CHAPTER 6

LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH APPLICATION OF STOP WATCH

TIME STUDY METHOD IN SAIPL: DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

Sr.No Title Page

No.

6.1 Introduction 147

6.2 Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study

Method 149

6.2.1 Perception (Belief) of Labour respondents on Work

Measurement 149

6.2.2 Awareness of Labour Respondents on Methods of Time Study

Method 151

6.2.3 Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study

Method 154

6.3 Responses of Labour Respondents on awareness of training

and training received on Stop Watch Time Study Method 156

6.3.1 Extent of Stop Watch Time Study training awareness among

Labour Respondents 157

6.3.2 Extent of Stop Watch Time Study training received by Labour

Respondents 158

6.3.3 Type of training received by Labour respondents 160

6.4 Procedure of Stop Watch Time Study Method adopted in the

Present Study 163

6.4.1 Defining and Measuring Labour Productivity 163

6.4.2 Definition of Time Study 165

6.4.3 Basic Equipments used in Measuring Time Study 165

6.4.4 Selection of Sections and Activity/ elements covered in the

Study 168

6.4.5 Steps/ Procedure employed for measuring Stop Watch Time

Study method 171

6.5

Analysis of Labour Productivity in Unloading Section of

Logistic department based on application of Stop Watch Time

Study Method

173

6.5.1 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to

perform activities in Unloading Section. 174

6.5.2 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete the

activities in Unloading Section. 177

6.6

Analysis of Labour Productivity in Trolley Filling Area (TFA)

Section of Logistic department based on application of Stop

Watch Time Study Method

183

6.6.1 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to

perform activities in TFA Section. 184

6.6.2 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete the

activities in TFA Section. 187

6.7

Analysis of Labour Productivity in Catwalk (Supermarket)

Section of Logistic department based on application of Stop

Watch Time Study Method

189

6.7.1 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to

complete Bin Filling Activity in Catwalk Section. 192

6.7.2 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete Bin

Filling Activity in Catwalk Section. 195

6.7.3 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to

complete Box Picking Activity in Catwalk Section. 197

6.7.4 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete Box

Picking Activity in Catwalk Section. 199

6.8

Analysis of Social and Technical barriers associated with

Labour Respondents while application of Stop Watch Time

Study Method.

201

6.8.1 Responses of Labour Respondents towards Social Barriers

involved in application of Stop Watch Time Study Method 201

6.8.2 Responses of Labour Respondents towards Technical Barriers

involved in application of Stop Watch Time Study Method 204

147

CHAPTER 6

LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH APPLICATION OF STOP WATCH

TIME STUDY METHOD IN SAIPL: DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

6.1 Introduction:

An attempt is made in this chapter -

(i) To study and understand the procedure of stop watch time study method

application.

(ii) To measure and study the labour productivity by application of stop watch

time study method.

(iii) To study and understand the social and technical barriers associated with

application of stop watch time study method on labour productivity.

Skoda auto India Private Limited (SAIPL) is selected for the study purpose.

Logistic department of the SAIPL is the study area. Unloading section, Trolley Filling

Area (TFA) and Catwalk (Supermarket) Section of the stores are the samples and the

Labours who are working in these sections are respondents of the study. Out of 43

Labours that are working in these three sections 25 Labours contributing to 57 Percent

of sample size is selected as sample labour respondents for study purpose. Here

productivity is measured in terms of output to input ratio. In the present study only

labour productivity is measured and studied whereas material, capital and energy

productivity is not studied.

Work measurement refers to the estimation of standard time that is the time

allowed for completing one piece/activity of job using the given method. This is the

time taken by average experienced labour for the job with the provision for delays

beyond the Labours control. There are several techniques used for estimation of

standard time in the industry. These include time study, work sampling, standard data

and predetermined time systems etc. In the present study, time study is used as a

technique of labour productivity measurement. This technique is based on measuring

148

the work content of the task when performed by the prescribed method, with the

allowance for fatigue and for personal and unavoidable delays. This is a technique to

estimate the time to be allowed to a qualified and well trained labour working at a

normal pace to complete specified task. The stop watch and the electronic timer are

the most widely used timing devices to perform time study. However, digital stop

watch device is used to measure time for the present study.

The measurement of the work in terms of productivity of Material, Money,

Method, Labour and ultimately overall. The present study measures the productivity

of the Labour working in selected three sections of Logistic Department and the time

study is the technique of work measurement to establish the time for qualified labour

to carry out specified task under specified conditions and at defined levels of

performance. Therefore, an attempt is made in the present study to measure and

analyse the productivity of the Labour respondents (i.e. performance of the Labour)

for maximum productivity improvement. In this scenario following questions needs to

be addressed:

1. How to measure the performance of productivity on the basis of stop watch time

study method?

2. What is the procedure of stop watch time study method?

3. How to measure Labour productivity in SAIPL.

4. Whether Labour respondents are aware about stop watch time study method?

5. Whether labour respondents have undergone any training of stop watch time

study method?

6. What time does the labour actually takes to complete the assigned task and

standard time to perform same task for 3 sections of logistic department.

