Indian and China Establish Empires

Indian and China Establish EmpiresChapter 7SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the Golden Age under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka. b. Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism.

Main IdeasIn India and China, military leaders seize power and used authority to strengthen government.

From Aryan nomads, India is product of interacting cultures. In China, government pressure conquered people to adopt Chinese culture.

Buddhism and Hinduism dominate India. Confucius and Buddhism take root in China.Timeline321 BC Chandragupta Maurya founds empire

202 BC Lui Bang establishes Chinas Han Dynasty

AD 65 Buddhism takes place in China

AD 105 China invents paper

AD 220 Han Dynasty falls

AD 320 Gupta Empire forms in India and encourages renewal of Hindu faith

Indias First EmpiresBoth Mauryas and Guptas establish empires but neither unified India permanently.

The diversity of the people of India (beliefs, languages, culture) continues to pose problems to India today.Mauryan Empire EstablishedChandragupta MauryaConquered powerful Nanda King (Ganges)Defeats Alexanders Macedonian GeneralUnifies North India: Initiated high taxes to pay for large armyIntrigue: spying and political assassinationsDivided empire into 4 provincesRuled by princes - district officials levy and collect taxes

Asoka (grandson of Chandragupta) brings glory to Mauryan Empire

AsokaIn beginning: Waged war to expand empireIn end:Adopted Buddhism throughout empireUrged religious toleration and harmonyNon violenceAfter his death:Regional kings vie for power: Andhara dynasty gains powerWaves of Greeks, Persians and Asians flood regionGupta Empire is EstablishedChandra Gupta:Hindu culture and art thrivesNorthern India Patriarchal society :eldest male rulesSouthern region: Tamils continue strifeMatriarchal: headed by the mother

3 Gupta Empires:Great achievements in art, religious thought and science.

Section 2: Trade spreads Indian Religion and CultureIndias religions, culture and science spread to other regions through trade.

Influence of Indian culture seen throughout Asia.Buddhism and Hinduism ChangeBuddhism:Teaches desire causes suffering and can overcome with Eightfold Path nirvana achieved through spiritual discipline

Hinduism:Had become complex (Mauryan Empire) and only practiced by priestsHindu changed to make the religion assessable to the people

Belief in divine force of the universe led to:3 important gods of HinduismBrahma: creator of the worldVishnu: preserver of the worldShiva: destroyer of the world

Achievement of Indian CultureArts:Poetry/LiteratureDrama danceAstronomy: calendar based cycles of the sunSeven day week/Hours in the dayMathematics:Modern numeral/zero/decimal systemThe value of piLength of the lunar yearMedicine: Injections surgeryHerbal medicine and research diseases

Spread of Indian TradeIndia: source of spices, gold, pearlsSilk Roads: vast network of caravan routesBecame middle men in the overland trade between China and the WestSea trade between India and Rome and AfricaEffects of trade:Rise of banking loans and interests ratesThailand Cambodia and Indonesia adopt numerous Indian culturesHinduism spread to Nepal/Sri LankaBuddhism spreads to ChinaSection 3: Han Emperors in ChinaHan dynasty expanded Chinas borders and developed a system of government that lasted for centuries.

A strong central government has remained a permanent part of Chinese life.

Han Restore UnityCivil war as peasants revolt against taxesLui Bang emerges as leader Founder of Han dynastyProclaims himself as emperorEstablished centralized government (a central authority controls running of the state)Xiongnu (fierce nomads with Archery skills on horse back) roam the steppesHan emporers try to buy off the nomads

Highly Structured SocietyEmperor:Semi-divine link between heaven and earth(Mandate of Heaven)Kings/governors:Appointed by emperorGoverned with state officials, nobles, scholarsPeasant farmers:Production of food vital to empireArtisan and merchants:Soldiers:Enslaved/conquered persons:

Economic ProsperityObligations of peasants:Pay taxesOne months service to the emperor per yearConfucianism assists in centralization:Bureaucracy: civil servants needed to run government postCivil Service Test: knowledge of ConfucianismConfucian scholars : court advisor to emperorrespect, generosity, industriousness: qualities of civil servant worker

Han AchievementsLiterature began with the invention of paper (on silk prior)Helped spread educationAnd record keeping for civil servantsCollar harness/plow (two blades)Revolutionized agriculturePorcelan/loomRecorded the solar system

Han Dynasty age of economic prosperityGrowth of money econmy The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BCE remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang Dynasty (618907 CE). To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BCE. These government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period, and the lost revenue was recouped through heavily taxing private entrepreneurs. The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 CE. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including papermaking, the nautical steering rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum.