CHAPTER 8

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

All living thing need support system

Depend size and habitat

Large animal need large bone example elephant

Whales is bigger then elephant but need smaller bone than elephant because body support by water buoyancy


MAIN FUNCTION OF SKELETON

Support

Protection

In many animals, the skeleton protects soft tissue

movement


ENDOSKELETON

EXOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

TYPE OF SKELETON


EXOSKELETON

Hard, encasement deposited on an animal’s surface

as the animal grows, it enlarges its shell by adding the outer edge

Jointed exoskeleton have a cuticle, which is secreted by the epidermis.

ecdysis


EXOSKELETON

Funtion :

•To provide attachment for muscles

To protect internal organ

•To support body and give shape

•To allow for growth



Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

example

Flat worm

snail

Lichen

Star fish



Movement and form is controlled by using muscles to change shape of the fluid filled.

Earth worm : elongates by closing contractile cells in its body walls

By decreasing the diameter of the cavity, the cavity become longer


ENDOSKELETON SKELETON

Endo Is inside

Human are support by an endoskeleton.

Endoskeleton of human consists of 206 bones.

The spinal column consists 33 small bones

Human, mammal, amphibian, reptiles, fish and birds have endo skeleton

ENDOSKELETON

function of endoskeleton

maintain the shape of Vertebrate

support the weight


protect internal organs or soft organ

allow the movement of the body and other bodily

provide a place for links muscle and internal organs

ENDOSKELETON

Part in human skeleton

skull - forming a human head

spine - supports weight


Ribs

severance forward - support the weight carried by hand

back members - supports the entire body while standing

pectoral girdle - support the weight of the head and limbs body

Pelvic girdle - support the entire weight of the

The skeleton differ because they are adapted for different lifestyles and different habitat

Back bones is the major structure

More endoskeleton have back bone

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM – in Land Vertebrate

skull

Pectoral girdlesBack

bones

Ribs

Joints

Pelvic

girdlesBig animal such as elephant and

rhinoceros need strong and big pectoral and pelvic girdle – to support weight

And joined with limb..

Also have short leg – to support heavier load.

Large cross section – make them more stable


skull

Pectoral

girdlesBack bones

Ribs

Joints

Pelvic

girdles


small animal such as deer and cow have long hallow leg bone because their body

less heavy – make run or move faster

Long bones such as femur and fibula are hollow

Hollow bone are strong and lighter

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM – in aquatic Vertebrate

Aquatic animal different with land animal….

Water is am buoyant medium.

Aquatic vertebrate have smaller pectoral and pelvic girdle – body weight support by water.

Pelvic girdles is very small or non- existent

Pectoral girdles

Pelvic

girdles

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

PLANTS

Have two type ...

Herbaceous plants

Woody plants


HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Two type of support system in herbaceous plant :

• turgor pressure

• special structure

turgor pressure balsam and mustard

special structure thorns, Clasping roots ,Twining stem ,Tendrils


HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Herbaceous plants like balsam , the cells absorbed water.

The pressure cause the stem of the balsam plants became rigid and turgid

Cannot support withstand too heavy a weight

Example :

bananapaddylalang


Woody plants

1. Supported by woody tissues

2. Woody is hard ,provides the shape and strength of the stem

3. Support by special structure

• Buttress roots

• Prop roots

4. Example : ..

• Durian trees

• Rambutans tree

• Casuarinas trees


Woody plants

Stem made up of rings of hard wood

Tissue made up the ring are xylem cells

Buttress

Specials support structure for woody stem


provided extra support for the treethick support roots that grow from the stem above the groundhold the tree firm to the groundexample :


Specials support structure for woody stem

Prop root root which grow from the stem or branches into the ground to support the plantexample : bayan tree, pandan tree, maize tree


Specials support structure for soft stem

Clasping roots

Twining stem

Tendrils

Thorns


Specials support structure for soft stem

Clasping roots

Twining stem

Tendrils

Thorns

Manu function of human

Whales that have been washed ashore are not able to move back to sea because they are no longer supported by the water

These whales will eventually die because there is no water to support their body thus causing the huge weight of their body to press on their organ and crush them

8.3 importance of the support system in living thing

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CHAPTER 8