7. What are the activity elements performed by 3 selected sections of SAIPL when

Stop Watch time study method was applied for measuring labour productivity?

8. What are the socio-technical barriers associated with application of stop watch

time study method?

149

6.2 Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study Method:

The manufacturing management and engineers only design and prepared the

skills but the production labours are the one who will implement it in the operation.

So the objective of time study can only be achieved if the production labours are

knowledgeable about the time study concept. There are 3 time study methods. It

consists of stop watch method, time recording machine and Motion picture camera.

Stop watch method is used by the researcher for recording time taken by a labour

respondent in completing assigned work. Before the application of stop watch time

study method, researcher felt the need to know the extent of belief of labor

respondents related to work measurement, awareness of labour respondents on stop

watch time study method and types of stop watch time study method. The sample

labour respondents were questioned and interviewed regarding above mentioned

aspects. Their responses are grouped into Yes or No and presented in various tables.

Perception of labour respondents on work measurement and their awareness on stop

watch time study method is analysed as under.

6.2.1 Perception (Belief) of Labour Respondents on work Measurement:

Before measuring the work performed by the labour it is necessary to believe

that there is need to measure the work to achieve higher productivity. In this section

whether sample labour respondents selected believed in work measurement or not is

assessed. In other words, perception of labour towards work measurement is studied

here. It is of utmost important to believe in measurement of work so as to support and

apply work measurement technique. Higher the belief towards work measurement,

higher the productivity or output or positive attitude. The response of labour

respondents towards belief (or perception of labour) is presented in Table 6.1 and

corresponding graphical representation is shown in Figure 6.1

150

Table 6.1

Believeness (Perception) of Labour Respondents on Work Measurement

Sr.No Responses Number Percent

1 Yes 22 88

2 No 3 12

Total 25 100

Figure 6.1

Believeness (Perception) of Labour Respondents on Work Measurement

X-Axis

Believeness (Perception) of Labour

Respondents on Work Measurement

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Yes

B No

Observations:

Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1 shows whether sample labour respondents of SAIPL

believe in work measurement or not. In other words to what extent labours believe in

work measurement principle is assessed. This is referred the perception of labour

towards work measurement. The survey shows that -

0

10

20

30 22 (88%)

3 (12%)

Believeness (Perception) of Labour Respondents

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r R

esp

on

den

ts

A B

151

1. Out of 25 sample labour respondents, 22 (88 Percent) believe on work

measurement. It means majority agreed that work must be measured in a suitable

format to know the time of job completion and increase efficiency in performance

as well as for payment of wages. Since wages are interlinked with the output and

measuring output or productivity or time taken by labour to complete specific job

is a must. Hence, Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1 shows that 88 Percent of labours

believe in work measurement.

2. Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1 further highlights that 3 sample respondents (i.e. 12

percent) out of 25 do not believe in work measurement.

Findings:

Majority (88 Percent) labours respondents believe in work measurement. It

means that perception of 88 Percent of labour respondents towards work measurement

is positive and they believe it is essential to measure the work that is performed.

6.2.2 Awareness of Labour Respondents on Methods of Time Study Method:

Time study can be performed by following methods depending on the

accuracy:

1. Stop Watch Time Study Method

2. Time Recording Machine

3. Motion Picture Camera

Stop watch used to measure time during application of time study must be

accurate and preferably graduated in decimal so that it can measure time in 0.01

Minutes also. Basic equipments required for time study are (1) Time study board (2)

Time study form (3) Stop watch.

Time recording machine has a paper tape which rotates on two rollers at

uniform speed. The paper is graduated to give timing in fraction of minutes. Reading

can be seen and recorded through a slit provided in the casting of equipments.

152

Motion Picture camera is used in micro motion study. The camera is driven at

constant speed of several ranges. Due to constant speed, time taken by each film can

be calculated. Exact time can be calculated with the help of number of films taken.

This method is more accurate but expensive.

When it was asked to labour respondents regarding their awareness on stop

watch time study method, time recording machines and motion picture camera (i.e.

methods of time study) during the time of investigation, the summary of responses is

presented in table 6.2.and corresponding graphical representation is shown in Figure

6.2.

Table 6.2

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Methods of Time Study

Sr.No Methods of time

study

Yes No Total

No. Percent No Percent No Percent

1 Stop Watch Method 23 92 2 8 25 100

2

Time Recording

Machine 19 76 6 24 25 100

3

Motion Picture

Camera 21 84 4 16 25 100

Total 21 84 4 16 25 100

153

Figure 6.2

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Methods of Time Study

X-Axis Methods of Time Study

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Stopwatch Method

B Time Recording Machine

C Motion Picture Camera

Observations:

It can be seen from Table 6.2 and Figure 6.2 that -

1. Out of 25 Labour respondents, 23 (92 Percent) are aware of stop watch method

and 3 (8 Percent) are not aware.

2. Regarding time recording machine, it was found that 19 (76 Percent) of Labour

respondents are aware of this method and 6 (24 Percent) are not aware.

3. Out of 25 Labour respondents, 21 (84 Percent) are aware of Motion Picture

camera method and 4 (16 Percent) are not aware respectively.

0

5

10

15

20

2523 (92%)

19 (76%)21 (84%)

2 (8%)

6 (24%)4 (16 %)

Yes

No

Methods of Time Study

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r R

esp

on

den

ts

B CA

154

4. Majority of labour respondents are aware of Stop Watch Method (92 Percent),

time recording Machine (76 Percent) and Motion Picture Camera (84 Percent)

respectively.

5. Overall score of methods of time study awareness is 84 Percent .It means 84

Percent on an average labour respondent are aware of time study method.

Findings:

Majority of labour respondents are aware of time study method. The extent of

stop watch time study awareness is higher (92 Percent) than that of time recording

machine (76 Percent) and Motion Picture Camera (84 Percent).

6.2.3 Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study Method:

Time study is one of the most common and widely used work measurement

techniques. It is applied and practiced since long (i.e. from F.W.Taylor till today). It is

measured in number of way. In manufacturing or any company work measurement is

a part and parcel of quality control and efficiency. Labour exercise or experiment or

actually apply the time study and authorities measures their work. Therefore labour

must be aware of the method used for work measurement. Therefore researcher has

asked the sample labour respondents about their knowledge (awareness) of the stop

watch time study method. Their responses regarding extent of awareness are

presented in Table 6.3 and Figure 6.3.

Table 6.3

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study Method

Sr.No Responses Number Percent

1 Yes 23 92

2 No 02 08

Total 25 100

155

Figure 6.3

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study Method

X-Axis Awareness of Labour Respondents on

Stop Watch Time Study Method

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Yes

B No

Observations:

Table 6.3 and Figure 6.3 shows that out of 25 sample respondents, 23 (92

Percent) respondents are fully aware of stop watch time study method and 2 (8

Percent) labour respondents are not aware of the stop watch time study method. This

may be because the labours are newly appointed and time study was not yet

performed involving these respondents. On enquiry it was observed that two labours

respondents recently joined the logistic department of SAIPL.

Findings:

Majority of labour respondents (i.e. 92 percent) are aware and they know stop

watch time study method.

0

10

20

3023 (92%)

2 (8%)

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Stop Watch

Time Study Method

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r R

esp

on

den

ts

A B

156

6.3 Responses of Labour Respondents on Awareness of Training and Training

Received on Stop Watch Time Study Method:

Acquisition of skills, concepts or attitudes that result in the improved

performance on job environment is referred as training. Training is a process that

bridges the gap between standard or desired performance of an individual and his/ her

actual performance. In other words, training induces a desired change in the working

method of an employee so as to improve his/ her performance. An important point to

be noted here is that training improves the ability to perform any work whether it is

purely physical work of lifting a heavy car body or purely mental work of drawing up

pricing strategy. Moreover, no matter how good an individual may be in doing his

work there is always some room for improvement. It can therefore be concluded that

training is essential for all types and levels of employees.

At the same time, studies in the past have shown that an individual requires to

be trained not only once but regularly throughout his/her working life. It has been

observed that an individual tends to develop and start using wrong methods of doing a

job over a number of years inspite of having undergone a through training a few years

ago. At the same time advancement of technology and changing conditions bring

about changes in the methods of job performance. Every Labour needs to be kept

abreast of these developments for constant improvement of efficiency. It is therefore,

always better that every individual goes through regular training sessions. A judicious

combination of on the job and off the job training for all levels , available today

enable organizations to use training to the best of their advantage.

From this point of view it was decided to find out details of type of training to

be given to SAIPL employees. To what extent training is received by labour

respondents will help company to save time of production and to that extent labour

productivity enhanced. In addition to the immediate gains mentioned, the training in

operation analysis and work simplification developed an analytical approach on the

part of operating personal so that in future they will be continually on the alert to find

a „better way‟. They developed an application of cost of manufacture and at the

completion of course, were more cognizant of the relationship between output and

157

selling price. Hence, it is essential to know whether employees are aware of the stop

watch training, to what extent they receive stop watch time study training. The

responses of selected sample labour respondents towards on the job training or off the

job training, awareness of training, extent of received training, types of training being

given to SAIPL company labour etc are studied in this section.

6.3.1 Extent of Stop Watch Time Study training awareness among Labour

Respondents:

Training awareness of labour respondents on stop watch time study method is

presented in Table 6.4 and Figure 6.4.

Table 6.4

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Training of Stop Watch Time

Study Method

Sr.No Responses Extent of Awareness

Number Percent

1 Yes 20 80

2 No 05 20

3 Total 25 100

Figure 6.4

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Training of Stop Watch Time Study

Method

0

5

10

15

20

20 (80%)

5 (20%)

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts

A B

Awareness of Labour Respondents on Training

158

X-Axis

Awareness of Labour Respondents on

Training of Stop Watch Time Study

Method

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Yes

B No

Observations:

Table 6.4 and Figure 6.4 shows that 80 (20 respondents) Percent of labour

respondents are aware of training related to stop watch time study method. They fully

know that there is special and rigorous training of stop watch method provided by

professional bodies. On the other hand, 20 Percent (5 respondents) are not aware of

stop watch time study method.

