Upload
bruno-foster
View
223
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 6
Language
What We Will Learn How does human language differ from forms of
communication in other animals? How do children acquire language? How do languages change? Are some languages superior to others? What is the relationship between language and
culture? How do people communicate without using
words?
The Nature of Language Found in all cultures of the world. Symbolic system of sounds that conveys
meaning when put together according to a set of rules.
Meanings attached to any given word in all languages are totally arbitrary.
Diversity of Language There are as many as 6,000 discrete
languages. 95% of the world’s people speak fewer than 100
of approximately 6,000 languages. Mandarin accounts for about 1 in every 5
people on earth. English, Hindi, Spanish, and Russian, accounts
for about 45%.
Major Languages of the World
Language Primary Country
Number of Speakers
Mandarin China 874,000,000
Hindi India 366,000,000
English UK/USA 341,000,000
Spanish Spain/South America
322,000,000
Bengali Bangladesh 207,000,000
Portuguese Portugal/Brazil 176,000,000
Major Languages of the World
Language Primary Country
Number of Speakers
Russian Russia 167,000,000
Japanese Japan 125,000,000
German Germany 100,000,000
Korean Korea 78,000,000
French France 77,000,000
Wu China 77,000,000
Characteristics of Human Communication Systems
Capable of sending an infinite number of messages.
Humans are only animals that speak of events from the past or in the future (displacement).
Language is transmitted largely through tradition rather than experience alone.
Structure of Human Languages Phonological structure includes rules of how
sounds combine to convey meanings. Each language has a grammatical structure that
governs: How morphemes are formed into words
(morphology). How words are arranged into phrases and
sentences (syntax).
Morphemes Make Up Words
Language Change Language is constantly changing. When linguists study how languages change
over time, they are engaged in diachronic analysis.
Historical linguists may study changes in a single language, such as changes from Old English to modern English.
Comparative Linguists can look at changes that have occurred in related languages.
Language Families A language family comprises all of the
languages that derive from its common protolanguage.
The English language is part of the family known as the Indo-European language family. Germanic is the mother of English. French and Spanish are sister languages. Russian, Bulgarian, and Polish share a
common Slavic mother.
Language Families Linguists generally agree that there are
more than 250 different language families in the world today.
Of these 150 are found in the Americas, 60 in New Guinea, 26 in Australia, 20 in Africa, and 37 in Europe and Asia.
Colloquialisms From Baseball She threw me a curve. You’re way off base. You’re batting 1,000 (500, zero) so far. I want to touch all the bases. He went to bat for me. He has two strikes against him. That’s way out in left field. He drives me up the wall.
Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis Language influences perception. Language establishes mental categories
that affect the ways people conceptualize the real world.
Diglossia The situational use of language in
complex speech communities. A linguistic situation where two varieties
of the same language (such as standard form, dialect, or pidgin) are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social circumstances.
Examples of DiglossiaHigh Form Low Form
Religious service Marketplace
Political speeches Instructions to subordinates
Legislative proceedings Friendly conversations
University lectures Folk literature
News broadcasts Radio/TV programs
Newspapers Cartoons
Poetry Graffiti
Nonverbal Communication Most messages are sent and received
without words: Facial expressions Gestures Eye contact Touching Posture
Quick Quiz
1. The language characteristic of ________ allows humans to speak of things or events that have happened in the past, or may occur in the future.
a) displacement
b) frame substitution
c) glossolalia
d) morphology
Answer: a The language characteristic of
displacement allows humans to speak of things or events that have happened in the past, or may occur in the future.
2. _______ involves the study of the basic building blocks of a language.
a) Linguistics
b) Phonology
c) Phonology
d) Grammar
Answer: b Phonology involves the study of the
basic building blocks of a language.
3. The ________ is a combination of phonemes which convey some meaning.
a) morpheme
b) allomorph
c) phoneme
d) grammar
Answer: a The morpheme is a combination of
phonemes which convey some meaning.
4. The rules of a language which controls how people speak and make themselves understood make up its
a) phonemes.
b) syntax.
c) grammar.
d) morphemes.
Answer: c The rules of a language which controls
how people speak and make themselves understood make up its grammar.
5. _______ suggests that language actually establishes mental categories that predispose people to see things in a certain way.
a) Diachronic analysis
b) Historical linguistics
c) Descriptive linguistics
d) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Answer: d The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests
that language actually establishes mental categories that predispose people to see things in a certain way.