Chapter6Notes

1

CHAPTER6ThePeriodic

Table

6.1OrganizingtheElements Mendeleev:listedtheelementsinorderofincreasing

atomicmassandinverticalcolumnsaccordingtotheirproperties.

Leftblankspacesforundiscoveredelements Predictedthepropertiesofundisoveredelements.

HenryMoseley:determinednuclearcharge(atomicnumber)

Arrangedtheperiodictablebyorderofatomicnumber

SignificanceofSubatomicParticles

Protons:DefineeachatomElectrons:DeterminesthepropertiesofatomsNeutrons:onlyaltersthemassofanatom

PeriodicOrganization 7horizontalrows:periodsPeriodscorrespondtotheprincipalenergylevelofatoms (Principal=Outer)

Verticalcolumns:families/groupsCorrespondstothenumberofouterenergylevelelectrons

Chapter6Notes

2

ThePeriodicLawWhentheelementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,thereisaperiodicpatternintheirphysicalandchemicalproperties

Metals: good conductors of heat and electric current

Nonmetals: poor conductors of heat and electric current

Metalloids: properties of both. It depends on the conditions

3ClassesofElements

About80%ofperiodictable. Highsheenandcanreflectlight. Mostareductile(makewires) Mostaremalleableandcanbe

madeintothinsheets.

Metals

(Malleable=Bend)

NonMetals Most are gases at room temperature. Bromine is a red liquid Solid nonmetals are brittle. Have a large variation of properties

Chapter6Notes

3

1A:Alkalimetals 2A:Alkalineearthmetals 7A:Halogens 8A:NobleGases

6.2ClassifyingtheElements

Configurations of the Groups ValenceElectrons

Electronsinsandporbitalsofouterenergylevelonly.

Showapatterninthegroup. Increaseacrossaperiod.

s1=1Valenceelectron Veryreactive Rarelyfoundalone(alwaysbonding)

AlkaliMetals Group1A

Foundinthecrustoftheearth.

AlkalineEarthMetalsGroup2A

s2=2valenceelectrons

Chapter6Notes

4

ELECTRONCONFIGURATIONSINGROUPS

Thereisarelationshipbetweenelectronconfigurationofanelementanditsplacementontheperiodictable

Blocks of Periodic Table

Canbondwithalmostanynonmetalbecauseitiswillingtogiveupmanyelectrons.

TransitionMetals

d block

Group B s,p,d,fblocks Thelocationofelementswithintheseblockscorrespondstothenumberofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevel

Halogens (7A)

F:1s22s22p5

Cl:1s22s22p63s23p5

Group (6A)

O:1s22s2 2p4

S:1s22s22p63s2 3p4

Chapter6Notes

5

Alkali Metals (1A)Na:1s22s22p63s1(No3p)

K:1s22s22p63s23p64s1(No4p)

Alkali Earth Metals (2A)Mg:1s22s22p63s2(No3p)

Ca:1s22s22p63s23p64s2(No4p)

NobleGases

Outermostsandpsublevelsarecompletelyfilled(Inactive)

Filledouterlevelsmakeatomsstableandinactive.

Group 8A

s2p6 = 8 valence electrons

ValenceElectrons Electronsinthelastenergylevel

ofanatom. Includeelectronsinsandp

orbitalsonly. Showapatterninthegroup. Increaseacrossaperiod.

RepresentativeElements

Outermostsorpsublevelsareonlypartiallyfilled(GroupAelements)

Representselementsfrommetalstononmetals.

ReactiveElements 8Anotrepresentativeelements

1A-7A Foranyrepresentativeelement,thegroupnumberisequaltothenumberofvalenceelectrons.

Groups1A7A.

