chapter 7 form 4.ppt

8/19/2019 chapter 7 form 4.ppt

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CHAPTER 7RESPIRATIO

N


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7.1Understanding the

respiratory processes in

energy production


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#hat is

respiration$$

!efer to the process of obtainingoxygen and deli%ering it to thecells for cellular respiration and

remo%ing carbon dioxide produced

by cells


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!espiration

ExternalRespiration

(Breathing)

InternalRespiration

(Cellularrespiration)

Aerobic

!espiration

Anaerobic

!espiration

2 stages

2 types


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&xternal respiration

'(reathing)• *he exchange of respiratory

gases 'oxygen and carbondioxide) bet+een the body andthe en%ironment


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,nternal respiration' cellular respiration)

• A metabolic process +hich occursin cells in%ol%es oxidation oforganic molecules to produceenergy 'in the form of A*)

• /ontrolled by en0ymes

•*+o types 1. Aerobic respiration

2. Anaerobic respiration


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*he main substrate toproduce energy is

U/S&


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Aerobic respiration

• !e5uire oxygen• lucose is completely oxidised to

produces 3" to 36 molecules of A*

2686 9: energy 'high energy)• *a9es place in the cytoplasm and

mitochondria of cells

/";12" < "2


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Anaerobic respiration

• #ithout oxygen• lucose is not completely bro9endo+n to energy

• =icroorganisms li%e in animalintestine in soil or sedimentunderlying la9es an acti%e

contracting muscle• !eleases only 2 A* 'lo+ energy)

• *a9es place in the cytoplasm


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Musle ells (anaero!irespiration)

• rolonged physical acti%ity- 2 supplied not enough- 2 needed > 2 supplied- muscle cells undergoanaerobic respiration

• =uscles in state of 2

de?ciency 2 debt occurred• xygen debt muscle cells

produce A* +ithout oxygen


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• "luose #oleules brea9 do+npartially into inter#e$iate su!stane% A/*,/ A/,@

• &nergy lo+ because much ofenergy still trapped +ithinmolecules of lactic acid.

• ;igh concentration of lactic acid maycause muscular cramp and fatiguetiredness

/";12" 2/3;"3 <

&nergy '19:) lactic acid


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• After the acti%ity the person need tobreathe deeply and rapidly to inhale

more 2- xygen is used to oxidise accumulatedlactic acid to form carbon dioxide and+ater 'occur mainly in li%er)

actic acid < xygen /2 <+ater < energy

!emaining lactic acid con%erted intoglycogen and stored in muscle cells


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• xygen debt is paid oB +hen all oflactic acid is remo%ed 'increasing

breathing rate after %igorousacti%ity)

xygen debt CAmount of oxygenneeded to remo%elactic acid frommuscle cells


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/";12" < 2

/2 ;2< < energy


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,n yeast• Anaerobic respiration in yeast also 9no+n as

fermentation

/";12"

2/2 < 2/2;; <&nergy'219:)

ethanol

Dymase

• &thanol can be used in +ine E beer

production•

i i


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respiration

produced moreenergy than

anaerobic

respiration$$$


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/omparison bet+een Aerobic!espiration E Anaerobic

!espiration

Similarities

•*o form cellular respiration• ,n%ol%e the brea9do+n of

glucose• roduces energy

• Are cataly0ed by en0ymes• ccurs in animal and plants

ompar son e +een ero c


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ompar son e +een ero c!espiration E Anaerobic

!espirationAerobic!espiration ,tems Anaerobic!espiration

Almost e%eryli%ing cells

#or9 by /ertain plantyeast bacteriaand muscle

!e5uired xygenre5uirement

Fot re5uired

/omplete

oxidation

xidation of

glucose

,ncomplete

oxidation/2 #ater and&nergy

roduct Geast/2 &thanoland &nergy=uscleactic acid and


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!espiration E Anaerobic

!espirationAerobic !espiration ,tems Anaerobic!espiration

arge amount &nergy released Small amount

=itochondria andcytoplasm

Site /ytoplasm

/";12" <

"2 lucose

H

"/2 < ;2 <

2686 9: &nergy

/hemical &5uation ,n Geast

/";12"lucose

H2/2 < 2/2;; <21 9: &thanol

&nergy

,n =uscle cells/";12"

lucose

H2/3;"3 < 19:


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7.2Analysing the respiratorystructure and breathing

mechanism in human andanimal

A$ t ti & i t


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A$aptations o& respirator'strutures

("eneral harateristis)• !espiratory surface is moist C

easy for gases to dissol%e before

diBuse• /ells lining the respiratory surface

are thin C allo+ rapid diBusion ofgases

• !espiratory structure has largesurface area C eIcient gaseousexchange


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a$$ition

• Jentilation mechanism- mo%e gases from respiratorymedium respiratory structures

- increase the rate of gaseousexchange maintain high le%el ofoxygen and lo+ le%el of c.dioxideat respiratory surfaces

• !espiratory structures co%ered by anet+or9 of blood capillaries C eIcientexchange and transport of respiratorygases


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The larger the

sie o& organis#

the s#aller the TSA*+ ratio

roto0oa Un ce u ar


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roto0oa C Un ce u arrganism

xygen

nutrients

/arbondioxide

#asteproducts

The respirator' sur&ae o& an uniellular organis# is through

plasma membrane


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• Unicellular has no special

structure to absorb oxygenor to expel carbon dioxide

• *he gaseous exchangeoccurs through the entireplasma membrane by

simple diBusion


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• Conentration o& 2 is higher insurrounding +ater o#pare$ in

the ell so 2 diBuse into the ellthrough plasma membrane !'simple diBusion

• Conentration o& /2 is higher inthe ell o#pare$ to surrounding

+ater so /2 diBuse out of theell through plasma membrane !'simple diBusion


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A$aptations

• Si0e is small so has a largesurface area to %olume ratio Kso rate of diBusion increases

• *he surrounding is +et plasma membrane constantlymoist so gases easilydissol%e and diBuse across

respiratory surface.• *hin plasma membrane rapiddiBusion of gases


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=ulticellular organism

• Small Lattened thin body

- has high *SAJ ratio

gaseous exchange occureIciently

- do not re5uire specialisedgaseous exchange systemdiBuse through the body


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• /omplex multicellular

organism- needs specialised

respiratory stucturesfor eIcient gaseousexchange

- must ha%e large *SAJratio


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*he gill of ?sh

perculum

*he gill of ?sh


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*he gill of ?sh

• Mour pairs of gills 'protected by


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• Mour pairs of gills 'protected byoperculum)

• &ach gill consists of bony gill archsupporting t+o ro+s of thin gill?lament

• &ach gill ?lament is composed of

numerous thin-+alled lamellae• amellae - arranged parallel to each

other

- rich +ith blood capillaries

• amellae and ?lament pro%ide a largesurface area for gaseous exchange


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• Absorb dissol%ed oxygen from

the surrounding +ater• *he membrane of the gill

?laments is thin C allo+s the

absorption of respiratory gasesinto the blood capillaries rapidly

• *he ?laments are supplied +ithblood capillaries C for eIcientexchange and transport ofrespiratory gases


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*he structural Adaptation of the

gillsa.*hin membrane of ?lament toallo+ rapid diBusion of respiratorygases into the blood capillaries

b.!ich of blood capillaries foreIcient exchange and transport ofrespiratory gases

c.Surrounded by +ater +hich enablerespiratory gases to be dissol%ed

d.arge surface area of ?laments

and lamellae for eIcient gases


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*he =echanism of /ountercurrent&xchange 'gaseous exchange eIciently)

a.*he +ater Lo+s o%er the gills in one

directionb.*he blood Lo+s in the opposite direction

through blood capillaries in the lamellaec.As deoxygenated blood enters the blood

capillaries it encounters +ater +ith ahigher oxygen contentd.Along the blood capillaries the

concentration gradient allo+ the transferof 2 into the blood

e.;o+e%er the concentration of /2 ishigher than in +ater ma9es the /2diBused from blood into +ater

• *he eIciency of ?sh gills is


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• *he eIciency of ?sh gills isfurther increased by

%entilation ' by s+immingopening and closing theoperculum)increase in Lo+

of +ater o%er respiratorysurface

@ra+s fresh+ater into mouththen passes o%er gills.


