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CHAPTER 6: THE BABY’S ARRIVAL Section 1: The Birth Process

Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

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Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival. Section 1: The Birth Process. Objectives. Recognize the ways in which labor may begin Outline the 3 stages of labor Describe a newborn’s physical changes and appearance at birth. The Beginning of Labor. Many changes within the last days - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

CHAPTER 6:THE BABY’S

ARRIVALSection 1: The Birth Process

Page 2: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

OBJECTIVES Recognize the ways in which labor may

begin Outline the 3 stages of labor Describe a newborn’s physical changes

and appearance at birth

Page 3: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

THE BEGINNING OF LABOR Many changes

within the last days

Different for each woman

One of the first signs is lighteningthe baby

“dropping”

Page 4: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

DEFINITE SIGNS Show, bloody

show– “losing the mucus plug”Cervix: lower part

of uterus Sealed with mucus

throughout pregnancy Prevents bacteria &

infection Before labor, mucus

starts to liquefy Woman may notice a

few drops of blood

Page 5: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

DEFINITE SIGNS Water breaking

Range from trickle to gush

The membrane holding the amniotic fluid has broken

For many: doesn’t happen until she is at the hospital

When it breaks woman should note details and tell doctor

Page 6: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

CONTRACTIONS Only clear sign that

labor is underway Tightening and

releasing of the uterine muscle

Follow a characteristic pattern Over time they get

longer, stronger, and closer together

Page 7: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

FETAL MONITORING DEVICE Used during

labor to record infant’s heart rate & contractions

Medical staff determines the degree of stress on the fetus

Page 8: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

STAGES OF LABOR Progresses

through 3 stages:

1. Contractions open the cervix

2. Baby is born3. Placenta is

expelled

Page 9: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

FIRST STAGE During each

contraction, the muscles shorten and thickenPulling open the

cervixSlowly thinning and

opening until it is wide enough for the baby

Cervix dilates (widens)4 in or 10 cm

Cervix becomes thinner¾ in sheet of

paper“Effacement”

Page 10: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

FIRST STAGE: CONTRACTIONS Longer= 60

seconds Stronger Closer together 5-6

min Needs increasing

support from partner

Should be at the hospital by this time

Page 11: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

POSITIONING Baby should be

head down If not= breech

positioningDoctor evaluates

to determine vaginal delivery or cesarean birth

Page 12: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

1ST STAGE: THE MOTHER Needs to stay relaxed Fear & tension cause

muscles to tighten Can slow down labor Make it more

uncomfortable Childbirth classes can

help with breathing & relaxation techniques

Find a comfortable position

Page 13: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

END OF 1ST STAGE Contractions are

90 seconds and 2-3 minute apart

Fully dilated This time is

called “Transition”

Most difficult part of labor to cope with

Page 14: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

HEALTH TIP If the mother finds

the 1st stage difficult and very long May choose to use

medication Dull pain or

completely numb an area

Benefits & risks are involved

Possible side effects

Page 15: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

2ND STAGE Cervix is completely

dilated Baby’s head has

entered the vagina Contractions no

longer stretch cervix they push the baby down

May only last several minutes and up to several hours

Page 16: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

THE PELVIS How does a baby

fit through a small opening?

The bones of pelvis are connected by ligaments which stretch

Pregnancy hormones help to stretch

Page 17: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

2ND STAGE: THE BABY Body is specially

adapted for birth Skull is soft and

flexible Becomes longer and

narrower than normal 5 Bones of skull can

overlap to fit through the pelvis and vagina

If baby is not fitting properly, several procedures may occur

Page 18: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

2ND STAGE: POSSIBLE PROCEDURES Episiotomy: widening

the vaginal opening with a surgical incision

Many doctors and midwives try to avoid this if possible

Women need to be able to relax all muscles to allow for stretching

Doctors may need to use forceps Specialized tongs

that are molded to fit the shape of the baby’s head

Page 19: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

END OF THE 2ND STAGE Women can give birth

in a variety of positions Most common:

semisitting position with legs apart and knees bent

Usually a special delivery bed is used

As the baby moves down the birth canal, the head appears first, then one shoulder, and then the other, then: The baby is born!

Page 20: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

3RD STAGE OF LABOR Uterus gives birth to the

placenta May be as brief as 2

minutes or may last up to half an hour

After a period of rest, mother may feel more contractions Help the placenta separate

from wall of uterus Placenta is soft and comes

away easily Once placenta is delivered,

the process is complete!

Page 21: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

CESAREAN BIRTH Not all births progress through the 3

stages Cesarean birth: delivery of a baby

through a surgical incision in the mother’s abdomen

Mother may remain awake, father may be present

If known beforehand, special childbirth class may be recommended

After surgery, mother and baby usually stay for 4 days

Page 22: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival
Page 23: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

CULTURAL EXCHANGE Julius Caesar’s

doctor realized Julius’ mother was dying during childbirthPerformed a

radical surgery Now called

Caesarean Section!

Page 24: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

PAST VS. PRESENT Past: if a woman had a

C-section generally would always have C-sections Due to scar

Concern would rupture the uterine wall

Present: improvement in surgery increases safety Incision is made very low Receives little stress during

contractions Physicians will encourage

vaginal births for the 2nd child unless medical reasons prohibit

Page 25: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

BIRTH VIDEO- DIAGRAM Video

Page 26: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

NEWBORN AT BIRTH First several hours, the

baby goes through amazing changes

Throughout pregnancy the baby’s lungs are filled with fluid Oxygen through blood in

umbilical cord Pressure through birth

canal expels the fluid When baby is delivered

the lungs expand and the baby takes first breath

Page 27: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

BREATHING AT BIRTH Breathing reflex

continues on own May need help from

doctor or nurse Suctioned out Rub baby’s back

Baby takes in oxygen from air & circulatory system changes A valve in the heart

closes and becomes permanently sealed

Blood now circulates to and from the lungs, rather than bypassing the lungs

Page 28: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

UMBILICAL CORD No longer

needed Within a few

minutes, the cord stops pulsing and begins to shrink

The cord is clamped, tied, and cut off

Page 29: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

HOW DOES THE NEWBORN LOOK? Head: wobbly &

largeAccounts for ¼ of

the body lengthMay be lopsided or

pointed Temporary

2 fontanels: open spaces where the bones of baby’s skull have not permanently joined

Page 30: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

FONTANELS “Soft spots” Largest is just above

the baby’s forehead Second is toward

the back Spaces allow for the

bones to move together

6-18 months the bone covers the spaces completely

Page 31: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

OTHER FEATURES Fat cheeks Short, flat nose Receding chin These features make

the baby’s face well adapted for sucking Nose & chin are out of

the way Eyes are near adult

sized Dark graying-blue Permanent eye color

within several months

Page 32: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

SKIN COLORING At time of birth

Dusky color After breathing skin

color improves Circulatory system

takes time to adjust Fingers and toes may

remain bluish, cooler Baby needs to stay

warm Wrapping in blanket Cap on head

Page 33: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

HAIR & SKIN Soft, fine hair may

cover babies skin Baby is covered in

vernix Rich, creamy substance Protects skin from

amniotic fluid At birth, some may be

left in the skin folds Tiny white bumps

“Milia” plugged oil ducts Disappears after week

or two

Page 34: Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival

KANGAROO CARE Research into

immediate skin-to-skin contact Mother & baby

Debate between benefits & risks

Kangaroo Care