Chapter6Notes

6

1A:s1=1valenceelectrons2A:s2=2valenceelectrons3A:s2p1=3valenceelectrons4A:s2p2=4valenceelectrons5A:s2p3=5valenceelectrons6A:s2p4=6valenceelectrons7A:s2p5=7valenceelectrons8A:s2p6=8valenceelectrons

1A 8A3A 7A6A5A4A2A

GroupBElements

TransitionMetals:(GroupB)

outermostssublevelandthenearbydsublevelcontainelectrons

Alltransitionmetalsusuallyhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.

GroupB=ValenceElectronsDoNOTdetermineproperties

1A 8A3A 7A6A5A4A2A

GroupBElements

Sc:[Ar]4s23d1Fe:[Ar]4s23d6Zr:[Kr]5s24d2

2valenceelectrons Theirpropertiesaredeterminedbythe

electronsinthedsublevel.

TransitionMetalsInnerTransitionmetals

outermostssublevelandthenearbyfsublevelgenerallycontainelectrons

Chapter6Notes

7

MovementofElectrons1A:1losteasily2A:2losteasily3A:3losteasily5A:3gained6A:2gained7A:1gained

Whydoatomsformions?

Representativeelementsformionstoattaintheelectronconfigurationofanoblegas.

Whydoatomsformions?

Remember,aslongastheprotonnumbersstaysthesame,theatomdoesnotchange.Theelectronnumbercanchangetoattaintheelectronconfigurationofanoblegas.

P=10N=10 P=11N=12

Neonvs.Sodium

1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s1

P=10N=10

P=7N=7

Neonvs.Nitrogen

1s22s22p6 1s22s22p3

BEFORE

Na:1s22s22p63s1 (Willlose1electron)

B:1s22s22p1 (Willlose3electrons)

P:1s22s22p63s23p3 (Willgain3electrons)

F:1s22s22p5 (Willgain1electron)

Chapter6Notes

8

AFTER

Na:1s22s22p6 (ElectronConfigurationofNeon,Na+)

B:1s2 (ElectronConfigurationofhelium,B3+)

P:1s22s22p63s23p6 (ElectronConfigurationofArgon,P3)

F:1s22s22p6 (ElectronConfigurationofNeon,F)

Li

Cl

F

ChargesofAtoms1A:1+2A:2+3A:3+5A:36A:27A:1

6.3PERIODICTRENDS Thepropertiesofallatomsfollowtrends.Thesetrendscanbeeasilyunderstoodbyusingtheperiodictable.

Trendsgoaccordingtogroupsandperiods.

NuclearCharge ProtonNumber Increasesasatomicnumberincreases.(Protonsincrease!)

Asprotonnumberincreases,theoverallpositivechargeofthenucleusincreases.

1A 8A3A 7A6A5A4A2A

GroupBElements

Chapter6Notes

9

ShieldingElectrons Electronsbetweenthenucleusandthevalenceelectrons. Theyshieldthevalenceelectronsfromtheforceofthenucleus.

Na:10 S:10 Li:2 N:2

ShieldingElectrons

ShieldingElectrons TotalElectronsValenceElectrons Sodium: TotalElectrons=11 ValenceElectrons=1 ShieldingElectrons=10

Sulfur: TotalElectrons=16 ValenceElectrons=6 ShieldingElectrons=10

SE=____________

ENC=TotalShielding

SE=____________

ENC=TotalShielding

ShieldingElectrons TotalElectronsValenceElectronsAluminum: TotalElectrons=13 ValenceElectrons=3 ShieldingElectrons=10Nitrogen: TotalElectrons=7 ValenceElectrons=5 ShieldingElectrons=2

SE=____________

ENC=TotalShielding

SE=____________

ENC=TotalShielding

Na11Protons

2e8e1e

P=10N=10

1s22s22p6 Total Electrons- Valence Electrons

Shielding Electrons

ENC=

P=11N=12

1s22s22p63s1 Total Electrons- Valence Electrons

Shielding Electrons

ENC=

Chapter6Notes

10

P=15N=16

1s22s22p63s23p3 Total Electrons- Valence Electrons

Shielding Electrons

ENC=

1s22s22p63s23p64s1 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3

Potassium

TotalElectrons=

ValenceElectrons=

ShieldingElectrons=

ENC=

Arsenic

TotalElectrons=

ValenceEelctrons=

ShieldingElectrons=

ENC=

ShieldingEffect Thefurtheranenergylevelisfrom thenucleus,themoreitisshieldedfromtheattractiontothenucleus. Theouterenergylevelisshieldedbytheinnerenergylevels. Atomswithmoreenergylevelsarelarger.