Findings:

Majority of labour respondents are aware that there is special training

provided for application of stop watch time study.

6.3.2 Extent of Stop Watch Time Study training received by Labour

Respondents:

The lack of success of some time and motion study program is in part due to

lack of understanding of the techniques by both management and the operating

personnel. One of the easiest ways to assure the success of any practical innovation is

to inform all affected parties as to how and why it operates. When the theories,

techniques and economic necessity of work measurement are understood by all the

parties, little difficulty will be encountered in its application. From this point of view

researcher would like to know what extent labour respondents have received stop

watch time study training. Table 6.5 summarises survey result in this regard and

equivalent graphical representation is shown in Figure 6.5.

159

Table 6.5

Extent of Training Received by Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study

Method

Sr.No Responses Extent of Training received

Number Percent

1 Yes 25 100

2 No 0 0

Total 25 100

Figure 6.5

Extent of Training Received by Labour Respondents on Stop Watch Time Study

Method

X-Axis Extent of Training Received by Labour

Respondents on Stop Watch Time

Study Method

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Yes

B No

0

5

10

15

20

25

25 (100%)

0

Extent of Training Received by

Labour Respondents

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts

A B

160

Observations:

It can be seen from Table 6.5 and Figure 6.5 that 100 Percent (25 Labour

respondents) had received training. It may be by the way of job instruction,

demonstration and job rotation.

Findings:

All the labour respondents, those are working in unloading, Trolley Filing and

catwalk section of logistic department have received stop watch time study method

training.

The next question is then that which types of training is received by labour

respondents whether on the Job training or off the job training. This is assessed in the

next section.

6.3.3 Type of Training Received by Labour Respondents:

Training in the areas of performance rating, application of allowances,

standard data methods, stop watch method application and its operation method and

job evaluation are especially important. The companies that have provided training in

the elements of time study for union officials, job operators, as well as management

representatives had harmonious relationships in the field of productivity, quality

product and wage payment. Training can be provided on the basis of on the job

training method and off the job method. It was asked to labour respondents of all the

selected sections what type of training they have received for stop watch time study

method. 100 Percent of labour respondents in section A, B and C agreed that they

have received on the job training and out of 25 selected sample respondents 3 labours

have received off the job training. This is presented in Table 6.6 and Figure 6.6.

161

Table 6.6

Type of Training Received by Labour Respondents

Sr.No Responses

Training

Received

On the Job

Training

Off the Job

training

No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent

1 Yes 25 100 25 100 3 12

2 No 0 0 0 0 22 88

3 Total 25 100 25 100 25 100

Figure 6.6

Type of Training Received by Labour Respondents

X-Axis Type of Training Received by Labour

Respondents

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A On the Job Training

B Off the Job Training

Observations:

On the basis of Table 6.6 and Figure 6.6 it can be seen that,

0

5

10

15

20

2525 (100%)

3 (12%)0

22 (88%)

Yes

No

Type of Training Received

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r R

esp

on

den

ts

A B

162

Out of 25 labours, who are working in section A, B and C of logistic

department, 100 Percent (25 respondents) have received stop watch time study

method training. All the 25 respondents i.e. 100 Percent of labours have received on

the job training may be by the way of job instruction, lectures, demonstration or Job

rotation. Among 25 labour respondents, 3 have received off the job training. These 3

labours are senior and experienced. They are working in the company from last 10

years or so. Majority of the respondents have not received off the job training.

Findings:

From Table 6.4 to Table 6.6 and observations made by the researchers, it can

be concluded that:

1. Majority (i.e. 80 Percent) of respondents are aware of stop watch time study

method training.

2. 100 Percent of respondents have received training on Stop Watch Time Study

Method.

3. 100 Percent of sample respondent have received on the job training of stop watch

time study method.

4. Majority (i.e. 88 Percent) of the respondent have not received off the job training

for stop watch time study method.

5. Some of the respondents found that the trainers lack in depth knowledge of Stop

Watch time study method application procedure.

6. All the respondents wanted to be more demonstrative and practical oriented on the

job training programme.

7. All the respondents wanted off the job training programme to be provided as early

as possible.

8. Majority of the respondents (i.e. 65 Percent) felt that training sessions are a good

break from the daily routine giving them the opportunity to meet, discuss and

exchange or share views with their counterparts at other places.

163

9. Overall, training is found useful and necessary by the trainees. The company

should pay more attention on the contents of the time study training courses,

making labours more practical oriented.

10. No monetary or non monetary incentives are directly linked with the training.

6.4 Procedure of Stop Watch Time Study Method adopted in the Present Study:

This section discuss about measuring Labour productivity, General definition

of Time Study and Procedure adopted by the researcher to apply stop watch time

study method in all the selected three sections of Logistic Department.

6.4.1 Defining and Measuring Labour Productivity:

A crucial determinant of competitiveness is the productivity of key inputs.

Increasing labour productivity is not only key to improve a firm‟s competitiveness,

but widely acknowledged as the key to improve national economic well-being.

Increase in labour productivity allows payments to the labours (i.e. wage increase).