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• Absorb dissol%ed oxygen from

the surrounding +ater• *he membrane of the gill

?laments is thin C allo+s the

absorption of respiratory gasesinto the blood capillaries

• *he ?laments are supplied +ith

blood capillaries C for eIcientexchange and transport ofrespiratory gases

,F;AA*,F &N;AA*,F


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&N;AA*,F


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• #hen the mouth closes the Loor

of the buccal ca%ity is raised

• #ater Lo+s through thelamellae and gases exchange

bet+een the blood capillaries and+ater occurs

• *he pressure in buccal ca%ity ishigher than the pressure outside

• *he higher +ater pressure forces the

operculum to open and +ater to Lo+

*he respiratory


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*he respiratorystructure and

breathingmechanism of

insects


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• *he respiratory system ofinsects is the tracheal system 'itconsists of air tubes calledtracheae)

• Air enter the trachea throughspiracles +hich are located atthe thorax and abdomen

• Spiracles ha%e %al%e +hich allo+air go in and out of the body

•*racheae reinforced +ith rings ofC


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• *he branching of trachea andtracheoles increase the

surface area for gasesexchange

• /ertain insects ha%e air sacsin tracheal system

• /ontain air that speeds up

mo%ement of gases to andfrom tissues during %igorousbody mo%ement.

e rac ea sys em o an


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e rac ea sys em o aninsect

(od

y+all

spiracl

e

tracheol

e

(ody cell

*rachea

'!einforced +ith rings of chitin+hich pre%ent from collapsing)

A,!

A-APTATIONS O.


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A-APTATIONS O. TRACHEO/ES

•arge number- pro%ide large surfacearea for gases exchange

• *ip of tracheoles ha%e thinpermeable +all Callo+ rapid

diBusion of respiratory gases• *ips of tracheoles ha%e Luid-allo+

respiratory gases to dissol%e

• @irect contact +ith tissues and

organso2 directly diBuse into thecells and co2 directly diBuse out ofthe cells 'no need blood totransport)


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• arger insects li9egrasshopper ha%e air sacsin their tracheal system

+hich speed up themo%ement of gases


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(!&A*;,F =&/;AF,S=•

!hythmic contraction and relaxationof abdominal muscles

• *he mo%ement of abdominal muscle+ill compress and expand the

trachea to speed up the diBusion ofgases into the cell

• ,nhales C abdominal muscles relax

spiracles open - air pressure inside tracheaelo+ered air dra+n in


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• &xhales C abdominalmuscles contract

- air pressureincreased air forced out

through spiracles

/irculatory system notin%ol%ed in transporting 2and /2


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The respirator'struture an$

!reathing #ehanis#o& a#phi!ians

*h i t t t i


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*he respiratory structure in anamphibian

S9in

ung


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Adaptation of thes9in for gases

exchange

1. The skin is thinand highlypermeable

- To allow rapiddiffusion ofrespiratory gasesinto the bloodcapillaries

2. Beneath the skinis a network ofblood capillaries

- To transport

respiratorygases to andfrom body cells

3. The skin is kept

moist by thesecretion of mucusby glands found onthe outer surface

of the body

- Facilitate rapid andefficient exchangeof gases betweenthe skin and the

enironment


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Adaptation of theung for gases

exchange

1. The surface areafor gasesexchange isincreased by

numerous innerpartition

- To increase thesurface area forgases exchange

2. !oered with arich network ofblood capillary

- To transport

respiratorygases to and

from body cells

3. The membrane ofthe lungs thin and

moist

- Facilitate theefficient diffusion

of respiratorygases in and out

rapidly

*he (reathing =echanism


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*he (reathing =echanismof Mrog

,F;AA*,F

1.@uring inhalation the air is dra+n intothe bucco-pharyngeal ca%ity through anostril

2.*he glottis is closed and the stale airremains in the lungs3.#hen the glottis open the nostrils areclosed

4.*he increased air pressure forces airinto the lungs.*he lungs expand +hen air is pushedinto them from bucco-pharyngeal ca%ity

".*he rapid mo%ements of bucco-

*he (reathing =echanism


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*he (reathing =echanismof Mrog

