Chapter 6 Section 1Pg.16

Industrialization Spreads

Key factors for Industrialization

• Location/Geography• Natural resources• Large supply workers• Investors• Financial systems (banks, loans)• Political stability

New Industrial Powers Emerge• European countries and the United States race to

industrialize.• They had more natural resources– Coal– Iron

• Germany and the U.S. become industrial powers

Industrial Development in U.S.• U.S. - same resources as Britain but

more

• Northeast industrializes first

• Entrepreneurs eager to invest

• Corporations - owned by stockholders; goal is profit

Continental Europe

• Germany – pockets of industrialization (spread out)• Railroads become key factor for

industrialization• Imported British equipment &

engineers (1830’s)• Children sent to British schools

Technology and Industrial Growth

• Companies begin to hire chemists and engineers to create new products

• Steel production increases – American inventor Henry Bessemer

• Electric Power

New Methods of production

• Interchangable parts – Identical components that can be used in place

of one another– Simplified both the assembly and repair of

products

• Assembly line– Workers add parts to a product that moves

along a belt from one station to the next.– Faster, cheaper and more efficient production

of goods

Transportation and Communication• Automobile – aka “Horseless Carriages”– Ford takes the lead in 1900’s – makes U.S. leader in

automobile industry• Airplanes – 1903– Orville and Wilbur Wright design first plane

• Telephone – 1901– Alexander Graham Bell (American) patented first

phone

The Wright 1903 Flyer

Improvements in Hospitals• 1840’s – anesthetic is used to

relieve pain during surgery• Florence Nightingale improves

sanitation and hygiene.• Joseph Lister – discovered how

antiseptics prevented infection• Medicine Contributes to

population growth• improved nutrition, public

sanitation and medical advances

“The very first requirement in a hospital is that it

should do the sick no harm”

City Life Changes• Skyscrapers are built for

businesses (American invention)

• Streets become cleaner• Urban renewal – rebuilding

of poor areas of a city.– Paved streets– Gas lamps, then electric lights

were used to illuminate streets

– Sewage systems were made

• Slums remained– poorest families still forced to

live in over-crowded and poorly kept tenements

A New Social Order

Upper middle class – wealthy business owners and old aristocrats

Middle Class – mid-level business people, doctors, and scientists – begins growing rapidly

Lower class – unskilled workers and peasants.

Strict rules of etiquette governed… How people dressed How to give dinner parties How to pay a social call When to write letters How long to morn relatives

cult of domesticity – Idealized women and the home Women seen as tender, self-

sacrificing caregiver Provides a good home

Three Social ClassesMiddle Class Tastes and Values

Women’s Rights

Women want:Fairness in marriagedivorce,Property lawsTemperance lawsVoting rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. AnthonyAdvocated the end of slaveryEventually turned their

attention to women's rights.

Early Voices

Social Darwinism & RacismSocial Darwinism

• Social thinkers applied Darwin's ideas to society

• “Survival of the Fittest”

• Only the strong are meant to lead

• The most industrialized and powerful countries are meant to control the world

Might = Right

Racism

• Unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another

• People claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the supremacy of the white race.

Freidrich: Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (1810)

Romanticism Defined

• Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment/Industrial Rev.• A movement in art and ideas• A turn from reason to emotion• Deep interest in feelings, nature,

gothic horror, folk traditions

Freidrich: Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (1810)

Freidrich: Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon (1830-1835)

Goya: The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

Goya

Romantic Literature• Myths, legends, & Fairy Tales –Often dark; castles; nationalism–Grimm Brothers’ Fairy Tales

• Gothic Horror–supernatural, violent, emotional–Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Realism: a reaction to Romanticism

Corot:

Millet: The Gleaners

Realism Defined• Represented in art and literature• Showed life as it is (Charles Dickens)• Interest in science and scientific

method–objective observation; reporting

the facts • Photography – captured the “real

world”

Sixth-plate daguerreotype by Richard Lowe of Cheltenham1850’shttp://www.daguerre.org/gallery/hannavy/1han.html