BONESCHAPTER 7

BONE TISSUES

OSSEUS CARTILAGE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD NERVOUS TISSUE

SKELETAL SYSTEM

ORGANS: BONES

FUNCTION

SUPPORT AND PROTECT MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE STORE INORGANIC SALTS (CALCIUM)

BONE CLASSIFICATION

LONG BONES SHORT BONES

Cube like: width and length similar FLAT BONES IRREGUALR BONES

Variety SESAMOID BONES

Round; Embeded in tendons

BONE TYPES

www.bing.com/images/search?q=short+bone+image&FORM=IGRE&qpvt=short+bone+image&adlt

SESAMOID BONE

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sesamoid+bone+image&FORM=IGRE6&adlt=strict#focal=9e6adf7fe

BONE MARKINGSEvery bump, groove, and hole has

a name on your bones

Bone Markings

Two types of bone markings: Projections (aka processes) that grow out from

the bone

Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

Joint Projections

1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection

Condyle

Joint Projections

2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck

3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Joint Projections

4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

Ligament/Tendon Projections

1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)

2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle

ULNA

3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection

4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection

5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection

(only on femur)

Proximal Tibia

6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection

Thoracic Vertebrae

DEPRESSIONS

Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.

1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

Depressions

2) Fossa: shallow basin

3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

Depressions

4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes

5) Foramen: Round or oval opening

Foramen Magnum

Depressions

6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

Review:

Projections1) Condyle2) Head3) Facet4) Ramus5) Crest6) Epicondyle7) Tubercle8) Tuberosity9) Trochanter10) Spine

Depressions1) Meatus2) Fossa3) Fissure4) Sinus5) Sulcus or Groove or Furrow

PREVIOUS SLIDES (8-20) FROM:bruin.eduhsd.k12.ca.us/Burghardt%20Pages/Anatomy/Skeletal%20PPt/BONE%20MARKINGS.ppt 

PARTS OF A LONG BONE

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=LONG+BONE+PARTS&qpvt=LONG+BONE+PARTS&FORM=Z7FD&adlt=strict#focal

MICROSCOPIC BONE PARTS

http://www.rienstraclinic.com/newsletter/2010/2010February.html

BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT/OSTEOGENESIS

•INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES• WITHIN SHEET LIKE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•ENDOCHONDRAL BONES• MASSES OF CARTILAGE REPLACED BY BONE TISSUE

INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES/INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

MEMBRANE-LIKE LAYERS OF UNDIFFERENTIATED CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH DENSE SUPPLY OF BLOOD VESSELSPROGENITOR CELLS ENLARGE AND DIFFERENTIATE INTO BONE FORMING CELLS: OSTEOBLASTSOSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY NMATRIX WHICH RESULTS IN SPONGY BONESPONGY BONE MAY FORM COMPACT BONE LATERONCE CELL IS COMPLETELY SUROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX (LACUNAE) IT IS A OSTEOCYTEPERIOSTEUM FORMS; COMPACT BONE FORMS OUTSIDE OF SPONGY BONE

ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION/ ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

•MASS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE•CARTILAGE CELLS ENLARGE AND GROW•MATRIX BREAKS DOWN, CELLS DIE AND DEGENERATE•PERIOSTEUM FORMS•BLOOD VESSELS AND PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS INVADE•FORM OSTEOBLASTS WHICH FORM SPONGY BONE•COMPACT BONE FORMS UNDER PERIOSTEUM•BECOME OSTEOCYTES WHEN SURROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX

OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF LONG BONES

•PRIMARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN CENTER OF DIAPHYSIS•SECONDARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN EPIPHYSIS

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE GROWTH

•4 LAYERS OF CARTILAGINOUS CELLS• ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE:

• NEAR END OF EPIPHYSIS; JUST RESTING CELLS• ZONE OF PROLIFERATING CARTILAGE;

• YOUNG MITOTIC CELLS: LENGTHENS PLATE• ZONE OF HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE:

• OLDER CELLS PUSHED OUT, START TO DIE,• OSTEOBLASTS CALCIFIES MATRIX

• ZONE OF CALCIFIED CARTILAGE:• DEAD CELLS & CALCIFIED MATRIX• OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN CALCIFIED MATRIX USING

AND ACID TO DISSOLVE INORGANIC PORTIONS AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES TO DIGEST ORGANIC PORTIONS

• OSTEOBLASTS INVADE AND LAY DOWN BONY MATRIXLENGTHENS UNTIL COMPLETELY OSSIFIEDOSTEOBLASTS ON AT PERIOSTEUM THICKEN BONE WHILE

OSTEOCLASTS AT ENDOSTEUM FORMING MEDULLARY CAVITY WHICH FILLS WITH MARROW

BONE TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS

•BONE REMODLEING: OSTEOBLASTS VS. OSTEOCLASTS• OSTEOBLASTS FORM: DEPOSITION• OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN: RESORPTION• 3%-5% EXCHANGED PER YEAR BUT USUALLY REMAINS

CONSTANT

FACTORS AFFECTING BONE

GROWTH

•NUTRITION•SUNLIGHT•HORMONAL SECRETIONS•PHYSICAL EXERCISE

NUTRITION•VITAMIN D:

• FOR PROPER ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM• FROM EGGS AND FORTIFIED MILK, ETC.• FROM DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL: CARRIED TO SKIN WHERE SUN

CONVERTS IT TO VITAMIN D•VITAMIN A:

• NEEDED BY OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS DURING NORMAL ACTIVITY

