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6. 'roect (ched!lingPro)ect *chedulin( is the process of
determinin( the se.uential order of theplanned actiities, assi(nin(
realistic durations to each actiity, and determinin(
the start and finish dates for each actiity+
- 0dentifyin( precedence relationships- *e.uencin( actiities
- !eterminin( actiity times and costs
- "stimatin( materials and worker re.uirements- !eterminin(
critical actiities
*. '!rposes of 'roect (ched!ling- *hows the relationship of each
actiity to others and to the whole pro)ect+
- 0dentifies the precedence relationships amon( actiities+
- "ncoura(es the settin( of realistic time and cost estimates
for each
actiity+
- 2elps make better use of people, money and material resources
byidentifyin( critical bottlenecks in the pro)ect+
+. ,escribing the proect
Acti"ity
- the smallest unit of work effort consumin( both time and
resources
that the pro)ect mana(er can schedule and control+
'recedence -elationship
- determines a se.uence for undertakin( actiities/ it specifies
that
one actiity cannot start until a precedin( actiity has
beencompleted+
. ,iagra&&ing the Network
Acti"ity/$n/Arc 0A$A network
0t uses arcs or arrows to represent actiities and nodes to
represent eents+
"ent is the point at which one or more actiities are to be
completed
and one or more other actiities are to be(in
- an eent consumes neither time nor resources+- A-O-A emphasies
actiity connection points+
- 2ere, precedence relationships re.uire that an eent not occur
untilall precedin( actiities hae been completed+
13.Acti"ity $n Node 0A$N Network
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Nodes represent actiities and the arcs indicate the
precedence
relationships between them+
$he approach is actiity oriented+
2ere the precedence relationships re.uire that an actiity not
be(in until
all precedin( actiities hae been completed+
11.'roect Manage&ent Techni4!es
4antt chart
Critical Path ðod %CP&'
Pro(ram "aluation and #eiew $echni.ue %P"#$'
12.5antt Chart
A 4antt Chart is a simple techni.ue that can be used to attach a
time scale
and se.uence to a pro)ect+ 4antt charts, also known as milestone
plans, area low cost means of assistin( the pro)ect mana(er at the
initial sta(e of
schedulin(+ $hey ensure that:
All actiities are planned for,
$he se.uence of actiities is accounted for,
$he actiity time estimates are recorded/ and
$he oerall pro)ect time is recorded+
1#.'-T and C'M Network techni.ues
!eeloped in the 15678s- CP& by !uPont for chemical plants
%1569'- P"#$ by oo, Allen and 2amilton with the ;+* Nay, for
Polaris missile
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- Critical path: the lon(est path of actiities that allows all
tasks to be
completed+
1). Critical 'ath Method C'M
$he Critical Path ðod, abbreiated CP&, is a
mathematically based al(orithm
for schedulin( a set of pro)ect actiities+ 0t is a ery important
tool for effectiepro)ect mana(ement+ 0t was deeloped in the 15678s
in a )oint enture between
!uPont Corporation and #emin(ton #and Corporation for mana(in(
plant
maintenance pro)ects+ $oday, it is commonly used with all forms
of pro)ects,includin( construction, software deelopment, research
pro)ects, product
deelopment, en(ineerin(, and plant maintenance, amon( others+
Any pro)ect
with interdependent actiities can apply this method of
schedulin(+
16.The six steps co&&on to '-T and C'M
!efine the pro)ect and prepare the work breakdown structure+
!eelop relationships amon( the actiities+
!raw the network connectin( all the actiities+
Assi(n time and cost estimates to each actiity+
Compute the lon(est time path throu(h the network+ $his is
called the
critical path+
;se the network to help plan, schedule, monitor, and control the
pro)ect+
1*."rrors and lo(ical se.uence
$hree types of errors in lo(ic may arise when drawin( network,
particularly when
it is a complicated one+ $hese are known as
>oopin(: Normally in the network, the arrow points from left
to ri(ht+
$his conention is to be strictly adhered, as this would aoid the
illo(icalloopin(, as shown wron(ly below+
!an(lin(: $he situation represented by the followin( dia(ram is
also at
fault, since the actiity represented by the dan(lin( arrow
9-< isundertaken with no result+
1+.!ummy arrows
!ummy arrows are used to transfer lo(ic from one eent node to
another
in the net work+ $hey are represented by broken arrows+
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A dummy arrow has ero duration and does not represent an
actiity+
$hese symbols are used to represent the relationships amon(st
the
actiities+
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