Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Chapter 7: Cell Structure and FunctionFunction

Cell theoryCell theory All living things are made up of cellsAll living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and functionCells are the basic unit of structure and function All cells come from pre-existing cellsAll cells come from pre-existing cells

ScientistsScientists

Anton van LeeuwenhoekAnton van Leeuwenhoek

Discovered life in pond water. Discovered life in pond water. How did he discover life so small?How did he discover life so small? He was credited for developing the first He was credited for developing the first

simple…simple…

1674present

Robert HookeRobert Hooke

Looked at a cork under a microscope and saw Looked at a cork under a microscope and saw tiny chambers in it.tiny chambers in it.

He called those tiny chambers (small rooms)…He called those tiny chambers (small rooms)…

Cells

Robert BrownRobert Brown

Saw a dark spot in the middle of the cell and Saw a dark spot in the middle of the cell and called it a…called it a…

Nucleus

SchleidenSchleiden

All plants were made up of cells.All plants were made up of cells. Schleiden weedin’ Schleiden weedin’

SchwannSchwann

All animals were made up of cells.All animals were made up of cells.

VirchowVirchow

All cells come from pre-existing cells.All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Structure of CellsStructure of Cells

What regulates what enters and exits the cell?What regulates what enters and exits the cell? Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Lipid bilayer-protectionLipid bilayer-protection Protein-act as a pumpProtein-act as a pump Carbohydrates-regulates what goes in and out Carbohydrates-regulates what goes in and out

(bouncer checks IDs)(bouncer checks IDs)

What is only found in plant cells (for added What is only found in plant cells (for added protection)?protection)?

Cell WallCell Wall Protects cellProtects cell Porous-allow material in and outPorous-allow material in and out Pectin-holds other cells togetherPectin-holds other cells together Cellulose-roughage, adds more protectionCellulose-roughage, adds more protection Lignin-makes rigid (stronger from wind)Lignin-makes rigid (stronger from wind)

What is the brain of the cell called?What is the brain of the cell called?

NucleusNucleus

EuEukaryote- has a nucleus (eu=you, You have a karyote- has a nucleus (eu=you, You have a nucleus)nucleus)

ProProkaryote- does not have a nucleus karyote- does not have a nucleus ((Pro=NOPro=NO) ) (some single celled organisms)(some single celled organisms)

Nucleolus

Nuclear membrane

NucleusNucleus

ChromosomesChromosomes-contains genetic info. pass -contains genetic info. pass from one generation to the next. from one generation to the next.

ChromatChromatININ- material - material ININ chromosomes chromosomes DNADNA-(DNA and protein found in chromatin)-(DNA and protein found in chromatin) RNA and ribosomes-RNA and ribosomes- found in nucleolus found in nucleolus

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

CytoCyto=cell=cell SkeletonSkeleton=structure that supports and shapes=structure that supports and shapes MicrotubulesMicrotubules-help cell maintain shape-help cell maintain shape MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments-help function in cell mov’t -help function in cell mov’t

and supportand support Cytoplasmic streamingCytoplasmic streaming

mov’t in the cytoplasmmov’t in the cytoplasm

OrganellesOrganelles

What is an organelle? How does it compare to What is an organelle? How does it compare to an organ found in a human body?an organ found in a human body? Organelle is a “tiny organ” found in cells. Has a Organelle is a “tiny organ” found in cells. Has a

specific job to do for the cell.specific job to do for the cell.

Organelles in the CytoplasmOrganelles in the Cytoplasm

Ribosomes- make proteins.Ribosomes- make proteins. Free- in cytoplasmFree- in cytoplasm Attached- ribosomes attached to Rough ER.Attached- ribosomes attached to Rough ER.

Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles and Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles and modifies protein.modifies protein. Rough ER- has ribosomes on itRough ER- has ribosomes on it Smooth ER- does NOT have ribosomes on itSmooth ER- does NOT have ribosomes on it

More organelles…More organelles…

Golgi apparatus-Golgi apparatus- (UPS) packages, modifies, (UPS) packages, modifies, and distributes carbohydrates and lipids to and distributes carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. proteins.

