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Chapter 7
Accounts and Notes Receivable
Conceptual Learning Objectives
Self-Study:C1: Describe accounts receivable and
how they occur and are recorded.
C2: Describe a note receivable and the computation of its maturity date and interest.
C3: Explain how receivables can be converted to cash before maturity.
7-2
Analytical Learning Objectives
A1: Compute accounts receivable turnover and use it to help assess financial condition.
7-3
Procedural Learning Objectives
P1: Apply the direct write-off and allowance methods to account for accounts receivable.
P2: Estimate uncollectibles using methods based on sales and accounts receivable.
P3: Record the receipt of a note receivable.
P4: Record the honoring and dishonoring of a note and adjustments for interest.
7-4
Accounts Receivable
Amounts due from customers for credit
sales (2/10, n/30).
Credit sales require: Maintaining a separate account
receivable for each customer.
Accounting for bad debts that result from credit sales.
C 1
7-5
Recognizing Accounts ReceivableC 1
$4.3 Mil.
$9.392 Mil.
$118 Mil.
$109 Mil.
Percentage of total assets
7-6
Accounts Receivable
Sales on Credit => A/RCredit sales are recorded by increasing (debiting) Accounts Receivable.
a. The General Ledger Account continues to keep a single Accounts Receivable account.
b. A supplementary record, called the accounts receivable ledger account, is created to maintain a separate account for each customer.
c. The sum of the individual (subsidiary) accounts in the accounts receivable ledger equals the debit
balance of the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger (Master Account).
On July 16, Barton, Co. sells $950 of merchandise on credit to Webster, Co., and $1,000 of merchandise on account to Matrix, Inc.
On July 16, Barton, Co. sells $950 of merchandise on credit to Webster, Co., and $1,000 of merchandise on account to Matrix, Inc.
Sales on Credit
Jul. 16 Accounts Receivable - Webster 950 Sales 950
To record credit sales to Webster Co.
Accounts Receivable - Matrix 1,000 Sales 1,000
To record credit sales to M atrix, Inc.
C 1
7-8
Sales on Credit
Date PR Debit Credit BalanceJul. 16 950 950
Matrix, Inc.Date PR Debit Credit BalanceJul. 16 1,000 1,000
Accounts Receivable LedgerWebster, Co.
Webster, Co. 950$ Matrix, Inc. 1,000 Total 1,950$
Schedule ofAccounts Receivable
Date PR Debit Credit BalanceJul. 16 1,950 1,950
General LedgerAccounts Receivable
C 1
7-9
On July 31, Barton, Co. collects $500 from Webster, Co., and $800 from Matrix, Inc. on account.
On July 31, Barton, Co. collects $500 from Webster, Co., and $800 from Matrix, Inc. on account.
Sales on Credit
Jul. 31 Cash 500 Accounts Receivable - Webster 500
To record cash collections on account
Cash 800 Accounts Receivable - Matrix 800
To record cash collections on account
C 1
7-10
Sales on Credit
Date PR Debit Credit BalanceJul. 16 950 950 Jul. 31 500 450
Matrix, Inc.Date PR Debit Credit BalanceJul. 16 1,000 1,000 Jul. 31 800 200
Accounts Receivable LedgerWebster, Co.
Webster, Co. 450$ Matrix, Inc. 200 Total 650$
Schedule ofAccounts Receivable
Date PR Debit Credit BalanceJul. 16 1,950 1,950 Jul. 31 1,300 650
General LedgerAccounts Receivable
C 1
7-11
Exercise 2
Advantages of allowing customers to use credit cards:
Customers’ credit is
evaluated by the credit
card issuer.
Customers’ credit is
evaluated by the credit
card issuer.
The risks of extending credit are transferred to the credit card issuer.
The risks of extending credit are transferred to the credit card issuer.
Cash collections are quicker.
Cash collections are quicker.
Sales increase by providing purchase
options to the customer.
Sales increase by providing purchase
options to the customer.
Credit Card SalesC 1
7-13
With bank credit cards, the seller deposits the credit card sales receipt in the bank just like it deposits a customer’s check.
With bank credit cards, the seller deposits the credit card sales receipt in the bank just like it deposits a customer’s check.
The bank increases the balance in the company’s checking account.
The bank increases the balance in the company’s checking account.
The company usually pays a fee of 1% to 5% for the service.
The company usually pays a fee of 1% to 5% for the service.
Credit Card SalesC 1
7-14
On July 16, 2009, Barton, Co. has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 2%.
The cash is received immediately.
On July 16, 2009, Barton, Co. has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 2%.
The cash is received immediately.
Credit Card Sales(Immediate receipt of cash)
Jul. 16 Cash 490 Credit Card Expense 10
Sales 500 To record credit card sales
and fees
C 1
7-15
On July 16, 2009, Barton, Co. has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 1%. Barton remits the credit card sale to the credit card company and waits for the payment that is received on July 28.
