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Chapter 6: Population Biology
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. In nature, most populations are
A. slightly increasing most of the time. B. stable most of the time. C. increasing most of the time. D. always undergoing fluctuations. E. in a dynamic state of equilibrium.
2. Environmental resistance is to sigmoid curve (Sshaped curve) as bloom is to
A. temperature changes. B. arithmetic growth. C. exponential growth. D. carrying capacity. E. sigmoid curve.
3. In cases of exponential growth rates, a population ________ each year.
A. increases at the same rate B. is multiplied by a constant number C. doubles D. triples E. increases by a constant number (i.e., one, ten, one hundred, etc.), depending on the system.
4. Which of the following sequences is an example of exponential growth rate?
A. 2, 4, 8, 16 B. 1, 2, 4, 6 C. 1, 3, 5, 7 D. 3, 13, 23, 33 E. 10, 20, 30, 40
5. A population growing at 1 percent per year should double in about ___ years.
A. 30 B. 70 C. 10 D. 2 E. 0.7
6. The doubling time for a population with an annual growth rate of 0.07 is
A. 1 year. B. 5 years. C. 10 years. D. 50 years. E. 100 years.
Use this example: On an island in the South Pacific, there is a population of 1,000 South Pacific Splendor Birds. There is no immigration or emigration but there are 40 births and 20 deaths per year.
7. The annual percentage growth rate of this population is
A. 0.02% B. 2.0% C. 20% D. 0.02% E. 2%
8. The doubling time for the population of South Pacific Splendor Birds would be
A. 2 years. B. 3.5 years. C. 7 years. D. 20 years. E. 35 years.
9. Which of the curves in the diagram represents exponential growth?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
10. An organism's biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring
A. that it can produce. B. that survive to adulthood. C. its habitat can support. D. it produces at one time. E. it actually produces over its lifetime.
11. In the real world population explosion is usually followed by
A. continuous high population levels. B. a gradual decrease in population as food supplies dwindle. C. a tremendous increase in genetic diversity. D. a gradual increase in population due to the availability of mates. E. a population crash.
12. A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity.
A. meets B. undershoots C. overshoots D. oscillates around E. decreases
13. Factors that limit growth and produce population equilibrium are known as
A. predation resistance. B. diebacks. C. environmental resistance. D. biotic potential. E. competition.
14. Which of the following is not a part of environmental resistance?
A. predation B. food limits C. fecundity levels D. habitat or nesting space E. water quality
15. In interpreting the graph, the effects of the Peruvian Fishery would be considered one factor of the ____________ in the Anchovy population.
A. butterfly effect B. environmental resistance C. irruptive growth pattern D. biotic potential E. fecundity
16. Which of the following types of population growth patterns would best represent a group of elephants that enter a new, open habitat, and become a stable part of that ecosystem?
A. exponential growth B. irruptive growth C. Malthusian growth D. chaotic or catastrophic growth E. logistic growth
17. Which of the following types of population curves would best represent a group of elephants that enter a new, open habitat, and become a stable part of that ecosystem?
A. normshaped curve B. Sshaped curve C. Jshaped curve D. cyclic oscillationshaped curve E. survivorship curve
18. In the real world, many factors determine the numbers of organisms in any one population. Yet, a SUPERFLY with unlimited food and no mortality would show what type of growth?
A. carrying capacity geometric increase B. irruptive growth C. Jshaped curve D. Sshaped curve E. Malthusian growth
19. The dieback phase in the diagram above is marked by the letter
A. a. B. b. C. c. D. d. E. e.
20. The exponential phase in the diagram above is marked by the letter
A. a. B. b. C. c. D. d. E. e.
21. The overshoot phase in the diagram above is marked by the letter
A. a. B. b. C. c. D. d. E. e.
22. The horizontal line on the population oscillation graph above represents
A. fecundity. B. biotic potential. C. predator populations. D. arithmetic growth. E. carrying capacity.
23. Carrying capacity is the population
A. that an environment can support in an optimal year. B. that a species' environment can support on a longterm basis. C. that remains after a catastrophic dieback has occurred. D. of a species without limiting factors. E. of a species without predators.
24. An island has formed off the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has determined that there is enough land area for a herd of 100 elk, yet they say the carrying capacity is only 60 elk. This inequality can best be explained by the fact that the
A. DNR is probably being careful not to overestimate. B. DNR must have added up the environmental resistance incorrectly. C. elk population will probably fluctuate between 60 and 100 animals. D. physical factor of space is only one of the determiners for population size in a community. E. law of limiting factors determines the maximum growth rate for a given population.
