CHAPTER 8

GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS

AGGREGATE VS. GROUP AGGREGATE SAME TIME & PLACE

ONLY NO SHARED VALUES IRREGULAR

INTERACTION NO IDENTITY

GROUP REGULAR PATTERN

OF INTERACTION AGREED TO NORMS

& VALUES ROLES DEF-SET OF PEOPLE

WHO IDENTIFY WITH ONE ANOTHER, INTERACT IN INFORMAL WAYS WITH COMMON VALUES

GROUP DYNAMICS RECURRING SOCIAL PATTERNS **SIZE HAS A LARGE IMPACT ON DYNAMICS DYAD-

NO MEDIATOR OR INTRUDERS TRIAD

ONE MEMBER CAN FIX CONFLICT OR ABSTAIN FROM THE GROUP

BEYOND 3 DIVISION OF LABOR DECREASED QUALITY OF COMMUNICATION &

AMOUNT

LEADERSHIP PATTERNS

DIRECT TASKS=INSTRUMENTAL LEADER

MAINTAIN GOOD RELATIONSHIP=EXPRESSIVE LEADER

4 STAGES OF DECISION-MAKING

1-ORENTATION 2-EVALUATE POSSIBILITIES 3-ELIMINATE UNDESIRABLES 4-NORMALIZE RELATIONSHIPS

**GROUP THINK*** Watergate, War in Iraq

TYPES OF GROUPS IN GROUPS

Boundary between groups=values

Use conflict from outside to keep group together

OUTGROUPS

REFERENCE GROUPS Provides standards of

behavior

PRIMARY Face to face

interaction Strong personal

identity Long term SECONDARY Limited Weak ties Shallow relationships Weak identity

GROUP SURVIVAL BASED ON LEVEL OF COMMITMENT 6 steps to a Greedy Group- Kanter study of Amish

SACRIFICE INVESTMENT RENUNCIATION COMMUNION MORTIFICATION TRANSCENDENCE

FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

1- ORGANIZE LARGE NUMBERS

2-INTEGRATE DIVERSE TASKS

3-DECREASE OPPOSITION CO-OPTATION

WEBER’S IDEAL BUREAUCRACY

1-SPECIALIZATION 2-HEIRARCHY OF OFFICES 3-RULES 4-IMPERSONALITY 5-REWARDS BASED ON MERIT

REALITIES OF LARGE GROUPS 1-INFORMAL NORMS

HAWTHORNE STUDY 2-RITUALISM

Rules more important than results 3-PARKINSONS’ LAW

Work expands to fill available hours 4-PROTECT INEPT

Peter Principle

MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING GROUPS

1-ADAPTATION—MICROSOFT

2-SELECTION

STUDY OF 2 CORPORATIONS MITSUBISHI LIFETIME

EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION BASED

ON SENIORITY GROUP

ACHIEVEMENTS CONCERN FOR

HEALTH & WELFARE OF EMPLOYEES

VOLVO NO ASSEMBLY LINE MORE CREATIVE—

ROTATE JOBS LESS PRODUCTIVITY WORK AS A TEAM—

NO FLOOR MANAGERS

GOV’T GUARANTEES FULL EMPLOYMENT

HIGH ABSENTEEISM