Manufacturing costs can be lowered by increasing the productivity of the company

and its workforce. This puts the burden on management to improve practices rather

than on labour to accept deep concessions. It also positions labour and management as

allies because strategies to improve productivity translate into higher skills and

ultimately higher wages for labour1.

Hence, MOST technique is used.

Simply, productivity is the ratio of output and inputs. Within SAIPL,

production managers and engineers measure the number of products produced by a

line of catwalk store labour in a specific time frame. Time study, also called work

study analysis measures the number of minutes required to produce or complete a

particular activity and compare that time to standard time.

Another productivity measure is labour efficiency, which is a comparison of

time spend working productivity to the total times spend at work.

164

Thus, the labour productivity can be measured in terms of hours or money as

under:

(a) In terms of input and output unit:

LP = O / I -------------------- (1)

Where,

LP = Labour Productivity

O = Total Output

I = Labour Input

(b) In terms of Hours:

LP = TQP/ AMHR --------------------- (2)

Where,

LP = Labour Productivity

TQP = Total quality produced

AMHR = Actual man Hours required to produce that quantity

(c) In terms of Money:

LP = TC / ASOW ---------------------- (3)

Where,

LP = Labour Productivity

TC = Total cost of output produced

ASOW = Amount spend on Labours

(d) Average Observed Time (OT):

∑ X / N ------------------------- (4)

165

Where,

∑ X = Sum total of Observed time

N = Number of Observations

(e) Normal Time (NT):

NT = OT * R ------------------------- (5)

Where,

NT = Normal Time

OT = Observed Time

R = Performance Rating

(f) Standard Time (ST):

ST = NT * A -------------------------- (6)

Where,

ST = Standard Time

NT = Normal Time

A = Allowance

6.4.2 Definition of Time Study:

Time study is a technique to estimate the time that is allowed to a qualified

and well trained Labour working at normal pace to complete a specified task.

6.4.3 Basic Equipments used in Measuring Time Study:

Time study is the most common and the widely used in the industry for work

measurement. Therefore, researcher is interested to know the result of application of

time study in SAIPL. For measuring the work using time study, the researcher has

used following equipment:

166

(A) Timing Device: Digital Stop Watch

(B) A Study Board: Time study Observation board

(C) Observation format: Time study observation sheet

(D) Other necessary equipments

(A) Timing Device (Digital Stop Watch):

Digital stop watch is used by the researcher to measure the time of activity

elements performed by labour respondents. Digital stop watch is used as it is

easily available, portable and can measure time to the second or third decimal of

a second accurately. It can keep a large volume of data in memory and is user

friendly. Figure7.7 shows digital stop watch used by the researcher for study

purpose.

Figure 6.7

Digital Stop Watch

(B) A Study Board (Time Study Observation Board):

Time study observation board was used by the researcher to hold observation

sheet and digital stop watch. It is light weight board made of wood. It is used to

hold the time study observation sheet and digital stopwatch. The watch is mounted

on the top left hand side corner for easy operation. The board had a clamp to hold

the observation sheet. During the time study, the board was held against the body

167

and the upper left arm by the researcher so as to operate the watch easily by using

either thumb or index finger of left hand. Figure 6.8 shows observation board used

for time study purpose by the researcher.

Figure 6.8

Time Study Observation Board

(C) Observation Format (Time study Observation Sheet):

Observation sheet used for the time study purpose was prepared by the researcher

using MS-Excel and hard copy of observation sheet was used to record the time

of activity elements of labour. Observation sheet consist of necessary information

about the operation being studied. It includes- Labour name, operation name,

department, section, time study person name, study number, sheet number, space

to record the time of activity elements, date and place of the study etc. Figure 6.9

shows the observation sheet used by the researcher for study purpose.

168

Figure: 6.9

Time Study Observation Sheet

Time Study Observation Sheet Name of

Labour

Study

Number

Department

Sheet

Number

Section Studied By

Activity Name

Sr.No

Activity

elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Total Time

Average

Time

Date

Place

Checked by

(D) Other Necessary Equipments:

Other necessary equipments used to perform study were Pen, Pencil, Eraser and

Scientific Calculator.

6.4.4 Selection of Sections and Activity/ elements covered in the Study:

For experiment purpose, three sections namely Unloading, Trolley filling Area

and Catwalk section of logistic department are selected. In the unloading section total

21 labours are employed to perform different activities. For study purpose, 15 sample

labour are selected performing 9 different activities as respondents contributing to 71

169

Percent of sample size. Time study is performed on 15 labour respondents performing

the activity in unloading section of logistic department. Chart 6.1 shows the activities

covered in the present research study. Time taken by the labour to complete the job

allotted is calculated by using stop watch time study method.