EffectiveNuclearCharge NuclearChargeShieldingElectrons Thenuclearchargethatthevalence

electronsactuallyfeel.

Astheeffectivenuclearchargeincreases,thesizeoftheatomdecreasesbecausethenucleushasmorepullingpowerontheouterenergyleveloftheatom.

EffectiveNuclearChargeFluorineAtom: 9protons&9electrons Valenceelectrons:7 Shieldingelectrons:2 EffectiveNuclearCharge=+7

NuclearCharge(9)ShieldingElectrons(2)

EffectiveNuclearChargeCarbonAtom: 6protons&6electrons Valenceelectrons:4 Shieldingelectrons:2 EffectiveNuclearCharge=+4

NuclearCharge(6)ShieldingElectrons(2)

Chapter6Notes

11

+7

NuclearCharge:______

TotalElectrons:______

ValenceElectrons:_____

ShieldingElectrons:_____

ENC:______

+1

+1

+1

+1

+1

+5+2+1

+1

+3 +4 +6

+6

+6

+6

+6

ENCvs.EnergyLevel

+7 +8

+7

+7

+7

+7

+5

+5

+5

+8+4+2 +3

+2

+2

+2

+2

+3

+3

+3

+4

+4

+4

+8

+8

+8

+5

1

7

6

54

32 Large atoms have more shielding electrons and are further

away from nucleus. So, there is less pull on the valence electrons of a large atom than a small atom.

Whatif2atomshavethesameENC?

EffectiveNuclearCharge

ENC=#ValenceElectrons ThegreatertheENC,themorethenucleuspullsontheouterenergylevel.

Chapter6Notes

12

AtomicSize/Radius Radiusofanatomcannotbemeasureddirectlybecauseyoucannotseetheouterelectronstomeasuretheradius.

Measuredinpicometers(1012)

MeasuringAtoms Halfthedistancebetweenthenucleioftwolikeatomsistheatomicradius

Measurefromnucleustonucleus

andtakehalf

ENC+3

ENC+7

Aluminumvs.Chlorine(OuterEnergyLevelOnly)

Both atoms have 3 energy

levels, but chlorine's outer level

shrinks due to the high ENC.

AtomicSize/Radius(cont.) Increasestotheleftanddown. Moreenergylevelsincreasesthesizeoftheatom.

LargeENCmakesasmallatombecausethereismorepullonouterenergylevel.

AtomicSize/Radius(cont.) Atomswithmoreenergylevelsare

larger,regardlessofENC. Forexample...Iodinevs.Lithium

Iodine Lithium

ENC=+7

5energylevels

ENC=+1

2energylevels

Chapter6Notes

13

AtomicSize/Radius(cont.)

HighENCatomsshrinkbecausethetheouterlevelispulledveryclosetothenucleus.

LowENCatomsarelargebecausethe nucleushaslittlepullingpoweronthe outerenergylevel.

Comparing 2 atoms in the same period

GroupTrends Atomicsizegenerallyincreasesasyoumovedownagroupoftheperiodictable

Shieldingincreasesforouterlevelsbecausetherearemoreinnerenergylevels.

(More energy levels)

PeriodicTrends Atomicsizedecreasesasyoumovefromlefttorightacrossaperiodbecausetheprotonnumberincreases.

Shieldingisconstantbecauseatomsdonotgainenergylevelsacrossaperiod.

