Austin was elected president of these conventions
• Some guy named Sam Houston shows up at the second one
• Discussed 5 major issues
1. Texas should be made a separate state (no more Coahuila!)
2. Immigration from the U.S. should be allowed again
3. Texans be exempt from certain import taxes
4. They would receive better educational facilities
5. Better protection from the Native Americans
Convention of 1833 (April 1)
• Adopted similar resolutions to those of the Convention of 1832.
• However, this convention also prepared a constitution for the proposed Mexican state of Texas.
WHO’S GOING TO TELL SANTA ANNA?
The delegates decided to send Stephen F. Austin to Mexico to present their resolutions to Mexico City
He left right after the convention, in April 1833
EVENT: WHEN?
WHO? WHERE? WHAT?
7 - Convention of 1832
October 1, 1832
58 delegates San Felipe Colonist request Texas a separate
Mexican state, immigration be
allowed, Resolutions were
drawn, but not presented8 .
Convention of 1833
April 1,1833
Delegates(Included Stephen F.
Austin and Sam Houston)
San Felipe Adopted resolutions. Wrote
Constitution. Austin took this to
Mexico City
Chapter 8; Section 3Increased Tensions
1833-1835Cholera epidemicStephen F. Austin imprisonedGeneral CosConsultation of 1835
Cholera Epidemic in Mexico CityIn July 1833, Austin arrives in Mexico City as a cholera epidemic is sweeping through the city
Austin’s meeting with Santa Anna is delayed because Santa Anna had left Mexico City… he did not want to be in the city while so many people were dying of cholera
Austin gets frustrated (he had been waiting for 3 months) and writes a letter to the delegates in San Antonio telling them to go ahead and form their own government
In November, Santa Anna finally meets with Austin and agrees to some of the resolutions… mainly doing away with the law restricting immigration
• Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected person
Austin gets thrown in prisonAustin leaves Mexico City in
December 1833 to head back to Texas
In the meanwhile, the Mexican authorities in Saltillo had read Austin’s letter to the delegates in Texas… they weren’t too happy…
Austin is arrested in January 1834 and sent BACK to Mexico City
Texans were appalled… they asked for Austin’s release…
• After being imprisoned for 1 ½ years, Austin was finally given his freedom in July of 1835…
• he got back to Texas that September –over 2 years since leaving!!!
While Austin was in Prison• The cholera epidemic also killed colonists; including 8
members of Austin’s family• In the Fall of 1833, malaria also hit the colonists due to
heavy rains in East Texas• 1834 was better because reforms Santa Anna promised
began –– English became official language– Immigrants from U.S. were allowed in– Improved courts– Increased number of Texas representatives in the state legislature
of Coahuila– Religious tolerance was granted
In early 1835, trouble began again in Anahuac!The Texans were complaining about how the taxes at Anahuac
were being collected unfairly. Several Texans were thrown in jail. ANOTHER battle was started and the Mexican official at Anahuac was forced to surrender and leave Texas!
Some Texans disagreed with what the Texans had done and wrote a letter of apology to General Martin Perfecto de Cos, Santa Anna’s brother-in-law and commander of the Mexican forces in Coahuila.
“Apology NOT accepted!”
He arrested the offending Texans (including Lorenzo de Zavala)
Oh yeah… BTW Santa Anna has become an evil Centralist
Consultation of 1835August 15, 1835, leaders in the town of Columbia issued a call for a convention so people could discuss the situation with Cos and Santa Anna.
This convention was known as the CONSULTATION and was held at Washington-on-the-Brazos on October 15.
Colonists had mixed opinions --
War PartyThought Santa Anna had become a dictator (not good) and war was their only option
Peace PartyThought war should be avoided at all costs and war should be avoided at all costs
“War is our only recourse. There is not other remedy. We must
defend our rights, ourselves, and our country by force of arms.”
Stephen F. Austin