LysosomesLysosomes- Enzymes that digest old and - Enzymes that digest old and unused material within a cell.unused material within a cell. (Lysol) clean up crew.(Lysol) clean up crew.

VacuolesVacuoles- stores water, salts, carbs., proteins- stores water, salts, carbs., proteins Plants have one very larger vacuolePlants have one very larger vacuole Animals have smaller vacuolesAnimals have smaller vacuoles

Organelles still continued…Organelles still continued…

ChloroplastChloroplast- use NRG from the sun to make - use NRG from the sun to make food.food. Only found in plants (photosynthesis)Only found in plants (photosynthesis)

MitochondriaMitochondria- cells use chemical NRG (from - cells use chemical NRG (from food) and converts it into NRG the cell can use food) and converts it into NRG the cell can use for growth, mov’t, and development.for growth, mov’t, and development.

Centrioles- aid in cell division.Centrioles- aid in cell division.

Mitochondia “Powerhouse”Mitochondia “Powerhouse”

Plant CellAnimal Cell

Cell City ProjectCell City Project You and a partner will You and a partner will

construct a 3-D model of a construct a 3-D model of a cell in comparison to a city.cell in comparison to a city.

You will need to include the You will need to include the following organelles in your following organelles in your city.city.

Type up a reason of what Type up a reason of what you chose to represent the you chose to represent the organelles and why you organelles and why you chose it. chose it.

Also include the definitions.Also include the definitions. Everything must be neatly Everything must be neatly

typed.typed.

Cell membraneCell membranecytoplasm cytoplasm NucleusNucleusNucleolusNucleolusNuclear membraneNuclear membraneFree RibosomesFree RibosomesAttached RibosomeAttached RibosomeSmooth Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic ReticulumGolgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusMitochondriaMitochondriaVacuolesVacuolesLysosomeLysosomeCentriolesCentrioles

Movement through Cell MembraneMovement through Cell Membrane

Diffusion- mov’t of molecules from an area of Diffusion- mov’t of molecules from an area of Higher concentration to Lower concentration. Higher concentration to Lower concentration. (DHL)(DHL) Doesn’t require cell to use NRGDoesn’t require cell to use NRG Moves until reaches equilibrium (actually it keeps Moves until reaches equilibrium (actually it keeps

moving equally in both directions)moving equally in both directions) Osmosis- diffusion of WATER through a Osmosis- diffusion of WATER through a

selectively permeable membrane.selectively permeable membrane. Doesn’t require NRGDoesn’t require NRG

TermsTerms

PermeablePermeable- substance can cross the - substance can cross the membranemembrane

Selectively Permeable-Selectively Permeable- some subs. are able to some subs. are able to cross membrane while others cannnotcross membrane while others cannnot

ImpermeableImpermeable- subs. cannot cross membrane.- subs. cannot cross membrane.

DiffusionDiffusion

DiffusionDiffusion

OsmosisOsmosis

Osmotic PressureOsmotic Pressure

What if too much water and pressure build up? What if too much water and pressure build up?

The plant could internal explode. The plant could internal explode. Typically doesn’t happen because of cell wall Typically doesn’t happen because of cell wall

prevents cells from expanding too much.prevents cells from expanding too much.

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Does not require NRGDoes not require NRG Membrane Proteins “help” the diffusion Membrane Proteins “help” the diffusion

process.process.

Active TransportActive Transport

Active- requires NRGActive- requires NRG Acts like a pumpActs like a pump EndocytosisEndocytosis- infold the membrane around - infold the membrane around

food.food. PhagocytosisPhagocytosis-when food is taken in by -when food is taken in by

endocytosis, the cytoplasm engulfs particles.endocytosis, the cytoplasm engulfs particles. ExocytosisExocytosis- removal of large amounts of - removal of large amounts of

material out of a cell.material out of a cell.

Endocytosis Phagocytosis Exocytosis

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

CellsCells TissuesTissues-group of similar cells-group of similar cells OrgansOrgans-group of tissues that work together-group of tissues that work together Organ system-Organ system- group of organs group of organs OrganismOrganism- all organ systems working together.- all organ systems working together.

Cell specialization-Cell specialization- cell that perform a special funtion. cell that perform a special funtion.