(ENC increase)

IONSAnionisanatomorgroupofatomsthathasapositiveornegativecharge

CATION:PositiveIons(Mg2+) Lostoneormoreelectrons

ANION:NegativeIons(S2)Gainedoneormoreelectrons

Magnesium

1s22s22p63s2

Willlose2electrons.

Mg2+

Atomshrinks

Protonsvs.Electrons

12vs.10

Sulfur

1s22s22p63s23p4

Willgain2electrons.

S2

Atomexpands

Protonsvs.Electrons

16vs.18

TRENDSINIONICSIZE Cationsarealwayssmaller thantheirneutralform Theycanloseanenergylevelwhichdecreasesshielding. Electronslosethetugofwarwiththeprotons.

Thisisbecausethelossofoutershellelectronsresultsinincreasedattractionbythenucleusforthefewerremainingelectrons.

Cationsdecreaseacrossperiod

Chapter6Notes

14

TRENDSINIONICSIZE

Anionsarealwayslargerthantheatomsfromwhichtheyareformed.

Electronswinthetugofwarwiththeprotonsbecausetheeffectivenuclearattractionforthe

nucleus islesswhenthenumberofelectronsincreases

Anionsdecreaseacrossperiod

ANIONS Largerthanneutralversion. NegativelyCharged GainElectrons Nonmetals

Moretheygain,biggertheyget.

CATIONS Smallerthanneutralversion. PositivelyCharged LoseElectrons Metals Moretheylose,

smallertheyget.

Whichisasmallerion?Boron:1s22s22p1

Aluminum:1s22s22p63s23p1

Whichislarger?Oxygen:1s22s22p4

OxygenIon:1s22s22p6

Ionic ChargesNobleGas Element Charge

He:1s2 Ca:1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Ne:1s22s22p6 N:1s22s22p3

Ar:1s22s22p63s23p6 Al:1s22s22p63s23p1

Kr:[Ar]4s24p6 S:1s22s22p63s23p4

TRENDSINIONIZATIONENERGY Theenergythatisrequiredtoovercomethe

attractionofthenuclearchargeandremoveanelectronfromanatom.

WeakPull=

StrongPull=

LowENC=

HighENC=

LowIE

HighIE

Chapter6Notes

15

IonizationEnergy(cont.) Increasesrightandup. Hardtoremoveelectronsfromatomswithouterenergylevelclosetonucleus.

HardtoremoveelectronswhentheENCislarge.

1stIONIZATIONENERGY Theenergyrequiredtoremovethefirst

electronfromanatom. Dependsonhowmanyelectronsexistin

theouterenergylevel. Seetable6.1onpage173.

TRENDSINIONIZATIONENERGY3Thingsdeterminewhetherelectronscanberemoved...

1.ENC(effectivenuclearcharge)2.Thenumberofenergylevels3.TheTugofWarafterelectronshavebeenremoved

1st, 2nd, & 3rd Ionization Energy

Na:1s22s22p63s1 Remove1Remove2Remove3

Mg:1s22s22p63s2 Remove1Remove2Remove3

Al:1s22s22p63s23p1 Remove1Remove2Remove3

2ndIONIZATIONENERGYEnergyrequiredtoremovethesecondelectronfromanatom.

Dependsonhowmanyelectronsexistintheouterenergylevel.

Chapter6Notes

16

2ndIONIZATIONENERGY

Italwaysrequiresmoreenergytoremovethesecondelectronthanitdoestoremovethefirst.

Element First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh

Na 496 4,560

Mg 738 1,450 7,730

Al 577 1,816 2,881 11,600

P 1,060 1,890 2,905 4,950 6,270 21,200

S 999.6 2,260 3,375 4,565 6,950 8,490 27,107

Cl 1,256 2,295 3,850 5,160 6,560 9,360 11,000

Ar 1,520 2,665 3,945 5,770 7,230 8,780 12,000

GroupTrends Ionizationenergydecreases

asyoumovedownagroup Li>Na>K

PeriodicTrends Ionizationenergygenerallyincreasesasyoumovefromlefttorightacrossaperiodduetothenumberofprotonsincreasing.