Chart 6.1

Activities Covered in the Unloading Section for Research

Sr.No Activity name Labour

Respondents

1 Opening & Closing of Container Gate at

Dock Area 1

2 Unloading car body pallet from container

using forklift 1

3 Unloading of car body parts from the

pallet 7

4 Alignment of Trolley to Unloading Area 1

5 Cleaning of Car Body Shell 1

6 Verification of Packaging List 1

7 System operator to enter Container

Information in System 1

8 Carry Car body shell SUZ Pallet to

Assembly Line 1

9 To stick Packing list on Car Body shell

& Pantograph Alignment 1

Total 15

While 9 activities are undertaken by the labour respondents in unloading

section whereas only 2 activities are performed in Trolley Filling Area of stores ,

called here as Section B. These activities are: Filling the trolley and carrying trolley to

Trolley Filling Area. Time taken to complete these two activities is calculated on the

basis of stop watch time study method. There are total of 17 labour working in TFA,

170

but for study purpose 5 labours contributing to 29 % are selected as sample labour

respondents. Chart 6.2 represents the activity carried out and covered in TFA section

with selected sample labour respondents for study purpose.

Chart 6.2

Activities Covered in the Trolley Filling Area for Research

Sr.No Activities Labour

Respondents

1 Filling the Trolley 5

Total 5

In the catwalk section total of 5 labours are working. All the 5 labours

contributing to 100 Percent are selected as sample respondents for study purpose.

Following activities are performed in catwalk sections and are included in study as

shown in Chart 6.3.

Chart 6.3

Activities Covered in the Catwalk Section for Research

Sr.No Activities Labour

Respondents

1 Bin Filling Activity 3

2 Box Picking Activity 2

Total 5

Time taken by each of the 5 labour in catwalk section is calculated on the

basis of stop watch method. Workflow presented in the Figure. 6.10 undertaken by

catwalk labour respondents helps to understand the time direction.

171

Figure 6.10

Work flow in one direction: Catwalk Section

Labour Labour Labour Labour

Labour

6.4.5 Steps/ Procedure employed for Measuring Stop Watch Time Study method:

Time study technique is based on measuring the work content of the task when

performed by the prescribed method, with addition of allowances. The basic

procedure for Stop Watch Time Study Method is shown in Figure 6.11 step- wise

which is quite simple and easy to understand.

Figure: 6.11

Basic Procedure of Stop Watch Time Study Method

.

Work In

Activity

Flow

1 Activity Activit

y

Activity Activity Activity

2 3 4 5

Standardize the Method of Working

Select the operator for study Record details of task and conditions of Work

Break the task into element Measure the duration of each element and

access performance rating

Establish representative time of elements Extend observed time into basic time

Calculate allowances

Selection of task to be timed

Determine the Standard time

172

The above procedure is normally adopted to conduct time study. Since our

objective is to measure and analyse the labour productivity in terms of time taken by

the labour to perform activity for specified assigned job. Researcher has used above

steps for study purpose. Chart 6.4 explains the steps followed and the corresponding

procedure performed to conduct time study for research purpose.

Chart 6.4

Time Study Procedure adopted for Study Purpose

Sr.No Basic Time study

Steps Time study procedure used for study purpose

1 Selection of Job 3 sections in Logistic department of SAIPL- Unloading ,

Trolley Filling Area, Catwalk section

2 Standardize the Method

of Working

confirmed whether on the job or off the job training is

provided to labourers to perform the assigned activity

efficiently

3 Select the operator for

study

Total 25 Labours-

15 from Unloading section ,

5 from Trolley Filling Area,

5 from Catwalk section

4 Record of details

Recorded details in observation sheet such as -

Name of labour , operation performed, department, section of

work activity, general information about activity performed,

awareness about time study, training provided, variations in

work activity, social and technical barrier faced.

5 Break the task into

element

Activities selected from each section are divided into small

elements to get accurate results

6 Determine number of

cycles to be measured

It was determined to measure 10 number of cycles for each

activity of all the selected 3 sections. (As per ILO Standard2)

7

Measure the time of

each element using stop

watch Time taken by each Labour to perform activity was recorded

using stop watch for all the selected 3 sections

8 Determine standard

rating for each Labour

Synthetic rating3 method is used to determine standard rating

for each Labour as it gives consistent results

9 Calculate Normal time

for activity

For each element of activity Normal time was calculated by

using:

Normal Time = Observed time * Rating

10 Determine allowances Since no one can work continuously , 20 Percent allowance

was added to the normal time as per SAIPL policy book

11 Determine Standard

time

Standard time was determined for each activity of all the

selected sections using:

Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowances

173

6.5 Analysis of Labour Productivity in Unloading Section of Logistic

department based on application of Stop Watch Time Study Method:

The Unloading section represents the first step of the logistics chain of

supply of the material to the warehouse and subsequently to the assembly line.

Containers which come from the Mumbai port dock at the unloading station. There

are two unloading dock, one is for unloading the body and other one for unloading the

material in box. Generally 20-22 containers are been unloaded in a shift. The

containers are been unloaded with the help of fork-lift. At Present 21 labours are

working in this section. Out of 21 labours, 15 labours (i.e. 71 Percent) are selected by

the researcher as sample respondents for study purpose. There are various activities

that are carried out in this section. Chart 6.5 shows the list of activities that were

studied by the researcher for application of time study.

Chart 6.5

Activity performed by Labour Respondents to complete Unloading Activities

Sr.No Activity name Labour No.

