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105

Note Taking Study GuideTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

CHAPTER

6 SECTION 1

Focus Question: How did industrialization and new technology affect theeconomy and society?

As you read, record the causes and effects of industrialization in the chart below.

Causes•

• Vast amount of natural resources

•

• Entrepreneurs

•

•

•

•

EventIndustrialization

Effects• Oil, kerosene, and gasoline industries were created.

•

•

•

•

• Businesses operated with minimal government supervision.

•

•

•

•

Name Class Date

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106

READING CHECK

Name two inventions thatchanged Americans’ lives.

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word stimulatedmean in the underlinedsentence? Look for contextclues in the surrounding words,phrases, and sentences.

READING SKILL

Identify Causes and EffectsHow did industrialization causethe United States to becomemore involved in world affairs?

During the Civil War, industries had grown because of theneed to make products more quickly than they had been madebefore. Two factors fueled the country’s growth. One was thevast supply of natural resources. The other was a huge work-force for industries. Many workers immigrated to the UnitedStates from Europe and Asia.

Capitalism is a system in which individuals own most busi-nesses. The heroes of this system were entrepreneurs, orpeople who invest money in a product or enterprise in order tomake a profit. This encouraged industrialization.

Government encouraged the success of businesses. Congressenacted protective tariffs, or taxes that would make importedgoods cost more than those made locally. The government alsoencouraged laissez faire policies, which allowed business tooperate with little government regulation.

Thomas Edison received more than 1,000 patents for newinventions. Edison and his team invented the light bulb.George Westinghouse developed a means to send electricityover long distances. Electricity powered homes and factories.Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. By 1900, therewere more than one million telephones in the United States.

The Bessemer process created strong but lightweight steel.This steel made new innovations possible, such as skyscrapersand suspension bridges. As railroads expanded, theystimulated new technology. The globe was divided intotwenty-four time zones to help trains set schedules.

To meet the growing demand for goods, factory ownersdeveloped systems known as mass production for turning outlarge numbers of products quickly and inexpensively.

Industrialization touched every aspect of American life.Farms became mechanized. People had easy access to goods.The United States became more involved in the affairs of othernations as it grew as an economic power.

Review Questions1. How did entrepreneurs encourage industrialization?

2. What innovations were made possible by the Bessemerprocess?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

CHAPTER

6 SECTION 1

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107

Note Taking Study GuideTHE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS

CHAPTER

6 SECTION 2

Focus Question: How did big business shape the American economy inthe late 1800s and early 1900s?

A. Record supporting details about the rise of American big business in the chart below.

Corporations• Monopolies

• Cartels

•

•

•

Debates•

•

• Provided jobs

•

•

Rise of Big Business

B. As you read, record details about how the government gradually became involved inregulating industry.

Railroad industry controls economy.

Senate passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Name Class Date

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108

READING CHECK

Name one social condition thatpeople used Social Darwinism tojustify.

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word restraintmean in the underlinedsentence? The terms control andcommand are synonyms ofrestraint. They are words withsimilar meanings. Use thesesynonyms to help you figure outthe meaning of restraint.

READING SKILL

Identify Supporting DetailsWhat details support the opinionthat big business had a negativeimpact on the United States?

In order to sell larger amounts of goods, a new type of businesswas created. This new type of business is known as a corporation. A number of people share ownership in a corpora-tion. This creates a large company with lots of money to expand.

Corporations worked to increase profits in several ways.Some corporations tried to gain a monopoly, or complete con-trol of a product or service. Others eliminated competition byforming cartels. Cartels are groups of businesses making thesame product who agree to limit their production. This keepsprices high. Horizontal integration also increases profits. It is asystem of consolidating many firms in the same business creat-ing a giant company with lower production costs. John D.Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and other businessmen usedvertical integration to increase profits by gaining control of thebusinesses that supply all phases of a product’s development.

Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest was appliedto American businesses. It was called Social Darwinism. Peopleused Social Darwinism to justify beliefs like discrimination.

Citizens and the federal government came to believe thatsystems like trusts, cartels, and monopolies gave powerfulbusinessmen an unfair advantage. In a trust, companies assigntheir stock to a board of trustees. The board of trustees then combine the stock into a new organization. At the sametime, many people believed that business leaders served thenation positively. They provided jobs and helped the UnitedStates to become a strong industrial leader. Finally, many busi-ness leaders were important philanthropists.

The federal government slowly became involved in regulat-ing trusts. In 1890, the Senate passed the Sherman Antitrust Act.It outlawed any trust that operated in restraint of trade orcommerce among several states.

Review Questions1. Name two methods that businesses used to increase their

profits.

2. What is a trust?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTHE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS

CHAPTER

6 SECTION 2

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109

Note Taking Study GuideTHE ORGANIZED LABOR MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

6 SECTION 3

Focus Question: How did the rise of labor unions shape relations amongworkers, big business, and government?

Record the main ideas about the rise of organized labor in the concept web below.

A LaborMovement Grows

Labor unionsorganize.

Strikesbreak out.

Workerssuffer.

National Trades Union

Long hours

Homestead Strike

Name Class Date

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110

READING CHECK

Who was the leader that calledfor a nationwide strike againstthe Pullman Company?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word trend meanin the underlined sentence?Look for context clues in thesurrounding words, phrases, andsentences.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas Identify themain goals of organized labor.

The growth of industry did not always benefit workers. Factoryworkers labored long hours in dirty workhouses known assweatshops. Many miners were forced to live near their work-place. The housing in these company towns was owned by thebusiness and rented to employees. Workers ended up owingmost of their wages to the company.

In the 1830s, a movement called socialism spread through-out Europe. Socialism is a philosophy that favors public,instead of private, control of property and income. Many laboractivists borrowed ideas from socialism to support their goals.

The Knights of Labor included all workers of any trade,skilled or unskilled. The union sought broad social reform. In1881, Terrence V. Powderly became its leader.

In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American Federationof Labor (AFL). Unlike the Knights, the AFL focused on issuessuch as wages and working conditions.

On May 1, 1886, thousands of workers mounted a nationaldemonstration. At Haymarket Square in Chicago, a protesterthrew a bomb, killing a policeman. Frenzy broke out, and dozensof people were killed. The result of the Haymarket Riot wasthat many Americans associated union activities with violence.

The Homestead Strike was part of a number of strikes bysteelworkers and miners. These strikes took place as economicdepression crept across America. In each case, federal troopswere called in to stop the unrest.

In 1893, Eugene V. Debs, leader of the American RailwayUnion, called for a nationwide strike against the Pullman Company. The Pullman Strike halted both railroad traffic andmail delivery. Federal troops were sent in to end the strike.Afterward, an important trend developed. The federal govern-ment regularly supported businesses over labor unions.

Review Questions1. How did company towns negatively impact the workers

who lived in them?

2. How did the goals of the Knights of Labor differ from thoseof the AFL?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTHE ORGANIZED LABOR MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

6 SECTION 3