&N;AA*,F

#hen the lungs muscles contractair is expelled from the lungs '+ith

the help of abdominal pressureand elasticity of the lungs)

Some air escapes through thenostrils +hile the rest of the airmixes +ith that in the bucco-pharyngeal ca%ity

Resp rator' Struture o


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Resp rator' Struture oHu#ans

01"ases exhange in hu#ans ta2e plaein the lungs1

31Air enters the lungs the lungs through4

Trahea 5Bronhi 5 Bronhioles 5Al6eoli

1 Trahea is supporte$ !' artilage8hih 2eep it &ro# ollapse $uringinhalation

*he human lung


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*he human lung


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lungs)

Al%eoli


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Al%eoli


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Meatures of Al%eoli and the


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Meatures of Al%eoli and theMunction ,n ases &xchange

"alls are made of a single ofcells

#arge number of aleoli in thelungs

"alls secrete a thin lining ofmoisture

$urrounded by a network ofblood capillaries

%ncreased surface area forgases exchange

&ases can diffuse rapidlyacross the thin walls

&ases can dissole in moistureand diffuse easily across

walls

!an transport oxygen and!'2 efficiently

(reathing =echanism in ;umans


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g

,F;AA*,F

1.&xternal intercostal muscles contract2.,nternal intercostal muscle relax3.*he rib cage mo%e up+ards and out+ards

4.*he diaphragm muscle contracts andLattens.Jolume of the thoracic ca%ity increaseresulting in reduced air pressure in al%eoli".;igher atmospheric pressure outside

causes the air to rush in



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g

&N;AA*,F

1.&xternal intercostal musclesrelax

2.,nternal intercostal musclecontract3.*he rib cage mobe do+n+ards

and in+ards4.*he diaphragm relaxes andreturns to dome-shaped.Jolume of thoracic ca%itydecrease resultin in hi her air



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INHA/ATION*INSPIRATION

E9HA/ATION*E9SPIRATION

@iaphragm


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INHA/ATION*INSPIRATION

E9HA/ATION*E9SPIRATION

Structures Inhalation Exhalation


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External intercostalmuscles

Internal intercostalmuscles

Rib cage

Diaphragm

Volume

Pressure

Air flow


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/ompare and contrast thehuman respiratory system+ith that of other organisms

Adaptati argesurface

!espiratorystructure

=oisture Fet+or9 ofblood


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on

rganis

ms

area capillaries

roto0oa Small si0e lasmamembrane

@issol%edgases

Fone

,nsects Fumeroustracheoles

*racheoles *ip oftracheoles

Fone

Mish Fumerous?lamentsandlamellae

?lamentsandlamellae

@issol%edgases

A%ailable

Amphibians ungs

s9in

ungs ands9in

#et s9in A%ailable

;umans Fumerousal%eolus

al%eoli =oistsurface

A%ailable


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The gasesexhange ours att8o parts4

a1Bet8een thesur&ae o& al6eolus% !loo$ apillaries!1Bet8een the!loo$ apillaries %!o$' ells

"ases exhange (al6eoli:!loo$


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apillar')

;igh artialressure of 2

o+ artialressure of

2

*he diBerences bet+een the partialf d / i th i f th


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as artial pressure &BectsAir in the

al6eoliBloo$

apillaries

O3 High /o8 O3 $i;uses

&ro# theal6eoli intothe !loo$apillaries

CO3 /o8 High CO3 $i;uses&ro# the!loo$

apillariesinto the

al6eoli

pressure of 2 and /2 in the air of theal%eoli and in the blood capillaries

"ases exhange (!loo$ apillar':


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Oxygen

Body cells

g p '!o$' ells)

;ighartial

ressureof 2

o+artial

ressure

of 2

*he diBerences bet+een the partialpressure of and / in the air in the


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as artial pressure &Bects

Air in the!loo$

apillaries

Bo$' ells

O3 High /o8 Ox'hae#oglo!in

!rea2s $o8n an$releases O3 8hih

then $i;usesthrough the

apillaries 8allsinto the !o$' ells

CO3 /o8 High CO3 pro$ues &ro#ellular respiration$i;uses &ro# the

!o$' ells into the

pressure of 2 and /2 in the air in theblood capillaries and body cells

-cells)


