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Chapter 7:Chapter 7:
Ionic and Metallic BondingIonic and Metallic Bonding
Section 7.1: IonsSection 7.1: Ions
Valence ElectronsValence ElectronsElectrons that are in the highest Electrons that are in the highest
occupied energy level of an occupied energy level of an atom.atom.
Mostly determine the chemical Mostly determine the chemical properties of an elementproperties of an element
Valence electrons are usually Valence electrons are usually the only electrons involved in a the only electrons involved in a chemical bond.chemical bond.
How many valence electrons?How many valence electrons? Look at the family (or column) it is in on the Look at the family (or column) it is in on the
Periodic Table.Periodic Table. Family 1 has 1 electronFamily 1 has 1 electron Family 2 has 2 electrons…etc.Family 2 has 2 electrons…etc.
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
8or 2
Electron Dot Structure Electron Dot Structure (a.k.a. Lewis Dot Diagram)(a.k.a. Lewis Dot Diagram)
How do you draw Electron Dot Structures?How do you draw Electron Dot Structures?
Write the element symbol. Write the element symbol. Determine what family it is in.Determine what family it is in.
NaNa Then…put dots around the symbol to represent Then…put dots around the symbol to represent
the valence electrons.the valence electrons.
Practice these:Practice these:
BB
NeNe
The Octet RuleThe Octet Rule
Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve the electron configuration to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas (8 eof a noble gas (8 e--) )
Noble gas configuration is 8 electrons Noble gas configuration is 8 electrons in its highest orbital:in its highest orbital:
nsns22npnp66
Exception is H and He: only 2 Exception is H and He: only 2 electrons to fill highest orbitalelectrons to fill highest orbital
CationsCationsDefinition: A Definition: A positivelypositively charged ion. charged ion.
CaCattionionHas a + sign in word.Has a + sign in word.Cation is an atom that has Cation is an atom that has LOSTLOST
electrons.electrons.Naming: Naming:
element name (NO change)element name (NO change)Add word “ion”Add word “ion”
Examples of CationsExamples of Cations
LiLi+1+1
Lithium ionLithium ionNaNa+1+1
Sodium ionSodium ionMgMg+2+2
Magnesium ionMagnesium ion
AnionsAnions
Definition: A Definition: A negativelynegatively charged ion. charged ion.
AnionAnionLetter “A” has negative signLetter “A” has negative signAnion is an atom that has Anion is an atom that has GAINEDGAINED
electrons.electrons.Naming: Naming:
Change end of element to ”-ide”Change end of element to ”-ide”Add word “ion”Add word “ion”
Examples of AnionsExamples of Anions
BrBr-1-1
Bromide ionBromide ionOO-2-2
Oxide ionOxide ionClCl-1-1
Chloride ionChloride ion
Section 7.2: Section 7.2: Ionic Bonds and Ionic Ionic Bonds and Ionic
CompoundsCompounds
Review…Review…MagnesiumMagnesium# of valence electrons# of valence electrons
22Gain or lose to achieve octet?Gain or lose to achieve octet?
lose 2lose 2Most stable ion formed:Most stable ion formed:
MgMg+2+2
Cation or Anion?Cation or Anion?Positive, so it’s a cationPositive, so it’s a cation
Ionic Compounds:Ionic Compounds:Compounds made up of metal cation Compounds made up of metal cation
and nonmetal anions.and nonmetal anions.
Ionic BondsIonic BondsThe electrostatic force that holds The electrostatic force that holds
ions together.ions together.Positive cations and negative Positive cations and negative anions attract each other.anions attract each other.
Chemical formula:Chemical formula:Shows the number and kinds of elements in a Shows the number and kinds of elements in a
compound.compound.Always written with symbols and subscripts.Always written with symbols and subscripts.
For example:For example:
LiLi22OO
NaClNaCl
HH22SOSO44
Electron Dot Structure and Ionic Electron Dot Structure and Ionic BondsBonds
Sodium and IodineSodium and Iodine
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds
3 rules:3 rules:
1)1) Name of cation stays the same.Name of cation stays the same.
2)2) Change the end of the anion to “-Change the end of the anion to “-ide”ide”
3)3) If there is a polyatomic ion, the If there is a polyatomic ion, the name doesn’t change. (see chart name doesn’t change. (see chart on page 192)on page 192)
Electron Dot Structure and Ionic Electron Dot Structure and Ionic BondsBonds
Magnesium and SulfurMagnesium and Sulfur
Electron Dot Structure and Ionic Electron Dot Structure and Ionic BondsBonds
Potassium and PhosphorusPotassium and Phosphorus
Electron Dot Structure and Ionic Electron Dot Structure and Ionic BondsBonds
Aluminum and OxygenAluminum and Oxygen
Properties of Ionic CompoundsProperties of Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids at room temperature.Crystalline solids at room temperature.
Generally have a high melting point (the Generally have a high melting point (the elements are highly attracted to each other elements are highly attracted to each other so they are hard to separate).so they are hard to separate).
They conduct an electric current when They conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved.melted or dissolved.