Chapter 6 Vocabulary1. Benjamin Franklin2. George Washington3. Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)4. Albany Congress5. New France6. Proclamation of 17637. Edict of Nantes8. Coureurs de bois9. Jesuits10. War of Jenkin’s Ear

Vocab Example: Jesuits• Who/What – the Jesuits were French catholic missionaries• When – 1600s – early 1700s• Where – reached out to the Indian tribes of the New France

territories in N.A.• Why – served as explorers and geographers

• In sentence form: Jesuits were catholic missionaries sent to convert the Indian tribes in the New France territories during the 17th century. While their efforts were often unsuccessful they played a crucial role as explorers and geographers for previously unknown inland areas.

The Duel for America1608-1763

• European Powers (1600-1700s):– England– France – Spain

• All Involved in 4 world wars • What made these

European wars world wars?

• French and Indian War sets the stage for the American Revolution.

Beginnings of French Foothold in Canada

• The last of the bloody religious conflicts in France between Roman Catholics and protestants was the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre in 1572 - over 10,000 Huguenots were killed

Edict of Nantes

• 1598• Issued by French Crown • It was the first, long-lasting decree of religious

toleration in modern Europe.• It granted unheard of religious rights, in

Catholic Europe, to French Protestants• Ended France’s Wars of Religion• There is no longer a need to flee France for

religious freedom

King Louis XIV (14th)• Took the throne at

age of 5.• Ruled for 72 years• Led France to be

considered the mightiest and most feared nation in Europe

• Impressive court• Very interested in

overseas colonies

Quebec• Founded Quebec in 1608, at a

granite sentinel that commanded the St. Lawrence River

• Led by Samuel de Champlain– “Father of New France”

• Friendly relations with Huron Indian tribe– What event forever changed

France’s relations with the Iroquois?

– How would this help the British?

New France

• King Louis takes over the rule of New France (Canada)

• Government was autocratic

• No representation or juries– How does this compare

to England?

The People of New France• By 1750 only 60,000 whites lived in New France• Unlike English colonists, French colonists didn’t

immigrate to North America by hordes. – The peasants were too poor, and the Huguenots

weren’t allowed to leave.• France favored its Caribbean colonies profitable in

sugar & rum with a better climate• Canada was less profitable

Explorations for Economic gain: Fur

• Beaver pelts became a valuable resource

• Caused exploration all over French territory

• Fur trappers: “coureurs de bois” – runners of the woods

• French recruited Indians to fur business– Disease and alcohol killed many Indians– Went against their religious beliefs

– What do these fur-trappers contribute to history? (big picture)

(Pg. 108 map)

Explorations for souls: Missionaries

• Jesuits – French Catholic missionaries sought to save Indians

• Often tortured by the Indians• Played vital role in exploration and as

geographers

Explorations for Empire

• Antoine Cadillac pushes into Ohio territory to prohibit the British from moving in

• Establishes Detroit “City of Straits” in 1701 – Desires to stop English

expansion

• Robert de La Salle (1682)• Expands New France to the Gulf

of Mexico via the Mississippi River to keep the Spanish from moving west from Florida region

• Names interior LouisianaWhy Louisiana?

• Returns 3 years later to colonize but can’t find the Mississippi delta

• Landed in Spanish Texas• Murdered in 1687 by his

mutinous men

Focusing South…• Efforts are made to

block Spain’s expansion in the Gulf – French build forts in Miss. & Louisiana – The most important

fort: New Orleans• Why is the Mississippi

River so important?– Grain, trade, protection

of forts

English v. French in the colonies…

• King William’s War (1689-1697)• Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

• British colonists fought against French fur trappers• Both sides recruited Indians• Colonial war not involving mother countries– America wasn’t considered worth the effort of sending

in detachments of regular troops by mother countries (at this point)

English v. French in the colonies…

• Guerilla warfare• Massacres by the Indians of British frontier

colonists• Spain joins fight, allying with France• British efforts against Quebec and Montreal

fail• British capture Port Royal – French stronghold

English v. French in the colonies…

• The peace deal in Utrecht in 1713 gave Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England.• This pinches the French settlements by the St.

Lawrence.• It also gave Britain limited trading rights with Spanish

America. • This treaty reveals how badly Spain and France

had been beaten by the British• Decades of British “salutary neglect” ensued

War of Jenkin’s Ear

• Robert Jenkins-- British captain• Piracy encounter with Spanish ships leaves

him without an ear• England declares war on Spain, lasts from

1739-1748 (fighting in the south mostly over by 1742)

• War confined to Caribbean Sea and Georgia

War of Jenkin’s Ear• Merges with War of Austrian

Succession --- known as King George’s War in America

• French and Spanish join together once again

• New Englanders aided by British ships

• The colonists capture Louisbourg in 1745

• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 gave land back to French. – British colonists upset

Ohio River Valley

Focus shifts to OhioValley• British desire for Westward

expansion meets French desire for control of land between Louisiana and Canada

• British colonists realize they’re going to have to fight to protect holdings by mid 1700s– Intense dislike for French fur

trappers and desire for security motivate them to bear arms

• 1749 Virginians who have “rights” to 500,000 acres in upper Ohio Valley

• Chiefly influential members of society– includes Washington family

• French are establishing chain of forts in the same area.

