Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 7-4Cell Structure and Function
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
What are the different types of organelles and what are their functions?
What are the similarities and differences between plant
& animal cells? Between
prokarotes & eukaryotes?
Essential Questions
Learning TargetsYou should know the different types of organelles and their functions
You should know the similarities and differences between plant
& animal cells and between
prokarotes & eukaryotes
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
_______ ➔ ___________➔___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
(= basic unit of __________)3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells
CELL THEORY CELL SIZE
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________
Cells
lifeexisting
PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
Cells __________ a _____________ ORORGANELLES surroundedby _______________
= ________________
WITHOUTNUCLEUS
MEMBRANES
Cells __________ a NUCLEUS ANDORGANELLES surroundedby MEMBRANES
= _________________
WITH
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html
http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html
Bacterial Cell
CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of
________________ & __________________PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINSOutsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
Oil and water don’t mix!
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif
SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORMScroll down to animation
CELL MEMBRANE
Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________(either inside or outside of cell)
Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
PERIPHERAL
INTEGRAL
Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINS
GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS
with carbohydrates attachedImage from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
TRANSPORT PROTEINShelp move substances across the cell membrane
Animations f rom: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif
http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif
More on this in Chapter 7-3
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Acts as a boundaryControls what enters and leaves cell
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html
http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Cell membranes MOVE!
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
Click here to seeFluidityAnimation
CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
Organelles suspended in gel-like goo
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________
CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________
MEMBRANE PROTEINS•____________________- stick on inside or outside surface•____________________- go part way or all the way through• _________________ - recognize “self” • _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane
Membranes are _________________________________(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out ___________ what enters & leaves cellHelps with _________________
__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane
GLYCOPROTEINS
phospholipids proteins
BILAYER outin
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
cytoplasm
CONTROLS
FUNCTION:
HOMEOSTASIS
TRANSPORT
PERIPHERALINTEGRAL
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Control center of cell
Image from:
Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
NUCLEOLUS
Dark spot in nucleus = __________
Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg
NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUSSurrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE
called the NUCLEAR __________________ •___________ CENTER OF CELL• Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out•CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)•Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS
makes ___________________ (RNA)
DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells.DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.
ENVELOPE
PORESCONTROL
DNA
RIBOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMATIN
DOUBLE
CYTOSKELETON• Helps cell maintain shape
• Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)
&MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
CYTOSKELETONMade of PROTEINS called______________ & _________________
FUNCTION: ____________________________________________________________
MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS
Helps cell maintain shape;Support; Helps in movement
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
CENTRIOLESMICROTUBULES
ANIMAL
Made of __________________________
Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division
Function:__________________________________guide chromosomes apart;
MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membraneincreases surface areafor more chemical reactions
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
Has its own DNA
MITOCHONDRIA
Come from
cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your
mitochondria from
your mother!
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/ teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Burns glucose to release energy
Stores energy as ATP
“Powerplant of cell”
Images from:
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image by: Riedell
MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA)Surrounded by _____________ membraneContains its own __________________________ of cellBurns ____________ Stores energy released as ______
Folded inner membrane = _________________(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
DOUBLE
DNAPower plant
GLUCOSEATP
CRISTAE
RIBOSOMES
• Made of PROTEINS and RNA
• Protein factory for cellJoin amino acids to make proteins
Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg
→
Image by: RIedell
RIBOSOMES
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
free in cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
RIBOSOMESCan be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER
MADE OF ______________ & ________
FUNCTION: _____________________
FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED
PROTEINS RNA
MAKE PROTEINS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Has RIBOSOMESattached
• Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
• Has NO ribosomes attached
• Has enzymes for special tasks
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif
•Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
•Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
•Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes)
Internal Network of ___________________
Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________which are modified and transported to Golgi for export
Smooth ER:
Makes membrane lipids (__________________)
Regulates ________________ in muscles
Breaks down _________________ in liver
PROTEINS
STEROIDS
CALCIUM
TOXINS
MEMBRANES
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
• Pancake like membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)Looks like a “______________________”Made of ______________________
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substancesfrom ER for ______________ or
_______________ out of cell
stack of pancakesmembranes
exportstorage
LYSOSOMES
Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
See
lysosomes
in action:
LYSOSOMES
Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
See LYSOSOMEMOVIE
http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg
http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg
“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells
See animation
Apoptosis plays a role in:
Embryonic developmentNormal body cell maintenance Immune system responsesCancerAIDS infectionTransplant rejection
http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm
LYSOSOMES
Sac containing _________________________
FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________
Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death”Cell suicide for the good of the organism
Digestive enzymes
food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;
APOPTOSIS
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made of
PROTEINS
called
MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
CILIA• Many
• short
FLAGELLA
•Few•Long
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
CILIA & FLAGELLA
Made of PROTEINS called _______________organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________
CILIA =________ & __________
FUNCTION: ______________________
________________________________
FLAGELLA =______ & ________
FUNCTION: _________________
MICROTUBULES
9 + 2MOVEMENT
MANY SHORT
move cells;
move substances past cells
FEW LONG
Move cells
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT
PLANT CELLS?
• Cell wall
• HUGE vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• No centrioles
Plant vs Animal cells
CELL WALLSupports and
protects cell
Outside of
cell membrane
Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________CELLULOSE
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
CELL WALLFound OUTSIDE the ____________________Provides ____________ & ________________
___________________ makes plant cells sturdy
Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ instead.
Cell membrane
SUPPORT PROTECTION
CELLULOSE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
VACUOLES
Storage space
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif
VACUOLES
• Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS
NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg
Contractile vacuoles control excess
water in cells
(HOMEOSTASIS)
1
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
VACUOLES
Storage space for: _______________Proteins, carbohydrates,water, waste
Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells,Not in _________________
plantanimal
bacteria
CHLOROPLASTS
• Use energy from
sunlight to make
own food (glucose)
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
CHLOROPLASTS
• Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
• Contains own DNA
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm
•Thylakoid membrane sacs contain
enzymes for photosynthesis
CHLOROPLASTSurrounded by ____________ membrane
Has own _____________________ =membrane sacs inside
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens
FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
DOUBLE
DNATHYLAKOIDS
PLANT
Go to Section:
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT
BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane
bound organelles
http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm See video
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls!
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall Cell wall made ofCELLULOSE
Cell wall made ofPEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA is a single circular ring
CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes
Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts
SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST
BACTERIA are
PROKARYOTESPLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES
No membrane bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
• Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
• Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms
using characteristics and evolutionary
relationships of major taxa.
• Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
Core High School Life Science
Performance DescriptorsHigh school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living
systems;
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living
systems;
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
(… role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform
different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the
genetic code
define homeostasis;
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
• Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
• Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things