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Chapter 7Altered States of Consciousness
Section 1 Objective
Sleep and Dreams
Discuss the four stages of sleep and the period of dreaming.
Define
Consciousness: state of awareness, including a persons feeling, sensations, ideas, and perceptions.
REM sleep: sleep stage with rapid eye movement, high brain act, deep muscle relaxation, and dreaming.
Circadian Rhythm: rhythm of act and impact lasting about 1 day.
Insomnia: failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested during the day.
Sleep apnea: sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep.
Narcolepsy: uncontrolled falling asleep or feelings of sleep during the day.
Nightmares: unpleasant dreams.
Night Terrors: sleep disruption that occur during stage 4; involve screaming, panic, or confusion.
Sleep Walking: walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep.
Complete a chart on Freud’s Levels of Consciousness
Conscious
- Perception- Thoughts
Pre-Conscious
- Memories - Stored Knowledge
Unconscious
--Selfish needs-- Irrational Wishes-- Immoral Urges-- Shameful Experiences-- Fears-- Violent Motives-- Unacceptable Desires
Describe the following during the levels of sleep.
Stage 1 Pulse slows, Muscles relax, Breathing & brain activity become uneven. Can last up to 10 minutes. Production of Theta waves, brain waves shift from low amp & high frequency to high amp and low frequency.
Stage 2 Eyes move side to side, and can last up to 30 minutes
Stage 3 Large amp Delta waves sweep brain every second or so
Describe the following during the levels of sleep.
Stage 4 Deepest sleep of all and is hard to awaken from. Large regular Delta waves are common. When awakened, one is disoriented. Sleepwalking, talking, bed wetting with no memory is common. This stage must be reached for mental and physical health.
REM Sleep Eyes move rapidly, adrenal and sex hormones increase. Body becomes paralyzed, while face and fingers twitch.
The amount of sleep on
needs decreases as one
gets older, while the
percentage of time in
REM sleep increases
True
What causes jet lag?Circadian cycle not instinct with external clock.
Give causes for the following disorders:
Insomnia mental stress, anxiety, over use of drugs & alcohol
Sleep Apnea Enlarged tonsils, throat & ear infections, obesity
Narcolepsy Lack of sleep causing them to have problems at work, leisure, & relationship
Nightmares & Terrors Disturbing thoughts, unconscious ides, inability to resolve issues (trauma)
Sleepwalking and talking Stress, fatigue, use of sedatives, and heredity. Contrary to popular belief, it is ok to wake them.
When would you have your most vivid and longest
dreams?During your last REM
cycle
T/F Dreams are usually
pleasant and soothing.
False, dreams are usually about fear, anxiety, and sadness
From your own ideas & thoughts: Explain the purpose of dreams.
Allow us to resolve problems from the day
Do some mental housecleaning: get rid of non-needed memories
In dealing with dreams, what do the following mean
Manifest Content
Refers to the storyline, images and perceptual aspects
Latent Content
Meanings (the hidden) that come from unconscious wishes
Section 1 Recap-Sleep and Dreams
Main Idea: Sleep—an essential state of consciousness—involves stages and periods of dreaming.
■Some researchers believe that sleep is restorative. Others believe sleep is a type of hibernation, necessary to conserve energy. Still others believe sleep clears the mind of useless information.
■ There are several stages of sleep—from Stage I, the lightest level of sleep, to Stage IV, the deepest level of sleep. REM sleep is an active type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement.
■ Sometimes people have problems falling asleep or during sleep. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, nightmares, night terrors, and sleepwalking.
■ The mental activity that takes place during sleep is called dreaming.
Section 2- Objective
Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation
Understand that hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are altered states of consciousness that can occur while we are awake.
Define
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic
Biofeedback
Meditation
How does hypnosis work?
Put into an altered state of consciousness in which they become highly suggestible.
Become responsive or receptive to certain stimuli
Focus on one tiny aspect of reality
Done by having one relax, discard distractions
What are some uses of hypnosis?
Block, Suppress, or Enhance memory
Reduce Pain
Help clients reveal problem or gain insight into life
How is Hypnosis used by athletes?Relaxation/Visualization/ Way to achieve personal best
What is the purpose of biofeedback?
To teach, with the use of machines, how different thoughts and/or emotions effect their physiological behavior & how to alter those effects
What are the 3 approaches to meditation?
-Transcendental repeating a phrase (Sanskrit)
-Mindfulness presents of mind from toeshead
-Breath concentrating on breathing
Section 2 –Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation
Main Idea: Hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are altered states of consciousness that can occur when we
■ Hypnosis is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought.
■ Biofeedback has been used to teach people to control a wide variety of physiological responses.
■ Studies have suggested that the regular practice of meditation is physically relaxing and can also lead to changes in behavior. Others argue that meditation is indistinguishable from regularly scheduled relaxation.
Section 3 - Objectives
Drugs and Consciousness
Describe psychoactive drugs and how they interact with the central nervous system to alter consciousness.
Define the following vocab words
Psychoactive Drugs
Marijuana
Hallucinations
Hallucinogens
LSD
Give 3 facts of marijuana uses & effects
-Sensory experiences augmented – music sounds fuller, colors brighter tastes stronger
--Feelings are enhanced: both positive & negative
--Can slow mental processes, cause lethargy, and be psychologically addictive
Describe some effects of LSD
Hallucinations/ Familiar objects become unfamiliar/ Senses become intermingled
What are the different types of Opiates?Opium/ Morphine/ Heroin
What are some effects of alcohol use?
Immediate effect loosening of inhibitionsActing without social
restraint or self control
Slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired judgment, memory loss, and a condition called “Beer Goggles”
Dependent on amount, frequency of use, and body weight, composition
What is the most
commonly used
psychoactive drug?Caffeine
What are some reasons that one abuses drugs?
Avoid boredom
Fit in with peers
Gain self confidence
Forget problems
Relax
Feel good
What are the usual steps of drug abuse treatment?
1. Admission of problem
2. Enter treatment or therapy
3. Must remain drug free
Section 3 Recap – Drugs and Consciousness
Main Idea: Psycho- active drugs interact with the central nervous system to alter consciousness.
■ The effects of marijuana, a psychoactive drug, vary from person to person.
■ Hallucinogens, whose main effect is to produce hallucinations, have been used for their effects on consciousness since earliest human history.
■ LSD, a synthetic substance, is the most potent and most extensively studied hallucinogen.
■ Alcohol is a depressant that serves to inhibit the brain’s normal functions.
■ Drug abusers are people who regularly use illegal drugs or excessively use legal drugs.