1 Opening & Closing of Container Gate at Dock Area 1

2 Unloading car body pallet from container using forklift 2

3 Unloading of car body parts from the pallet 3,4,5,7,9,12,15

4 Alignment of Trolley to Unloading Area 6

5 Cleaning of Car Body Shell 11

6 Verification of Packaging List 13

7 System operator to enter Container Information in System 14

8 Carry Car body shell SUZ Pallet to Assembly Line 10

9 To stick Packing list on Car Body shell & Pantograph

Alignment 8

Total 15

On the basis of activity elements or movements mentioned in chart 6.5,

collected data is interpreted and analysed as under:

1. Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour to perform Activities in

Unloading section.

2. Standard time required for Labour to Complete Activities in Unloading section.

174

6.5.1 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to perform

activities in Unloading Section:

The survey result of time taken by labour in Unloading section is analysed in

this section. The Maximum time and Minimum time taken by selected 15 labours to

complete the assigned job is analysed and interpreted by the researcher. The

maximum time is the highest time taken by individual labour to complete the job

among all the 10 cycles of observation reading. Minimum time is the lowest time

taken by labour in completion of job from all the 10 cycles of observation reading.

Table 6.7 shows the maximum time and minimum time taken by selected 15 labour

respondents to complete the activities in unloading section. Figure 6.12 shows the

graphical representation of Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour

respondents to complete the unloading activities.

Table 6.7

Maximum and Minimum time taken by labour to

perform Activities in Unloading Section

Labour

No.

Maximum time

(Min)

Minimum time

(Min)

1 4.57 3.47

2 10.53 6.52

3 1.38 0.98

4 3.9 2.55

5 7.4 4.8

6 3.55 2.37

7 4.65 3.33

8 4.2 3.13

9 5.27 3.92

10 4.73 3.37

11 5.27 3.85

12 3.48 2.73

13 5.7 4.22

14 3.47 3.30

15 4.27 3.10

Average 4.82 3.44

175

Figure 6.12

Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour to perform Activities in Unloading

Section

X-Axis Labour Respondents in Unloading Section

Y-Axis Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A-O Labour 1 to Labour 15

Observations:

It can seen from Table 6.7 and Figure 6.12 that

1. Maximum time taken by Labour 1 to complete the activity of receiving, opening

and closing of container gate for unloading at dock area is 4.57 Minutes and

Minimum taken is 3.47 Minutes.

2. Labour 2 took maximum time of 10.53 Minutes to complete the activity of

unloading car body shell pallet from a container and minimum time of 6.52

Minutes to perform the activity of unloading.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

4.57

10.53

1.38

3.9

7.4

3.55

4.654.2

5.274.73

5.27

3.48

5.7

3.474.27

3.47

6.52

0.98

2.55

4.8

2.373.33 3.13

3.923.37

3.85

2.73

4.22

3.3 3.1

Maximum time (in Minutes)

Minimum time (in Minutes)

Labour Respondents in Unloading

Section

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

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3. Maximum time taken by labour 3 to unload car body parts- Transaxle and Cockpit

from pallet is 1.38 Minutes and minimum time taken is 0.98 Minutes to perform

unloading activity.

4. Labour 4 took maximum time of 3.9 Minutes and minimum of 2.55 Minutes to

unload car body parts – Power steering, Gearshift, Wooden Strip, Fuel tank and

Pantograph alignment from the car body shell pallet.

5. Maximum time taken by Labour 5 to unload car body parts- Material box and

tyres from pallet is 7.4 Minutes and minimum time taken is 4.8 Minutes to

perform unloading activity.

6. Time taken by Labour 6 to perform the activity, alignment of trolley in Unloading

area is 3.55 Minutes and Minimum time taken is 2.37 Minutes.

7. Labour 7 took maximum time of 4.65 Minutes and minimum time of 3.33 Minutes

to unload car body parts - Axle, Gear Box and JIT Parts from the pallet.

8. Maximum time taken by labour 8 to stick the packing List on unloaded car body

shell pallet and alignment of pantograph to place car body shell on SUZ pallet is

4.2 Minutes and Minimum time taken is 3.13 Minutes.

9. Maximum and minimum time taken by labour 9 was to the extent of 5.27 Minutes

and 3.92 Minutes to unload car body parts - Material boxes and alignment of

trolley to unloading area.

10. Labour 10 took maximum time of 4.73 Minutes to carry car body shell SUZ Pallet

to assembly line and minimum time of 3.37 Minutes to perform the activity.

11. Maximum time taken by labour 11 to perform the activity of cleaning the car body

shell unloaded is 5.27 Minutes and minimum time is 3.85 Minutes to perform the

activity.

12. Maximum and minimum time taken by labour 12 was to the extent of 3.48

Minutes and 2.73 minutes to perform the activity of unloading of car body parts-

Bumper unloading.

177

13. Labour 13 took maximum time of 5.7 Minutes to verify the packaging received in

car body shell according to list received. Minimum time taken by labour 13 is 4.22

Minutes to perform the activity of verification.

14. Maximum and minimum time taken by labour 14 was to the extent of 3.47

Minutes and 3.30 Minutes to perform activity of entering information related the

container. Labour 14 is also called as system operator here.