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cells)

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

capillary is higher than in the tissue fluid

Oxyhaemoglobin breaks up into oxygen and

haemoglobin

Oxygen diffuses out of the blood capillary into

the tissue fluid and then to the tissues

*he *ransport of !espiratory ases in;umans


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a) *ransport of 2 from lungs to body cell

1. 2

in the blood that lea%es theal%eoli is transported to body cells forcellular respiration2. 2 is combines +ith a pigment calledhaemoglobin +hich is contained in thered blood cells3. A haemoglobin molecule consists of4 units each +ith a heme group thathas a ferum atom at its centre

4. 2 is carried in the form ofoxyhaemoglobin to all parts of thebody

;umans

;aemoglobin < 2 O xyhaemoglobin

*he *ransport of !espiratory ases in;umans


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!) *ransport of /2 from body cells to

lungs/2 released by body cells can betransported in 3 +ays

• /arbonic acid '7P) - /2 dissol%e in+ater in the blood plasma

• /arbaminohaemoglobin '23P) - /2combines +ith haemoglobin

• (icarbonate ions ';/3-) '7P) CMormfrom the brea9do+n of carbonic acid

;umans

-capillary)


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capillary)

The partial pressure of CO2 in the body cells/tissue

fluid is higher than in the blood capillary

CO2 diffuses into the blood capillary


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• S#all a#ount is ta2en up !' hae#oglo!inin the &or# o& carbaminohaemoglobin

carbon dioxide <haemoglobin

carbaminohaemoglobin


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• =ost of /2 combines +ith +aterto form carbonic acid

• /arbonic acid +ill brea9 do+n

into bicarbonate ions• *he reaction is catalysed by

carbonic anhydrase en0yme in

the red blood cell


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/2 < ;b

/arbaminohaemoglobin

/2 < ;2

;2/3 'carbonic acid)

;/3-

'(icarbonate ion)

;<

(loodplasma

-al%eoli)


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al%eoli)The partial pressure of CO2 in the aleolus is lo!er than

in the blood capillary

Bicarbonate ions diffuses from the blood plasma into the

red blood cell to form carbonic acid

Carbonic acid breaks do!n to CO2 and !ater

CO2

diffuses from the blood capillary to the aleoli

The o#position o&


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The o#position o&

inhale$ an$ exhale$air

/ontent ,nhaled air &xhaled air


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xygen 21.8 P 1".4 P

/arbondioxide

.3 P 4.1 P

Fitrogen 78. P 78. P

#ater

%apour

Jaries

Fe%ersaturated

Saturated

*emperatur

e

!oom

*emperature

(ody

temperature


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7.4Understanding the

regulatory mechanism inrespiration


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• All metabolic process need

energy• *he rate of cell respiration is

directly related to the energyre5uirement of the body

• An increase in acti%ity +ill

increase the rate of %entilation

/orrelate the rate of respiration +ith the


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•@uring %igorous exercise the musclere5uire more 2 and glucose to releasemore energy during cellular respiration.*herefore the rate of respiration

increases• ,n order to supply more 2 the rate anddepth of breathing increases

• *his means the breathing rate increases

'no. of breath per minute)• At the same time the heartbeat rate

increases to pump more blood intocirculation

prate of heart beat

/orrelate the rate of respiration +ith the


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• *his enable more 2 and glucoseto be supplied for cellularrespiration and for more /2 to

be remo%ed from the cells• *he %entilation rate also

increases

• !ate of %entilation is the rate ofgases exchange bet+een theal%eoli and blood capillaries

prate of heart beat

The hange in


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The hange in

!reathing rate a&tero#pleting a

6igorous exeriseUnder normal condition - 1 to 2times per minute

After %igorous exercise C 3 to 3times per minute

The hange in rate o&


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The hange in rate o&

heart!eat a&tero#pleting a 6igorous

exeriseUnder normal condition C " to 7

beats per minute

After %igorous exercise C 12beats per minute


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! i / l /


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,ntercoastal muscles E

!espiratory /ontrol /entre

' =edulla oblongata )

impulses

Also helpsto monitor

/2 le%el Eregulatingthe amount

of /2

releasedduring

exhalation

/ontrol therespiration

rate


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A ti / l l !educe


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Acti%ecellular

acti%ity

/2 le%el

+ill

increase

!educethe p;

le%el oftheblood

@etected by thecentral

chemoreceptor in

medulla oblongata

,ncrease therate of

breathing and%entilation

@iaphragmand

intercoastalmuscles

'contract

Formal

concentrationof /2 and p;

