Chapter 7 – Transmitting Information Information Systems, First Edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc by France Belanger and Craig Van Slyke Contributor: Brian

Chapter 7 – Transmitting Information

Information Systems, First Edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc

by France Belanger and Craig Van SlykeContributor: Brian West, University of Louisiana

at Lafayette

7-1Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

I want my own WiFi!:

People want more and more. . Think of the ability to create your own Wi-Fi network wherever you are with a device the size of a credit card (but thicker). Obtain a signal that is converted into a password-protected wireless Wi-Fi signal (your own “hot spot”). The Mi-Fi network can support typically up to five users or devices.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7-2

Online Document Sharing

Get into a group for answering the focus questions of the story at the beginning of this chapter. You will write the group’s answers to the questions using an online document sharing site. You also need to prepare a short (5 minute) presentation on the advantages and disadvantages of using online document sharing based on your experience with this activity. •Google Docs: http://Docs.google.com•Prezentit: http://prezentit.com/


http://docs.google.com/

http://prezentit.com/

Focusing Questions

• Identify potential challenges of using the Mi-Fi for business.

• What other creative business uses can you think of for the Mi-Fi?

• Why do you think Virgin Mobile is able to offer a better packaging for its Mi-Fi?

• What do you think could be the next evolution in wireless networks?


Network Components• A ________ uses a table to route traffic to

appropriate devices or other networks• __________ broadcast to all connected ports

until addresses are “learned”• A ___________ forwards transmissions only to

ports involved in the communication• ______________________provides a unique

physical address used for communication• Hubs and repeaters retransmit signals, reduce

noise and strengthen signals


Router


Figure 7.1 – Router

Hub and Repeater


Figure 7.2 – Hub and Repeater

Types of Networks

Wired• Physical Cables transmit

data– – –

• The possible speed of transmissions increase from wires to coaxial cables to fiber optic cables.

Wireless• Frequency transmits data

– – – –

• A Wi-Fi network consists of wireless access points (WAP)that are connected to a wired network.


Cables


Figure 7.3 – Types of Cables

Wireless Network


Internet

RouterWireless Access Point

Smart Phone

Laptop

Figure 7.4 – Wireless Network

Wireless Networks

• Microwave- Line of sight no more than 30 miles away. Satellites are typically in orbit 22,000 miles above the earth

• Infrared- Close proximity communications. (mice, keyboard)

• Radio signals- Cellular networks, garage door opener

• Bluetooth- Wavelength radio transmission (mice, keyboard)


Broadband Networks

• Networks can also be classified by:

• Broadband networks are faster with download speeds at more than 265 Kbits/second

• Most broadband networks are faster at megabytes/second and gigabytes/second

• DSL, cable connections, Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) and T-lines


Network Coverage

• ______________________ - Network that connects devices in a limited area. (homes, departments, schools)

• _______________________ - Network that spans any distance. The network can make use of various communication devices as well as different providers.


Network CoverageType of Network Description

Most Commonly Known Types of Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Other Types of Networks Notes

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A large computer network that spans a city or a large campus.

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish this from a large LAN or a small WAN.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A network connecting personal devices to a personal computer (i.e. mouse, microphone, printer, etc.) over a very short distance.

Often uses USB connections (wired) or Bluetooth or infrared technologies (wireless).

Home Area Network (HAN)

A LAN is used within a home office, allowing PCs to share devices such as printers, routers, or scanners.

Sometimes referred to as an office area network (OAN).

Backbone Network (BBN)

Network that serves to interconnect other networks (like LANs) or network segments (sub networks).

Often used in large buildings or areas that have multiple LANs that need to communicate together.


Table 7.1 – Network Types (Geographical Classification)

Internet

• The Internet is a publicly accessible worldwide network of networks.

• One way to explain how the Internet works is to think of a road system

• Main connections, called the Internet backbones, carry the bulk of the data traffic on the Internet

• Networks from major Internet service providers (ISP) make up the backbone


Internet

• Every host or computer that is a full participant on the Internet has a unique address called an IP (Internet Protocol) address

• The current method of addressing (IPv4) is outdated. IPv6 is the new protocol

• On February 3, 2011 the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigned the last IPv4 addresses


Internet History and Growth

• Started as a project by the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in collaboration with universities

• The Internet has grown so much that there are more than 750 million host computers connected

• Systems based on different hardware platforms and running different software can communicate together on the Internet if they use the Internet’s protocols


Internet Growth


One of the largest contributions to the growth of the Internet is interoperability

Figure 7.6 – Number of Hosts Connected to the Internet as of July 2010

Internet Applications

• The Internet is a network, not an application• World Wide Web (the Web) is a place where

there is all this information you an access• Other applications include email, file transfer,

instant messaging, Internet telephony, and desktop videoconferencing


Internet ApplicationsApplication Description

World Wide Web (the Web) Graphical interface to worldwide resources.

Electronic mail (email)

Instant messaging

Voice-over-IP (Internet Telephony)

Allows voice data to be sent over an IP-based network, such as the Internet.

Desktop Video Conferencing Allow individuals in different locations to communicate via voice and video on personal computers.

Peer-to-Peer file sharing Allows file sharing between specific individuals or systems across the Internet.

Online application sharing Allows users to share documents, calendars, or other applications using websites

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Newsgroups Allows users to read and post messages to various electronic boards on the Internet.


