Upload
hugh-patrick
View
219
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 8: Adding a Disk—
Unix Hard Disk Basics
Installation and Configuration
Barry Kane CMSC-691X
Basic Steps
• Choose Disk
• Install Hardware
• Create Device Files
• Partition
• Format file system
• Configure, Label, & Mount
Choose Disk
• SCSI
• IDE (ATA)
• Fibre Channel
• USB
• FireWire (IEEE 1394 or iLink)
SCSI
• Small Computer System Interface
• 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 MB/sec.
• 7 to 15 devices per bus
• Good at arbitrating multiple bus requests
The Evolution of SCSIVersion Freq. Width Speed Len Diff. Len
SCSI-1 5 MHz 8 bits 5 MB/s 6m 25m
SCSI-2 5 MHz 8 bits 5 MB/s 6m 25m
Fast SCSI-2 10 MHz 8 bits 10 MB/s 3m 25m
F/W SCSI-2 10 MHz 16 bits 20 MB/s 3m 25m
Ultra SCSI 20 MHz 8 bits 20 MB/s 1.5 25m
W-U SCSI 20 MHz 16 bits 40 MB/s 1.5 25m
W-U2 SCSI 40 MHz 16 bits 80 MB/s — 25m (HVD)
12m (LVD)
W-U3 SCSI 80 MHz 16 bits 160 MB/s — 12m (LVD)
IDE
• Integrated Drive Electronics
• Inexpensive
• competes for bus access (only one at a time)
• max 2 devices/bus
• Dependent on BIOS– First 1024 cylinders for boot access
Connect the Disk
• IDE- choose master or slave, and IDE bus number
• SCSI - make sure cables are properly terminated. Pick device number.
Low Level Format
• Make sure device entry exists (/dev/xxxx)
• Format the disk using manufactures programs -- most disks come preformated
Partition
• fdisk, pdisk, cdisk• File systems and swap
– ext2– Fat32– Unix– Swap– HFS– Others....
Create File System
• Unix, Swap, or other file systems
• mkfs or newfs
• Check the file system - fsck– Also used to repair a fs with the -r option– Can walk through the fstab file and check
partitions in the order specified by the Pass parameter
Label and Mount
• mount & umount– mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom– umount /mnt/cdrom– mount -a
Label and Mount
• /etc/fstab file– Device file or virtual file system– Mount point– File system type– Options– Dump– Pass#
fstab file example# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#
/dev/wd0s1b none swap sw 0 0
/dev/wd0s1a / ufs rw 1 1
/dev/wd0s1f /usr ufs rw 2 2
/dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro, noauto 0 0
proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
server:/export /server nfs rw 0 0
Adding a Disk to Red Hat Linux
• Install new disk– IDE
• make sure bios can recognize
– SCSI• scan SCSI bus for ID conflict
• SCSI bios can low level format
• if no interface boot to see if you must install a SCSI driver before the kernel can recognize the disk
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• Ignore initial warnings about the partition table — partitioning after system booted
• First check to see if device files exist– form /dev/sdXN– first on chain, first partition /dev/sda1
• If no device file then make them– /dev/MAKEDEV script
• e.g., # cd /dev # ./MAKEDEV sda
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• Ready for partitioning — fdisk– many variations — read man page for system
• Good to make first partition small to ensure for old BIOS and other operating systems
• Warning if greater than 1024 cylinders– for runtime software (e.g., LILO)– other OS boot & partition software
• e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• fdisk program– interactive — press m for command list– command list
• n to create a new partition• t to change the partition type• p to print the partition table• w to write the partition table to disk
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
– nothing changed on disk until you tell fdisk to write the partition table
• room for four “primary” partitions but can”extend” by pointing to another table with four more
Command (m for help): new
e extended
p primary partition (1-4): p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (256-5721, default 256): 256
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (256-1275, default 1275): 511
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont• 2nd partition — create a swap partition
– change type to LINUX SWAP
• 3rd partition — remainder of disk
Command (m for help): type
Partition number (1-4): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap)
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• Review Command (m for help) print
Command (m for help) printDisk /dev/sda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 5721 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 1 255 2048256 83 Linux/dev/sda2 256 511 2056320 82 Swap/dev/sda3 512 5721 41849325 83 Linux
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• If satisfied write the table to diskCommand (m for help) write
Command (m for help) writeThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl( ) to re-read partition table.SCSI device sda: hdwr sector=512 bytes. Sectors=91923356 [44884] [44.9GB]sda: sda1 sda2 sda3Syncing disks.
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• Make a file system on your new partitions– mk2fs /dev/sda1– mkswap -c /dev/sda2
• Check the new file system– fsck -f /dev/sda1
Adding a Disk to Red Hat — cont
• Mount the partition– mount /dev/sda1 /tmp
• Enable swap– swapon /dev/sda2
• Check your workdf /tmpFilesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/hdb1 2071384 349816 1616344 18% /
• Edit the fstab file to save your work for next time