On July 16, 2009, Barton, Co. has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 1%. Barton remits the credit card sale to the credit card company and waits for the payment that is received on July 28.
Credit Card Sales (Delayed receipt of Cash)
DR CRJul. 16 Accounts Receivable - Credit Card Co. 495
Credit Card Expense 5 Sales 500
To record credit card sales and fees.
Jul. 28 Cash 495
Accounts Receivable - Credit Card Co. 495
To record receipt from credit card company 7-16
Quick Study 1
Exercise 1
Installment Accounts Receivable
Amounts owed by customers from credit sales for which payment is required in periodic amounts over an extended time period. The customer is usually charged interest.
C 1
7-18
The Matching Principle requires expenses to be reported in the same accounting period as the sales they help to produce.
Some customers may not pay their account.
-Uncollectible amounts are referred to as bad debts.
-There are two methods of accounting for bad debts: Direct Write-Off Method (Violates MATCHING) Allowance Method (Based on MATCHING)
- % of Sales method => I/S Approach- % of Receivables method => B/S
Approach
Some customers may not pay their account.
-Uncollectible amounts are referred to as bad debts.
-There are two methods of accounting for bad debts: Direct Write-Off Method (Violates MATCHING) Allowance Method (Based on MATCHING)
- % of Sales method => I/S Approach- % of Receivables method => B/S
Approach
Valuing Accounts ReceivableP1
7-20
Direct Write-Off Method
The direct write-off method:Records the loss from an uncollectible
account receivable when it is determined to be uncollectible. || Violates MATCHING Principle
a. Entry to write off uncollectible and recognize loss: Debit: Bad Debt Expense Credit: Accounts Receivable.
b. If a written off account is later collected, this results in a reversal of the write off (see a.) and a normal collection of account entry.
On August 4th, 2009, Barton determines it cannot collect $350 from Martin, Inc., a credit customer.Note: Sales to Martin occurred on November 10th, 2008.
On August 4th, 2009, Barton determines it cannot collect $350 from Martin, Inc., a credit customer.Note: Sales to Martin occurred on November 10th, 2008.
Direct Write-Off Method
DR CRNov.10 Accounts Receivable - Martin 350
2008 Sales 350
7-22
DR CRAug. 4 Bad Debts Expense 350
2009 Accounts Receivable - Martin 350 To write-off uncollectible account
On September 9th, 2010, Martin decides to pay $200 that was previously written off.
On September 9th, 2010, Martin decides to pay $200 that was previously written off.
Direct Write-Off Method
DR CRSep. 9 Accounts Receivable - Martin 200
Bad Debts Expense 200 To reinstate account previously written-off
Sep. 9 Cash 200 Accounts Receivable - Martin 200
To record payment on account
7-23
If a written off account is later collected, this results in a reversal of the write off (see Aug. 4th, 2009 entry) and a normal collection of account entry.
Matching vs. Materiality
The Matching Principle requires expenses to be reported in the same accounting period as the sales they help to produce.
The Matching Principle requires expenses to be reported in the same accounting period as the sales they help to produce.
The Materiality Constraint states that an amount can be ignored if its effect on the financial statements is unimportant to users’ business decisions.
The Materiality Constraint states that an amount can be ignored if its effect on the financial statements is unimportant to users’ business decisions.
P1
7-24
Matching vs. Materiality
Under the matching principle, the direct write-off method usually does not best match sales and expenses.
But, the materiality constraint permits the use of the direct write-off method when bad debts expenses are very small in relation to a company’s other financial statement items.
At the end of each period, estimate totalbad debts expected to be realized from That period’s sales.
There are two advantages to the allowance method:
1. It records estimated bad debts expense in the period when the related sales are recorded.
=> Proper matching of Expenses with Income on I/S;
2. It reports accounts receivable on the balance sheet at the estimated amount (Realizable value) of cash to be collected.
=> Proper VALUATION of A/R on Balance Sheet.
At the end of each period, estimate totalbad debts expected to be realized from That period’s sales.
There are two advantages to the allowance method:
1. It records estimated bad debts expense in the period when the related sales are recorded.
=> Proper matching of Expenses with Income on I/S;
2. It reports accounts receivable on the balance sheet at the estimated amount (Realizable value) of cash to be collected.
=> Proper VALUATION of A/R on Balance Sheet.
Allowance Method
7-26
Recording Bad Debts Expense
Bal. 278,000Accounts Receivable
Jan. 1 0BDE 3,000Dec. 31 3,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
DR CRDec. 31 Bad Debts Expense 3,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 3,000 To record estimated bad debts
At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of its accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2009, is $278,000.
At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of its accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2009, is $278,000.