Table 7.2 – Traditional Internet-based Applications

HTTP

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)- Protocol to interconnect files on the Internet (https://)

• Hyperlinks are allow you to navigate back and forth between pages or a specific section of a web page

• When you click on a link, your browser sends a request to the Web server that houses the requested page


Internet

Insert web and internet figure 7.7


Figure 7.7 – The Internet and Web

Intranet

• An _____________ uses the related Internet technologies and related applications, but inside of an organization

• Security controls are in place to ensure that only individuals inside the organization have access to the applications on the intranet


Virtual Private Network

• A VPN is a

• It is often used for employees to securely connect to their organizations from remote locations


A Future Internet? Internet2 and Business

Some believe that there should be an Internet not overwhelmed by commercial users, so that they can rapidly exchange research information between researchers, the military and academicsThat is the role of Internet2 (trademarked by University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development)•Discuss its potential implications for businesses.


Architecture Principles

• Ease of implementation:

• Flexibility/Interoperability:

• Control:


Architecture Principles

• Scalability:

• Security and reliability:


Client/Server Architecture

• Processing and storage tasks are shared and distributed between two types of network systems

• Clients are processes that request services from servers, servers provide services to clients by responding to their requests

• Most computers can perform client or server services

• Middleware interprets any differences between protocols and formats


Client/Server Architecture


Network

Web Server

Database Server

Database Server

Application ServerClient

Figure 7.8 – Client/Service Computing Architecture

Various Architectures

• Peer to Peer - all systems are equal (acting as both clients and servers), sharing their resources with one another

• Wireless Architecture • Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a model

or a set of design principles of how to take data from heterogeneous systems and create re-usable services


Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)


Accounting User

Web ServerUnix

Apache

File ServerWebSphere

Mobile Apps Server

Sales RepresentativeMobile User

Accounting Application

Database ServerOracle

Macintosh PCSequel Pro Database

Logistics User

Human Resource

Application

Sales Application

Shipping Application

SOA Service Layer for Communication and Translation (Middleware)

Figure 7.9 – Sample Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Layout

Software as a Service (Saas)Organizations rent software from a provider, often using the Internet to access this software application. SaaS software tends to be mostly straightforward applications that a business needs but that do not provide specific competitive advantages. For example, the most popular SaaS applications include customer relationship management software, sales force automation, human resources management software, and desktop applications


Internet

Web Server

Applciations

Client

Word Processing

Time Sheets

Sales tracking

Figure 7.10 – Software as a Service

Cloud Computing


Cloud Infrastructure

Cloud (Internet)

Internal Infrastructure

http:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud computing

Figure 7.11 – Cloud Computing

“On-demand computing” or “utility computing” •

•

Virtualization


Figure 7.11 – Virtualization

• Virtualization allows one physical device such as a server or computer to operate as if it was several machines

• Each virtual machine can then run its own operating system and applications

Architecture and Principles

Map each architectural principles to one of the networking architecture, which your instructor will assign to you. Perform necessary research as a group, and clearly highlight how the given architecture ranks on each of the architectural principle (high, medium, low), and make sure to describe why. For example, you could state that the client/server architecture ranks high on scalability because clients and servers can be added to the network easily and as needed. Prepare a presentation for the class.


Web 2.0

• Second generation of applications on the Internet

• The user becomes a participant in the interaction

• Includes wikis, social networking, blogs, mashups, twitter, and much more


Web 2.0 for Business

Web 2.0 technologies can also be useful for businesses. In this activity, groups of students need to identify creative uses of Web 2.0 specifi cally for business purposes. Prepare a list of potential businesses uses, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of Web 2.0 technology(ies) for the purposes you identified.


Unified Communications• Unification or integration of various

communication tools such as instant messaging, email, voice mail, video conferencing, and even speech recognition

• For example, in a UC environment, an employee may decide that her preference is to receive everything via email. When someone leaves a voice mail for this employee, the system sends her an email message that can have an audio file of the voice mail as an attachment, a text conversion of the voicemail, or both!


Web 3.0

• Computer systems start to understand the meaning (semantics) of information and data

• Systems will consider the context of the information to give meaning to other information or data connected to it

• Searches will become much more intelligent, and results much more personalized


Summary• A network is a collection of interconnected devices that allow users

and systems to communicate and share resources. The network requires connecting devices, which can be a router, a bridge, or a switch.

• Networks can be classified as wired (for physical connections) or wireless (using airwaves for connections). Networks can also be classified as Local Area Networks (LAN), which connect devices in a limited geographical area, or Wide Area Networks (WAN), which connect devices over a large geographic area like a city, a country, or the world.

• The Internet is a publicly accessible worldwide network of networks. It uses routers to interconnect the various networks together and every host or computer that is a full participant (permanently connected) on the Internet has a unique address called an IP (Internet Protocol) address.


Summary• Network architectures describe how devices are supposed to work

together. Every architecture has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of ease of implementation, flexibility and interoperability, control, scalability, and security and reliability.

• Web 2.0 refers to the second generation of applications on the Internet where the user becomes a participant in the interaction. Web 2.0 technologies include wikis, which allow individuals to jointly create and edit web pages about a chosen topic; instant messaging and presence awareness, which allow several individuals to communicate via real-time text-based messages with presence awareness indicating when colleagues are currently online and connected


Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

7-42Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Documents

Chapter 7 – Transmitting Information Information Systems, First Edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc by France Belanger and Craig Van Slyke Contributor: Brian