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Sedimentary Rocks
To get you thinking…
• Explain how these
different layers of
rock formed?
• Why are these layers
different colors?
Bryce Canyon, Utah
Badlands, South Dakota
Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering
Whenever rock is exposed at earth’s surface, it is
continuously being broken down by weathering.
Weathering – a set of physical and chemical
processes that breaks rock into smaller pieces
Sediments – small pieces of rock that are moved and
deposited by water, wind, glaciers and gravity
Sediments range in size from huge boulders to
microscopic particles
Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering
Physical weathering occurs when rocks are physically
broken down into smaller pieces
Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering
Chemical weathering occurs when minerals in rock are
dissolved or chemically changed
Sedimentary Rocks
Erosion
Erosion – the removal and transport of sediment
There are four main agents of erosion
Wind
Moving Water
Gravity
Glaciers
Sedimentary Rocks
Deposition
Deposition occurs when sediments are deposited on the
ground or sink to the bottom of a body of water
As particles of sediment are being carried by water
eventually settle out, layers of sediment will form at
the bottom according to size
Larger particles will settle to the bottom first,
followed by progressively finer particles on the top
Sedimentary Rocks
Deposition
Sediment deposited by wind usually consists of fine-
grained sand
Sediment deposited by glaciers usually consists of
materials that vary in size
Sedimentary Rocks
Lithification
Lithification – the physical and chemical processes
that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
There are two processes that convert loose sediment to
sedimentary rock – compaction and cementation.
Compaction – the process in which the volume
and porosity of a sediment is decreased by the
weight of overlying sediments as a result of
burial beneath other sediments
Sedimentary Rocks
The high water
content and flat
shape of particles in
mud cause it to
compact greatly
when subjected to
the weight of
overlying sediments.
Sedimentary Rocks
Lithification
Cementation – the process in which minerals
precipitate into pore spaces between sediment
grains and bind sediments together to form rock
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rock – rocks made up of a combination
of different types of sediment
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks – formed from deposits of
loose sediments that accumulate on Earth’s surface
Classified according to the sizes of their particles
Coarse-grained (>2 mm)
Medium-grained (1/16 mm to 2 mm)
Fine-grained (1/256 mm – 1/16 mm)
Sedimentary Rocks
Coarse-grained rocks
Conglomerate – rock that
is composed of rounded
fragments ranging in size
from fine mud to boulders
Sedimentary Rocks
Coarse-grained rocks
Breccia – a type of
conglomerate that is
composed of fragments
that are angular and have
sharp corners
Sedimentary Rocks
Medium-grained rocks
Sandstone – rock that is composed of sand sized
particles that have been cemented together
Porosity – the percentage of open spaces between
grains in a rock
Sandstone can have a porosity as high as 30%
Valuable layer as underground reservoirs of oil,
natural gas, and groundwater
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Fine-grained rocks
Shale – rock that is composed of clay sized particles that
are cemented and compacted together
Has low porosity and forms barriers that hinder the
movement of groundwater and oil
Sedimentary Rocks
Shale
Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rock – sedimentary rock that
forms when minerals precipitate from a solution or
settle from suspension
When water evaporates, the minerals that were
dissolved in the water are left behind.
The minerals left behind form rocks called
evaporates.
Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Halite
Sedimentary Rocks
Gypsum
Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Biochemical sedimentary rock – sedimentary rock
that forms from the remains of once-living plants or
animals
Limestone is the most abundant of these rocks
Composed primarily of calcite
Coal is also a biochemical rock that formed when
ancient fern-like plants that grew in swampy areas
Composed primarily of carbon
Sedimentary Rocks
Coal Fossiliferous
Limestone
End of Sedimentary Rocks