Contra-asset accountContra-asset account
7-27
Recording Bad Debts Expense
DR CRCashAccounts receivable 278,000$ Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts 3,000 275,000$
Barton, Co.Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2009
At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of its accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2009, is $278,000.
At the end of its first year of operations, Barton Co. estimates that $3,000 of its accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2009, is $278,000.
7-28
Two Methods
1. Percent of Sales Method
2. Accounts Receivable Methods Percent of Accounts Receivable Method Aging of Accounts Receivable Method
Two Methods
1. Percent of Sales Method
2. Accounts Receivable Methods Percent of Accounts Receivable Method Aging of Accounts Receivable Method
Allowance Method of estimating
Bad Debts Expenses
7-29
Barton has credit sales of $1,400,000 in 2009. Management estimates 0.5% of credit sales will eventually prove uncollectible.
What is Barton’s Bad Debts Expense for 2009?
Percent of Sales Method
Bad debts expense is computed as follows:
7-30
Barton’s accountant computes estimated
Bad Debts Expense of $7,000.
Percent of Sales Method
DR CRDec. 31 Bad Debts Expense 7,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 7,000 To record estimated bad debts
P2
7-31
Percent of Sales MethodBarton has $100,000 in accounts receivable and a $900 credit balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts on Dec.31, 2009.
What is the balance in AFDA on Dec. 31, 2009?
Prepare the ‘T’ accounts for A/R and AFDA showing the balances as of 12/31/09.
Bal. 100,000Accounts Receivable
Dec. 31 900BDE 7,000Dec. 31 7,900
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
DR CRCashAccounts receivable 100,000$ Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts 7,900 92,100$
Barton, Co.Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2009
Quick Study 4;
Exercise 4: -% of Sales;-Partial B/S
Exercise 9a: -% of Sales;-Partial B/S.
Exercise 9b: -% of Sales;-Partial B/S
Percent of Sales Method
Compute the estimate of the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:
Bad Debts Expense is computed as:
Percent of Accounts Receivable Method
7-34
Barton has $100,000 in accounts receivable and a $900 credit balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts on December 31, 2009.
Past experience suggests that 4% of receivables are uncollectible.
What is Barton’s Bad Debts Expense for 2009?
What is the balance in AFDA on Dec. 31, 2009?
Barton has $100,000 in accounts receivable and a $900 credit balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts on December 31, 2009.
Past experience suggests that 4% of receivables are uncollectible.
What is Barton’s Bad Debts Expense for 2009?
What is the balance in AFDA on Dec. 31, 2009?
Percent of Accounts Receivable
7-35
Desired balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
Percent of Accounts Receivable
DR CRDec. 31 Bad Debts Expense 3,100
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 3,100 To record estimated bad debts
7-36
Percent of Accounts Receivable
DR CRCashAccounts receivable 100,000$ Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts 4,000 96,000$
Barton, Co.Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2009
Bal. 100,000Accounts Receivable
Dec. 31 900BDE 3,100Dec. 31 4,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Quick Study 3;
Exercise 5: -% of A/R;-Partial B/S;
Exercise 7: -% of A/R;-Partial B/S;
Exercise 9c: -% of A/R;-Partial B/S.
Percent of Accounts Receivable
Each receivable is grouped by how long it is past its due date.
Each receivable is grouped by how long it is past its due date.
Estimated bad debts for each group are totaled.
Estimated bad debts for each group are totaled.
Aging of Accounts Receivable Method
Each age group is multiplied by its estimated bad debts percentage.
7-39
Barton, Co.Schedule of Accounts Receivable by Age
December 31, 2009
Days Past Due
Accounts Receivable
Balance Percent
Uncollectible
Estimated Uncollectible
Amount
Not Yet Due 64,500$ 1% 645$ 1 - 30 Days Past Due 18,500 3% 555 31 - 60 Days Past Due 10,000 7% 700 61 - 90 Days Past Due 3,900 40% 1,560 Over 90 Days Past Due 3,100 60% 1,860
100,000$ 5,320$
Aging of Accounts Receivable
P2
7-40
Barton’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $900.
We estimated the proper balance to be $5,320.
Barton’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $900.
We estimated the proper balance to be $5,320.
Aging of Accounts Receivable
DR CRDec. 31 Bad Debts Expense 4,420
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 4,420 To record estimated bad debts
P2
7-41
Exercise 6: a, b & c
Aging of Accounts Receivable
With the allowance method, when an account is determined to be uncollectible, the debit goes to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
With the allowance method, when an account is determined to be uncollectible, the debit goes to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
Writing Off a Bad Debt under the Allowance Method
Barton determines that Martin’s $300 account is uncollectible.
Barton determines that Martin’s $300 account is uncollectible.