25. Which of the following is the correct equation?
A. carrying capacity + environmental resistance = biotic potential B. biotic potential + environmental resistance = carrying capacity C. biotic potential environmental resistance = carrying capacity D. carrying capacity environmental resistance = biotic potential E. fecundity environmental resistance = carrying capacity
26. Logistic growth rates are those in which a population
A. grows very slowly when conditions are good and when conditions are not optimal. B. grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity. C. overshoots and dies back repeatedly. D. remains significantly below carrying capacity. E. grows at a constant rate of increase per unit time. F. grows rapidly when conditions are good and crashes when conditions are not optimal.
27. The ability to produce rapid population overshoots can be a useful strategy for a species that tends to
A. colonize new territory. B. maintain a firm position in its current habitat. C. be part of a climax community. D. develop intricate niche relationships. E. be part of a complex ecosystem.
28. You are studying an organism that is a pioneer species, is an opportunist, and does not care for its offspring. This organism probably has a _________________ population growth strategy.
A. kadapted B. radapted C. irregular D. catastrophic E. Both "radapted" and "irregular"
29. You are studying an organism that is fairly large, matures slowly, lives fairly long, and cares for its offspring. This organism probably has a _________________ population growth strategy.
A. kadapted B. radapted C. irregular D. catastrophic E. Both "radapted" and "irregular"
30. Natality is usually
A. constant in a population. B. constant for a species. C. constant in an ecosystem. D. variable, depending on the number of recent deaths. E. variable, depending on environmental conditions.
31. An organism with ___________ "strategies" would be considered to have __________ natality.
A. kadapted, high B. radapted, high C. kadapted, low D. radapted, low E. Both "radapted, high" and "kadapted, low"
32. The term "fecundity" refers to an organism's ____________ while fertility is ______________.
A. physical ability to reproduce, actual number of offspring produced B. actual number of offspring produced, physical ability to reproduce C. average life span, physical ability to reproduce D. replacement level of reproduction, actual number of offspring produced E. physical ability to reproduce, replacement level of reproduction
33. ________________ is closely associated to environmental factors such as nutrient levels, soil, or water while _____________ is not sensitive to these conditions.
A. Biotic potential, fertility B. Natality, biotic potential C. Fertility, natality D. Biotic potential, natality E. Natality, mortality
34. If there is no migration, the size of a population is limited solely by interaction between
A. natality and fertility. B. mortality and fecundity. C. mortality and survivorship. D. natality and mortality. E. life expectancy and survivorship.
35. The Mortality Curve graph above shows that fewer American women than men die
A. between the ages of 40 and 80. B. between the ages of 10 and 30. C. after age 40. D. before age 40. E. at all ages.
36. Based on the above graph, the average ______________ of people in the United States is around 80 years.
A. survivorship B. mortality C. fecundity D. life span E. life expectancy
37. Life expectancy is the
A. maximum life span that an individual of a given species could reach. B. number of individuals in a population that survive in a given year. C. number of years an individual of a certain age will probably live. D. probability that an individual will survive infancy. E. the number of births per 1000 in a population.
38. Survivorship is determined by
A. the percentage of a cohort that survives to a certain age. B. number of individuals in a population that survive in a given year. C. number of years an individual of a certain age will probably live. D. probability that an individual will survive infancy. E. maximum life span that an individual of a given species could reach.
39. The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as
A. survivorship. B. life span. C. life expectancy. D. mortality. E. fecundity.
40. Which of the curves in the graph above represents a species that tend to die moreorless randomly at any age?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. both b & c
41. Which of the curves in the graph above represents an organism that live out a full life span if they survive early life?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. both b & c
42. Which of the following statements best describes the species represented by curve "d" in the graph above ?
A. Reproductive adult species have the highest rate of survival for this species. B. The rate of mortality is relatively constant throughout its life span. C. It is highly susceptible to mortality early in life. D. Once the individual reaches old age its survivorship decreases dramatically. E. It is highly susceptible to mortality early in life and late in life
43. Which of the following statements best describes the species represented by curve "c" in the graph above ?
A. Reproductive adult species have the highest rate of survival for this species. B. The rate of mortality is relatively constant throughout its life span. C. It is highly susceptible to mortality early in life. D. Once the individual reaches old age its survivorship decreases dramatically. E. It is highly susceptible to mortality early in life and late in life.
44. Densityindependent population control factors cause mortality
A. when the population becomes too large. B. when the density becomes too high. C. when the population becomes too small. D. when the density becomes too low. E. regardless of population size.
45. Widespread starvation is an example of _________ population control.
A. predatorcaused B. biotic C. densitydependent D. densityindependent E. abiotic
46. _____________________ (such as predation or food availability) are especially important population regulators for species _______ on the food chain.
A. External factors, low B. Internal factors, low C. External factors, high D. Internal factors, high E. Abiotic, high
47. _________ factors of population growth are to intraspecific interactions as external factors are to _______ interactions.