TRENDSINELECTRONEGATIVITY

Theelectronegativityofanelementisthetendencyfortheatomsoftheelementtoattractelectronswhentheyarechemicallycombinedwithanotherelement

http://green-planet-solar-energy.com/support-files/pt-elecneg-download.pdf

Chapter6Notes

17

Electronegativity.(cont.) Increasesrightandup. Closerouterenergylevelsattractselectronsmore.

LargerENCattractselectronsmoreeasilybecausethepullfromthenucleusisgreater.

Eachelementisassignedanelectronegativityvalue

Asyoumoveacrosstheperiodictabletheelectronegativityincreases

Electronegativitydecreasesasyoumovedownagroup

Period

Density

%Error=____________________x100PredictedAcceptedAccepted

Group7ADensities

F:1.7Br:3.12At:9.87

Cl=3.2

2Factorsdeterminemosttrends1.ENC Size Electronegativity IonizationEnergy2.PrincipalEnergyLevel Size ShieldingElectrons Attractionofvalenceelectronstothenucleus

+1WeakPull

+7StrongPull

(PeriodicTrends)

(GroupTrends)

+1 +6Metal NonMetal

Whichatomwillattractthefreeelectron?

Whichhasthehigherelectronaffinity?

Chapter6Notes

18

Knowthese7Trends ENC NuclearCharge AtomicSize(AtomicRadii) ShieldingElectrons IonizationEnergy Electronegativity IonicSize

Whatmakesanatomlarge?

1.

2.

Whatmakesanatomsmall?

1.

2.

WhatgivesanatomastrongENC?

1.

2.

WhatgivesanatomaweakENC?

1.

2.

WhatgiveanatomHighElectronegativity?

1.

2.

WhatgivesanatomLowElectronegativity?

1.

2.

WhichatomshaveHighIonizationEnergy?

1.

2.

WhichatomshaveLowIonizationEnergy?

1.

2.

PossibleMatchingTermsElectronegativityNuclearChargeTransitionMetalsInnerTransitionMetalsEffectiveNuclearChargeIonizationEnergyShieldingElectronsAlkaliMetalsAlkaliEarthMetalsPeriodicLawAtomicSizeCationAnion

PeriodGroupValenceElectronsNobleGasesHalogensMendeleevpblockdblocksblockfblockGroupTrendMoselyPeriodicTrend

SummaryofalltrendsisonPage178.

Youmustmemorizealltrendsforthetest!

EffectiveNuclearCharge Increaserightandup. Closerenergylevelsaremoreattractedtothe

nucleus.

Determinedbytwofactors:1. TheENC2. Thesizeoftheatom

Chapter6Notes

19

Attachments

key_ConfigurationsoftheGroups.pdf

Name ___________________________________________ Hour ______

Configuration of the Groups

For each element, put the last energy level, sublevel, and number of electrons for that element on the periodic table.

You must do the electron configurations on the back before completing the front! (You may use abbreviated method!)

H

1s1

He

1s2

Li

2s1

Be

2s2

B

2p1

C

2p2

N

2p3

O

2p4

F

2p5

Ne

2p6

Na

3s1

Mg

3s2

Al

3p1

Si

3p2

P

3p3

S

3p4

Cl

3p5

Ar

3p6

K

4s1

Ca

4s2

Sc

3d1

Ti

3d2

V

3d3

Cr

3d4

Mn

3d5

Fe

3d6

Co

3d7

Ni

3d8

Cu

3d9

Zn

3d10

Ga

4p1

Ge

4p2

As

4p3

Se

4p4

Br

4p5

Kr

4p6

1. Look at the information you have put in each block. What are the similarities of the elements in each column? Explain your answer.

2. Look at the information you have put in each block. What are the similarities of the elements in each row? What does this mean?

Example:

Be

2s2

Answer Key

SMART Notebook

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