DR CRDec. 31 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 300
Accounts Receivable - Martin 300 To write-off an uncollectible account
7-43
Subsequent collections on accounts written off require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash collection is recorded.
Subsequent collections on accounts written off require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash collection is recorded.
Recovery of a Bad Debt
DR CRFeb. 8 Accounts Receivable - Martin 300
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 300 To reinstate account previously written off
Feb. 8 Cash 300 Accounts Receivable - Martin 300
To record full payment on account
P2
7-44
Exercise 6 & 8
% of Sales
Emphasis on Matching
SalesBad
Debts Exp.
Income Statement
Focus
Income Statement
Focus
% of Receivables
Emphasis on Realizable Value
Accts. Rec. All. for
Doubtful Accts.
Balance Sheet Focus
Balance Sheet Focus
Aging of Receivables
Emphasis on Realizable Value
Accts. Rec. All. for
Doubtful Accts.
Balance Sheet Focus
Balance Sheet Focus
SummaryP2
7-46
$1,000.00 July 10, 2009
Ninety days
Barton Company, Los Angeles, CA
One thousand and no/100 --------------------------------- Dollars
First National Bank of Los Angeles, CA
42
12%
Julia Browne
after date I promise to pay to
the order of
Payable atValue received with interest at per annumNo. Due Oct. 8, 2009
Term
Payee
Maker
Notes ReceivableP3
Principal
Interest Rate
Due Date
7-47
If the note is expressed in days, base a year on 360
days.
If the note is expressed in days, base a year on 360
days.
Even for maturities less than one year,
the rate is annualized.
Even for maturities less than one year,
the rate is annualized.
Interest ComputationP3
7-48
On March 1, 2009, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix gave Office Supplies a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier.
What is the maturity date of the note?
On March 1, 2009, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix gave Office Supplies a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier.
What is the maturity date of the note?
Computing Maturity and InterestP3
7-49
Computing Maturity and Interest
Days in March 31 Minus the date of the note 1 Days remaining in March 30 Days in April 30 Days in May to maturity 30 Period of the note in days 90
The note is due and payable on May 30, 2009.
How much interest will Matrix pay to Office Supplies, Inc. on this note?
P3
7-50
Total interest due at May 30.
Computing Maturity and InterestP3
Principal of the note
×Annual interest
rate ×
Time expressed
in years = Interest
$ 12,000 × 9% × 90/360 = $ 270
7-51
Recognizing Notes Receivable
Here are the entries to record the note on March 1, and the settlement on May 30, 2009.Here are the entries to record the note on March 1, and the settlement on May 30, 2009.
DR CRMar. 1 Notes Receivable 12,000
Sales 12,000 Sold goods in exchange for note
DR CRMay 30 Cash 12,270
Interest Revenue 270 Notes Receivable 12,000
Collected note and interest due
P3
7-52
Recording a Dishonored Note
On May 30, 2009, Matrix informs us that the company is unable to pay the note or interest.On May 30, 2009, Matrix informs us that the company is unable to pay the note or interest.
Accounts Receivable - Matrix 12,270 Interest revenue 270 Notes Receivable 12,000
To charge accounts receivable for dishonored
note
P4
7-53
Recording End-of-Period Interest Adjustments
On December 1, 2009, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix issued a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier. What adjusting entry is required on December 31, the end of the company’s accounting period?
On December 1, 2009, Matrix, Inc. purchased a copier for $12,000 from Office Supplies, Inc. Matrix issued a 9% note due in 90 days in payment for the copier. What adjusting entry is required on December 31, the end of the company’s accounting period?
$12,000 × 9% × 30/360 = $90
DR CRDec. 31 Interest Receivable 90
Interest Revenue 90 To accrue interest on note
P4
7-54
Recording End-of-Period Interest Adjustments
Days in December 31 Minus the date of the note (1) Day remaining in December 30 Days in January 31 Days in February 28 Days in March until maturity 1 Period of the note in days 90
DR CRMar. 1 Cash 12,270
Interest Receivable 90 Interest Revenue 180 Notes Receivable 12,000
To record full payment of note
Recording collection on note at maturity.Recording collection on note at maturity.
P4
7-55
Quick Study: 5 & 6Exercise: 10 & 11Exercise: 12
Notes Receivable
Disposing of Receivables
Companies sometimes want to convert receivables to cash before they are due.
They can sell or factor receivables. They may pledge receivables as
security for a loan.
7-57
This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue.
This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue.
Net sales Average accounts receivable Net sales Average accounts receivable
Accounts Receivable TurnoverA1
7-58
Days’ Sales Uncollected
Days’Sales
Uncollected
Accounts Receivable Net Sales × 365=
How much time is likely to pass beforewe receive cash receipts from credit sales.How much time is likely to pass beforewe receive cash receipts from credit sales.
A1
6-59
End of Chapter 7
7-60