• Fort Duquesne is a pivotal point where Monongahela and Alleghany Rivers form the Ohio River

• George Washington, 21 yrs. old, surveyor, sent by governor to be Lt. Colonel in command of Virginia militiamen

• Find some French troops 40 miles from Ft. Duquesne

• VA militia fires 1st – beginning new global war– Kill French leader – French retreat

• French return with reinforcements surrounding Ft. Necessity

• British defeated, given permission to return home with full honors of war

Vacate Acadia

• British fear retaliation from French in Nova Scotia• Relocate French living in Acadia to Louisiana –

they become known as Cajuns

Seven Years’ War

• First Anglo-French colonial war to start in the colonies

• George Washington and his men start it in the Ohio River Valley 1754

• Eventually will span not only 7 years but also the 7 seas.– America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa,

and oceans

Choosing sides…

• Britain • Prussia

• France• Spain• Austria• Russia

Seven Years’ War

• Bloodiest theater was in Germany – Frederick the Great repels the French, Austrians, and

Russian armies often outnumbered at least 3 to 1.– London can’t send troops so they send gold

• France focused so greatly on Europe, they paid little attention to the colonies

• “America was conquered in Germany.”-William Pitt

Albany Convention

• 1754• Britain summons intercolonial congress to

Albany, New York• Only 7 of 13 colonies show up – Conn., Maryland, Mass., New Hampshire, New York,

Penns., Rhode Island• Focus on relations with Iroquois– Give chieftains 30 wagonloads of guns

• Long-term goal: greater colonial unity and have common defense against France

Benjamin Franklin• Propagandist • Unity or death • Leads the convention• Causes “success” in

convention

Problems at home…

• Delegates return home after agreeing to a plan of home rule only to find colonial legislatures and Britain do not agree with the plan.

• All legislatures reject it• Colonists: not enough independence• British: too much independence

• Colonial mindset = not there (on unity) yet but this is a big first step in working together

European vs. North American mentality

• General Braddock commands troops in early stages of war

• Arrives in Virginia with a strong selection of British soldiers– Takes important supplies from colonists

• Tries to capture Fort Duquesne with 2,000 men– Mixture of British and buckskin colonists

• Braddock has no respect for behind the tree fighting against Indians

Indian problems increase

• Indians encouraged by victory increase attacks• Frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina

left vulnerable• Penns. authorities offer bounties for scalps of

Indians• 1756 British launch full-scale invasion of

Canada– Turning point for world war

• Focus on multiple frontier posts rather than strongholds• Strongholds: Quebec and Montreal

• British ignore sound strategy and continue losing battles because of it

William Pitt• “Great Commoner”• Drew strength from common people• 1757 – foremost leader in London– “Organizer of Victory”

• Removes much of focus on West Indies to Canada

• 1758 sends expedition to Louisburg– Victory for British

From Louisburg to …

• Quebec• James Wolf becomes

commander• Will lead British troops to

victory, though he dies himself

Significance of losing Quebec

• Battle of Quebec (1759): one of the most significant battles in British or American history• This is the last time France control Canada or

anywhere in North America

Peace settlements• 1763 Paris• French power is thrown off NA continent• French can keep:– Sugar islands in W. Indies– Gulf of St. Lawrence inlets– fishing– Cede to Spain all trans-Mississippi Louisiana lands

(including New Orleans)– Spain exchanges Florida for Cuba

Results of the French and Indian WarColonists

• colonists gained confidence in their military strength

• Gained valuable experience• 7 years’ war shatters the myth

of British invincibility• Causes of rising tension:

– They refused to recognize any militia commission above the rank of captain• Colonel George Washington

amongst those displeased

British

• Causes of rising tension:– Brits saw colonists as scum that

failed in England and thus ran away to this uncivilized land

– American shippers traded foodstuffs with enemy ports in the Spanish and French West Indies: treason

– Pitt had to “compensate” some of the colonies• Americans had to be bribed

to defend themselves

“If Americans had to be bribed to defend themselves, would they ever unite to strike the mother country?”

War’s Aftermath• Disunity continues through

colonies though the war was a major step forward

• Indians lose power in their ability to play the European powers against each other

• 1763 Chief Pontiac attempts to overthrow British from Ohio River Valley– British order blankets with

smallpox to be given to Indians

Proclamation of 1763• Prohibits expansion beyond Appalachian mountains• Angers colonists • Meant to find fair solution with Indians to avoid

future uprisings like Pontiac’s• Colonists flatly ignore it and go “up west” anyway• 7 years war leaves colonists with new sense of

destinyWhy would the British want to pass such a law? (think

about the geography)What does this tell us about colonial attitudes toward the

British?