%alue


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In &ear


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In &ear• Breathing an$ heart!eat rates inrease to

inrease rate o& ellular respiration inells1

• Higher rate o& ellular respiration nee$e$to generate #ore energ' so an ope

!etter in $istress or in &ear• A$renal glan$s seretes hor#one

a$renaline inreases heart!eat an$

!reathing rates (#ore gluose an$ox'gen supplie$ to #usles)

• Prepares the person to respon$ to$angerous situation

eripheral


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pchemoreceptor

• Aorti !o$ies (aorti arh) an$aroti$ !o$ies (aroti$ arter')

• Sensiti6e to !oth the CO3 ontent

an$ pH o& !loo$1• I& le6el o& ox'gen is se6erel' lo8

(high altitu$es) peripheral

he#oreeptor sti#ulate$ an$ sen$ner6e i#pulse to respirator' entre


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At high altitu$es


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At high altitu$es• Atmospheric pressure is lo+ diIcult to

breath

• artial pressure of oxygen decreaseddrop in oxygen le%el of blood

• #ill experience headaches nauseadi00iness

• After fe+ days the body +ill becomeacclimatised to the condition as

haemoglobinQs aInity for oxygen isreduced and more oxygen released tobody tissues.

Sensors on the +alls of aorta and carotidarteries 'nec9)'peripheral chemoreceptor)


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arteries 'nec9)'peripheral chemoreceptor)

Send ner%e impulses to the medullaoblongata

*he rate of breathing and %entilationincreases

' to obtain more 2) concentration of 2bac9 to normal

*he respiratory centre usuallydoes not respond directly to 2


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".

!ealising the importance ofmaintaining a healthy

respiratory system


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>

T t i$ li i i ll t $


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• Tr' to a6oi$ li6ing in a pollute$en6iron#ent

: !eause poisonous su!stanes &ro# theat#osphere oul$ $a#age the lungs

•


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;ealthy @iseased


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;ealthylungs

@iseasedlungs


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@FQ*


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S=R&


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7."Understanding respiration in

plants

Th


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The energ'

reuire#ent in plants


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• Plants nee$ energ' to arr' outli6ing proesses 4

01 Meriste#s ells : ell $i6ision

31 Root hair ells % ati6e transport

1 "ro8th

1 Repro$ution

Aero!i respiration


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Aero!i respiration

C"#$2O" % "O2

"CO2 % "#2O % &" 'T(

Anaero!i respiration


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Anaero!i respiration

C"#$2O"

2CO2 % 2C2#)O# % 2'T(

ethanol


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he inta2e o& ox'gen &orrespiration

Stomata


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Stomata


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•Photos'nthesis ours $uring the $a'• O3 &ro# photos'nthesis is use$ up$uring respiration

• CO3 &ro# respiration is use$ inphotos'nthesis

• I& photos'nthesis rate is higher theexess O3 is re#o6e$ out

• "aseous exhange also our throughlentiel (the pores on the sur&ae o& rootan$ ste#

chloroplast

mitochondria


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oxygen

/arbondioxide

t a


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Co#pensation Point The point reahe$ in a

plant 8hen the rate o&photos'nthesis is eual to

the rate o& respiration

Night


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g

• Photos'nthesis $oes not ta2eplae

• Onl' respiration ta2e plae• Car!on $ioxi$e is release$ to

into the at#osphere

/o8 light Intensit'


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• as the light intensit' inreases therate o& photos'nthesis also inreases

• it 8ill o#e to a ertain stage 8here

all the ar!on $ioxi$e release$$uring respiration is use$ up inphotos'nthesis ( p*s r )

• at this point there is no au#ulationo& sugar an$ ox'gen

High /ight Intensit'


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•


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chapter 7 form 4.ppt