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Chapter 7 Deviance

Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

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Page 1: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Chapter 7

Deviance

Page 2: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviance

• Norms guide almost all human activities

• Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking

• Especially righteous people also might be called “deviant”

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Page 3: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviance

• “Different” or “unexpected” to describe deviance from a sociological perspective

• Some categories of people are defined as deviant regardless of action or choice

• Social Control

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Page 4: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Social Control

• Informal Social Control – Parents; teachers; peers

• Formal Social Control – Criminal Justice System:

• A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law

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Page 5: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Explanations for Deviance

• Biological context– Genetic & environmental factors, esp. abuse

early in life: predictors of adult crime/violence

• Personality factors– Deviance is viewed as unsuccessful

“socialization”

• Reckless and Dinitz – Containment Theory

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Page 6: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Social Foundations of Deviance

• Both norms and the way people define rule-breaking involve social power– Rule-makers, rule-breakers, and rule-

enforcers– Norms and applying them are linked to social

position

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Page 7: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Durkheim's Basic Insight

• Deviance affirms cultural values and norms– There can be no good without evil and no

justice without crime

• Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries– A boundary between right wrong

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Page 8: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Durkheim's Basic Insight

• Responding to deviance brings people together– People typically react to serious deviance with

shared outrage

• Deviance encourages social change.– Deviant people push a society’s moral

boundaries

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Page 9: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Merton’s Strain Theory

• Conformity– Conventional goals through normal means

• Innovation– Unconventional means to achieve approved

goals

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Page 10: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Merton’s Strain Theory

• Ritualism– Accept institutional means; reject goals

• Rebellion– Define new goals and means to achieve goals

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Page 11: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Merton’s Strain Theory of DevianceCombining a person’s view of cultural goals and the conventional means to obtain them allowed Robert Merton to identify various types of deviance.Source: Merton (1968).

Page 12: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviant Subcultures

• Cloward and Ohlin– Extended Merton’s theory

• Cohen– Delinquency is most common among lower-

class youths because they have the least • Opportunity for conventional success

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Page 13: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviant Subcultures

• Miller– Delinquent subcultures

• Trouble, toughness, smartness, need for excitement, belief in fate, desire for freedom

• Anderson– In poor urban neighborhoods, most people

conform to conventional values

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Page 14: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Labeling Deviance

• Symbolic-interaction analysis– Assertion that deviance & conformity result

not from what people do as • How others respond to those actions

• Primary deviance– Norm violations that most people take part in

with little harm to self-concept

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Page 15: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Labeling Deviance

• Secondary deviance– When people “make something” of another’s

deviant behavior

• Stigma– Powerful negative label that greatly changes a

person’s self-concept and social identity

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Page 16: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Labeling Deviance

• Retrospective labeling– Re-interpreting someone’s past in light of

present deviance

• Projective labeling– Predicts future deviant behavior

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Page 17: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Labeling Deviance

• Medicalization of deviance– Transform moral and legal deviance into a

medical condition– How people respond– Personal competence of the deviant person

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Page 18: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Sutherland’s Differential Association

• Deviant behavior is learned

• Frequency of association is central to the development of deviance

• If associates are prone to violation of norms, one is also more likely to take part

• Conformity reaps rewards while the lack of it reaps punishment

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Page 19: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Hirschi’s Control Theory

• Attachment– Strong social attachments encourage

conformity

• Opportunity– Greater the access to legitimate opportunity,

the greater advantages of conformity

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Page 20: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Hirschi’s Control Theory

• Involvement– Extensive involvement in legitimate activities

inhibits deviance

• Belief– Strong belief in conventional morality and

respect for authority controls deviance

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Page 21: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Social-Conflict Analysis: Deviance and Power

• Norms or laws reflect interests of rich and powerful

• Powerful have resources to resist deviant labels

• Belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks political character

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Page 22: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviance and Capitalism

• Steven Spitzer - likely targets of labeling:– People who interfere with capitalism– People who cannot or will not work– People who resist authority– Anyone who directly challenges the status

quo

• White-collar crime

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Page 23: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviance and Capitalism

– Those committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

• Corporate crime– Illegal actions of a corporation or people

acting on its behalf

• Organized crime– A business supplying illegal goods or services

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Page 24: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviance, Race, and Gender

• Hate crime– A criminal act against a person or person’s

property by offender motivated by racial bias

• The Feminist Perspective & Gender– The world applies more stringent normative

controls to women

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Page 25: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Deviance, Race, and Gender

– Strain due to reality of gender-based inequality

– Different standards are used to judge the behavior of women and men

– Why do women commit fewer crimes than men?

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Page 26: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 27: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

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The Risk of Violent Crime across the United States

Page 28: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Crime

• The violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality, state, or the federal government

• Two elements– The act itself – Criminal intent

• Crimes against the person

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Page 29: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Crime

– Direct violence or threat of it

• Crimes against property– Involves theft of property

• Criminal statistics– Victimization surveys: Crime rate is two to four

times higher than official reports

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Page 30: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

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Crime Rates in the United States, 1960–2010Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation (2011).

Page 31: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Crime in Global Perspective

• United States– The US crime rate is high by world standards.– The rate of US violent crime is several times

higher than in Europe– Elliott Currie: Crime stems from our culture’s

emphasis on individual economic success

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Page 32: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Crime in Global Perspective

• Frequently at the expense of strong families and neighborhoods

• Other countries– Crime rates are high in some of the world’s

largest cities• Rapid population growth and millions of poor

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Page 33: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Crime in Global Perspective

– The traditional character of low-income societies and their strong families allow

• Informal crime control outside of big cities

– Different countries have different strategies for dealing with crime

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Page 34: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

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Capital Punishment in Global PerspectiveSource: Amnesty International (2011).

Page 35: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

US Criminal Justice System: Due Process

• Anyone charged with a crime must receive– Fair notice of the proceedings– A hearing on the charges conducted

according to law and with the ability to present a defense

– A judge or jury that weighs evidence impartially

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Page 36: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

US Criminal Justice System: Due Process

• The criminal justice system must operate according to law

• This principle is grounded in the Bill of Rights

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Page 37: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

US Criminal Justice System: Due Process

• Police: Primary point of contact between population and criminal justice system– Officers quickly size up situations in terms of

six factors• Gravity of situation• Victim’s wishes

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Page 38: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

US Criminal Justice System: Due Process

• Cooperation of suspect• Has suspect been arrested before?• Presence of observers increases chances of arrest• Officers are more likely to arrest people of color.

– The police maintain public order by enforcing the law

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Page 39: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

US Criminal Justice System Courts

• Plea bargaining: Legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge – In exchange for a defendant’s guilty plea

• Widespread because it spares the system the time and expense of trials.

• Undercuts both the adversarial process and the rights of defendants

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Page 40: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Justifications for Punishment

• Retribution– An act of moral vengeance by which society

• Makes offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

• Deterrence– The attempt to discourage criminality through

the use of punishment

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Page 41: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

Justifications for Punishment

• Rehabilitation– A program for reforming the offender to

prevent later offenses

• Societal protection– Rendering an offender incapable of further

offenses temporarily through imprisonment • Or permanently by execution

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Page 42: Chapter 7 Deviance. Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of rule-breaking Especially righteous people

The Death Penalty

• Most of population supports death penalty

• Death penalty sentences have declined:– Decline in crime rates has resulted in a

decreased fear of crime– Fear of wrongful convictions– Increased use of life sentences without parole– High cost of prosecuting capital cases.

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