A. Biotic, both intraspecific and interspecific B. Intrinsic, intraspecific C. Extrinsic, interspecific D. Extrinsic, intraspecific E. Intrinsic, interspecific
48. Which of the following is an abiotic population control?
A. predation B. disease C. water shortages D. prey shortages E. competition
49. Which of the following is not an abiotic population control?
A. nutrients B. precipitation C. daylength D. climate E. pathogens
50. In general, abiotic regulatory factors tend to be ___________ while biotic factors tend to be _____________.
A. interspecific, intraspecific B. intraspecific, interspecific C. densitydependent, densityindependent D. densityindependent, densitydependent E. interspecific, densityindependent
51. Which of the following is an intraspecific interaction?
A. mutualism B. territoriality C. parasitism D. predation E. commensalism
52. Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _______ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have __________ terrestrial species.
A. fewer, more B. more, fewer C. larger, smaller D. smaller, larger E. about the same, about the same
53. In the diagram above, which of the islands would probably support more terrestrial species?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
54. In the diagram above, which of the islands would probably be more susceptible to an extinction of one of its terrestrial species?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
55. In the diagram above, which of the islands would probably be more susceptible to the introduction of an exotic species?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
56. In the diagram above, which of the islands would probably have more biodiversity?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
57. In the diagram above, which of the islands would probably have more abundance of terrestrial species?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
58. How does island biogeography apply to ecosystems other than islands?
A. Relatively rare ecosystems such as coastal areas are more stable if they have high species diversity. B. Habitats that are large and close to development are more adversely affected than smaller fragmented
habitats. C. Habitat fragmentation has formed islands of habitat in "oceans" of development and the principles apply. D. Along with islands in oceans and lakes, the principles of island biogeography apply only to wetland
areas. E. Island biogeography is only concerned with islands in oceans and lakes.
59. Genetic diversity is lost in a small population when
A. the ecological diversity is high. B. genetic mutations cause some individuals in a population to be different in coloration or size. C. individuals from other populations are introduced into the population and the genes are diluted. D. only a few individuals survive a catastrophe. E. genetic mutations cause most individuals in a population to have similar genetic makeup.
Use the following information. DNA studies suggest that all existing cheetahs originated from a single female cheetah ancestor that survived in the nottoodistant past. Generally, all male cheetahs are now genetically identical and have deformed sperm and developmental problems with decreased reproductive success. The population is extremely vulnerable and genetically, may be predestined for extinction.
60. The first part of this scenario describes
A. the founder effect or a demographic bottleneck. B. genetic drift. C. inbreeding. D. Malthusian strategies. E. inbreeding or a genetic drift.
61. A species that is similar to the cheetah is the elephant seal because
A. the individuals in the population are basically genetically identical. B. the population is extremely vulnerable. C. the population is probably predestined for extinction D. the males in the population suffer from deformed sperm. E. both species reproduce quickly.
Use table 6.1 to answer the following questions:
62. Refer to the above table, which of the following species are most likely rselected? I. Cockroach II. Cane Toad III. Trout IV. Orangatun
A. I & II only B. I & III only C. I, II & IV only D. II , III & IV only E. I, II & III only
63. Kselected species are most likely to be found in which of the following types of environments? I. Tropical Rain Forest II. Grassland prone to frequent wildfire III. Developed urban areas IV. Coral reef community
A. I & II only B. II & III only C. I & III only D. III & IV only E. I & IV only
64. The graph above shows the changes in the anchovy catches from 1960 to 1980.
(a) Identify the period during which the greatest rate of decline in anchovy catches took place.
(b) For that period, calculate the rate of decline in the anchovy catch, in millions of metric tons per year. Show clearly how you determined your answer.
(c) Describe TWO practical ways that fisherpersons could increase the amount of metric tons of anchovies available from year to year.
Chapter 6: Population Biology Key
1.E
2.C
3.D
4.A
5.B
6.C
7.B
8.E
9.A
10.A
11.E
12.C
13.C
14.C
15.B
16.E
17.B
18.C
19.C
20.A
21.B
22.E
23.B
24.D
25.C
26.B
27.A
28.B
29.A
30.E
31.E
32.A
33.B
34.D
35.A
36.E
37.C
38.A
39.B
40.B
41.A
42.C
43.E
44.E
45.C
46.A
47.E
48.C
49.E
50.D
51.B
52.A
53.A
54.D
55.D
56.A
57.A
58.C
59.D
60.D
61.A
62.E
63.E
64. a. The greatest decline is from 1970 to 1973.
b. 141 = 13 = 4.3 million metric tons/yr. 19701973 3
c. Possible answers: § Catch limits § Size limits § Fish in the season after anchovies have mated § Do not allow for drift, purse or gill net fishing