•VITAMIN C:• NEEDED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; OSTEOBLASTS COULDN’T

PRODUCE COLLAGEN

HORMONAL SECRETIONS

•HORMONES FROM PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND, PARATHYROID GLANDS, AND OVARIES OR TESTES•PITUITARY:

• GH: STIMULATES CARTILAGE CELLS OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE TO DIVIDE• PITUITARY DWARFISM; PITUITARY GIANTISM/ACROMEGALY

•THYROID:• THYROXINE: STIMULATES REPLACEMENT OF CARTILAGE BY OSSEUS

TISSUE• STIMULATES OSTEOBLASTS ACTIVITY

•PARATHYROID:• PTH: STIMULATES INCREASE IN NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF

OSTEOCLASTS•OVARIES/TESTES:

• AT PUBERTY: ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE: STIMULATE GROWTH • OSSIFICATION OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE; ESTROGEN IS STRONGER

PHYSICAL STRESS

•MUSCLE PULLING ON BONE CAUSES STRESS WHICH CAUSES BONE TO GROW AND THICKEN

FACTORS AFFECTING REPAIR

OF BONE•HOW WIDE GAP IS•CASTS•SCREWS, NAILS, WIRE, RODS•HYBRID FIXATOR•ARMS FASTER THAN LEGS; YOUNGER PEOPLE HEAL FASTER THAN OLDER

FRACTURE REPAIR•BREAK: BLODD VESSELS RUPTURE: HEMATOMA; INFLAMATION•NEW BLOOD VESSELS DEVELOP FROM PERIOSTEUM•OSTEOBLASTS MIGRATE IN AND DIVIDE•OSTEOCLASTS REMOVE BONE FRAGMENTS AND DEBRIS•FIBROCARTILAGE FILLS GAP: CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS•CALLUS IS REPLACED BY BONE LIKE IN ENDOCHONDRAL BONE OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY

CALLUS•EXCESS BONE IS GENERALLY PRODUCED: REMOVED BY OSTEOCLASTS

BONE FUNCTION

•SHAPE:

http://www.bballone.com/keving/celtics/images/celtics2.jpg

PROTECTION

http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N30/TB_Ireland_Figure1.jpg

MOVEMENT

http://www.directoryofillustration.com/images/artistimages/featuredprojects/2189_18.jpg

LEVERS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/images/27ms_sle2treb_levers.gif

CHAPTER 9

HEMATOPOIESIS

EMBRYO: YOLK SAC

LATER: LIVER AND SPLEEN

LATER: BONE MARROW

BONE MARROW

RED AND YELLOW YELLOW

STORES FAT RED

FORMS BLOOD CELLS (HEMOGLOBIN)

LOCATION: INFANT:

MOST CAVITIES ARE RED WITH AGE:

MOST REPLACED BY YELLOW ADULT:

RED IN SPONGY BONE OF: SKUILL, RIB, STERNUM, CLAVICLES, VERTEBRAE, PELVIC******IF DEFICIENT SUPPLY SOME YELLOW CAN REVERT TO RED

http://www.merriam-webster.com/art/med/hematopo.htm

INORGANIC SALT STORAGE

70% OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BY WEIGHT MOSTLY SMALL CRYSTALS OF

HYDROXYAPATITE (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) CLACIUM NEEDED FOR: MUSCLE

CONTRACTION; NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION; CLOTTING; MORE!

HOMEOSTASIS!!! PTH vs. CALCITONIN (CHAPTER 13)ALSO STORES: MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM,

CARBONATE IONSACCUMULATE TOXINS: LEAD, RADIUM, STRONTIUM,

SKELETON

206 BONES EXTRA: WORMIAN, SESAMOID

INFANTILE SKULL

FONTANELS: SOFT SPOTS MOLDING CLOSE STARTING AT 2 MONTHS UP TO 2

YEARS MORE FLEXIBLE: LESS EASILY FRACTURED

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

TYPES: BREAKFAST-LUNCH-SUPPER CURVATURES:

PRIMARY: AT BIRTH THORACIC SACRAL

SECONDARY CERVICAL?

HOLDING HEAD UP AND SITTING LUMBAR?

WALKING

PELVIC GIRDLE

ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS

LIFE SPAN CHANGES

DECREASE IN HEIGHT: 30: 1/16 YEAR; COMPRESSION FRACTURES

LATER;LOSS OF CALCIUM: WEAKEN; BRITTLE; MORE FRACUTRESMORE OSTEOCLASTS: MORE SPACES; THINNNERLESS PROTEIN: MORE BRITTLELOSS OF BONE MASS: 35

LIFE SPAN CHANGES

SPONGY BONE AFFECTED FIRST (35) VERTEBRAE, FEMUR; FRACTURES

COMPACT (40) I/2 THE RATE OF SPONGY; GAPS BETWEEN

OSTEONS BONE LOSS

MEN: SLOW AND STEADY WOMEN: HORMONE LOSS; AFTER MENOPAUSE:

SPONGY LOSS 2-3X FASTER; COMPACT LOSS 3-4X FASTER

BY 70: FEMALES ½ THE BONE OF 20’S; MALES 1/3 LESS

LIFE SPAN CHANGES

INCREASED FRACTURES HEALING SLOWS, PAIN PERSISTS PREVENTION:

DON’T FALL CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS VITAMIN D AVOID CARBONATED DRINKS (PHOSPHATE) EXERCISE

BONE DISEASEShttp://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33324573/ns/today-today_health/t/rare-disease-turns--year-olds-muscles-bone

/FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA(FOP)