CHAPTER 7

The Federalist Republic,1789 – 1799

 “Men, by their constitutions, are naturally divided into two parties: (1) Those who fear and distrust the people, and wish to draw all powers from them into the hands of the higher classes; (2) Those who identify themselves with the people, have confidence in them, cherish and

consider them as the most honest and safe, although not the most wise, depository of the public interests. . . . The appellation of Aristocrats and Democrats is the true one,

expressing the essence of all.” Thomas Jefferson

“As the cities grew, new values took hold.” In the older, medieval, ‘corporate’ view of society, economic life ideally operated according to what was equitable, not what was profitable. Citizens usually agreed that government should provide for the general welfare by regulating prices and wages, setting quality controls, licensing providers of service. . . and supervising public markets where all food was sold. Such regulation seemed natural because a community was defined not as a collection of individuals, each entitled to pursue separate interests, but as a single body of interrelated parts where individual rights and responsibilities formed a seamless web.”

“According to the new view, if people were allowed to pursue their own material desires competitively, they would collectively form a natural, impersonal market of producers and consumers that would operate to everyone’s advantage.”

Historian Gary Nash

 Indian Land Cessions, 1784–1800

The persistent pressure of white settlers and the military forces of the new national government forced Native Americans to cede huge tracts of their western lands.

Chapter Review

Explain the Bill of Rights and its significance. Explain the two opposing viewpoints regarding how

the federal government should be structured. (11 Points)

Trace the growth of the West and then briefly identify the conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans.

Describe the reasons for and consequences of the Whiskey Rebellion.

Describe the major domestic and foreign crises that arose during John Adams’ presidency.

Concepts

Alien and Sedition Acts Bill of Rights Deism Eli Whitney Federalists v. Republican [Jeffersonian] Jay’s Treaty Judiciary Act of 1789 [1803, Marbury] Kentucky and Virginia Resolves/Resolutions

Nullification, states’ rights National Bank Nullification Samuel Slater Tariff impact on north and on south Tariff Act, 1789 Treaty of Greenville, Little Turtle Treaty of San Lorenzo / Pinckney’s Treaty Whisky Rebellion XYZ Affair

The key to this chapter is the rise of political parties.

“Washington’s Triumphant Entry into New York City, 1783” (tapestry)

A tapestry painting of George Washington and his retinue riding into New York amid cheering crowds standing on the street and on the balconies.

George Washington's Arrival In New York City, 1789

Washington arrived in New York City-the first capital-April 23, 1778, one week before he took office as the first president of the United States.

Little Turtle

This painting by an officer on General Wayne's staff shows Little Turtle, a Miami chief, speaking through an interpreter to General Wayne (with one hand behind his back) during the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Greenville.

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin Patent Drawing

Designed to separate cotton fiber from seed, Whitney's cotton gin introduced a new, profitable technology to agricultural production in America.

Title page from "Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris, for the Year of Our Lord 1792."

Benjamin Banneker, noted astronomer and mathematician, published this ''Almanack'' in 1792, proving that persons of African descent could prosper in ''republican'' society despite numerous contemporary arguments that ''blacks'' could not survive in a white European society except as menial labor

I. The New Government

Washington becomes president in unanimous vote and sets about putting together his government

Congress adds Bill of Rights to Constitution as promised

First federal census is taken in 1790 to determine representation in Congress and amounts due for taxes, and to keep up with growth of nation

II. Opposing Visions of America

Federalist party supports strong central government, while Republicans advocate local control

Alexander Hamilton becomes most prominent Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson stands for Republican ideals

Two sides finally agree on permanent site for nation’s capital: Washington, D.C.

Two parties disagree on need for a national bank, but federalists Federal government encourages manufacturing interests

III. Expansion wins out and bank is chartered in 1791 - conflict in West

Whites defeat Native Americans in Kentucky and Tennessee and settle there with their families

Native resistance in Ohio Valley, though stronger, proves futile

Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania demonstrates strength of federal government

Spain continues to dominate Southwest

Conflict in the Northwest Territory, 1790-1796

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IV. Foreign Entanglements

French Revolution pleases many Americans despite calls for neutrality

John Jay’s ineffective treaty with British contributes to political unrest

In retiring from politics, President Washington warns against political divisions and foreign entanglements

The Federalist Treaties

V. The Adams Presidency

Problems become apparent in 1796 election, in which Federalist John Adams becomes president and Republican Thomas Jefferson becomes vice president

French agents anger Americans by demanding bribe, XYZ Affair

Adams supports Alien and Sedition Acts which restrict rights

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions hint at future problems

Web

 The Election of 1800 The sharp erosion of Federalist strength in New York and Pennsylvania after 1798 swung the election of 1800 to the Republicans.