15. Maximum time taken by labour 15 to unload car body part –Bumper and material

unloading is 4.2 Minutes and Minimum time taken is 3.13 Minutes.

Findings:

Thus, it can be inferred from Table 6.7 and Figure 6.12 that all the selected 15

labour respondents in unloading section are performing different activities to unload

the car body pallet.

6.5.2 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete the activities in

Unloading Section:

Standard time is the time allowed to an operator to carry out a specified task

under specified condition and at defined level of performance. Average observed time

is the average of time calculated for 10 number of cycle readings for each labour

respondent as observed by the researcher while application of stop watch time study.

As discussed in introduction section, synthetic rating method is used to calculate the

rating for each labour respondent. Normal time is the time which is derived by taking

the product of average observed time and rating factor. Since no Labour can work

continuously, 20 Percent allowances are added to the average observed time so as to

derive standard time. Standard time is the summation of normal time and 20 percent

allowance derived for each labour. Table 6.8 and Figure 6.13 gives measured values

of observed average time, normal time and standard time as well as allowances for all

the selected 15 labours respondents in unloading section.

178

Table 6.8

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete the Activities in Unloading Section

Labour

No.

Observed

Time Rating

Normal

Time Allowances Standard Time

1 3.95 0.43 2.17 0.79 2.96

2 8.45 0.64 4.64 1.69 6.33

3 1.17 0.59 0.64 0.23 0.88

4 3.20 0.88 1.75 0.64 2.39

5 6.12 0.74 3.36 1.22 4.58

6 2.90 0.37 1.59 0.58 2.17

7 4.00 0.52 2.20 0.80 3.00

8 3.64 0.35 2.00 0.73 2.73

9 4.61 0.71 2.53 0.92 3.45

10 3.95 0.49 2.16 0.79 2.95

11 4.51 0.46 2.47 0.90 3.37

12 3.15 0.37 1.73 0.63 2.36

13 4.88 0.45 2.68 0.98 3.66

14 3.95 0.53 2.17 0.79 2.96

15 3.66 0.69 2.01 0.73 2.74

(Average) -

0.55

179

Figure 6.13

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete the Activities in Unloading Section

X-Axis Labour Respondents in Unloading Section

Y-Axis

Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A-O Labour 1 to Labour 15

Observations:

It can be stated from Table 6.8 and Figure 6.13 that,

i) For labour 1 average observed time is 3.95 Minutes to complete his assigned job

of receiving, opening and closing of container gate for unloading. With the

calculated rating of 55 Percent, Normal time achieved for labour 1 is 2.17

Minutes. With the addition of 20 Percent allowances, the standard time for

labour 1 to complete the activity is 2.96 Minutes. Thus it can be inferred that

standard time required to complete the assigned activity for labour 1 is 2.96

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

3.95

8.45

1.17

3.2

6.12

2.9

43.64

4.61

3.954.51

3.15

4.88

3.953.66

2.96

6.33

0.88

2.39

4.58

2.17

32.73

3.452.95

3.37

2.36

3.66

2.96 2.74

Observed Time

Standard Time

B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

Labour Respondents in Unloading

Section

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Minutes which is less as compared to the average observed time labour1 took to

complete his activity.

ii) Average observed time taken by labour 2 is 8.45 Minutes to the complete

activity of unloading the car body pallets from the container. At 55 Percent of

performance rating, Normal time taken by labour 2 is 4.64 minutes. With the

addition of 20 Percent allowances, the Standard time for labour 2 achieved is

6.33 Minutes which is less as compared to the observed average time.

iii) Labour 3 performs the activity of unloading of car body parts from the pallet

specifically-transaxle and cockpit. Average observed time taken by labour 3 to

perform the activity is 1.17 Minutes. With rating of 55 Percent, Normal Time

achieved is 0.64 Minutes. 20 Percent allowances resulted in Standard time of

0.88 Minutes to perform the activity by Labour 3. Thus it can be said that

standard time to perform the activity is less as compared to the observed average

time taken by labour 3 to perform the unloading activity.

iv) Average observed time taken by labour 4 is 3.20 Minutes to complete the

activity of unloading the car body pallets from the container specifically- Power

Steering, Gearshift, Wooden Strip, Fuel Tank and Pantograph Alignment. At 55

Percent of performance rating, Normal time taken by labour 2 is 1.75 minutes.

With the addition of 20 Percent allowances, the Standard time for labour 4

achieved is 2.39 Minutes which is less as compared to the observed average

time taken by labour 4 to complete the activity.

v) Average observed time taken by Labour 5 is 6.12 Minutes to perform the

activity of unloading the car body pallets from the container specifically-

Material Boxes and Tyres. Normal time calculated for labour 5 is 3.36 Minutes

with 55 Percent of rating. With the addition of 20 Percent allowances, the

standard time achieved for Labour 5 is 4.58 Minutes respectively. This means

that standard time to perform the activity of Labour 5 is less as compared to the

average time taken by Labour 5 to complete the activity.

vi) Labour 6 takes average observed time of 2.90 Minutes to complete the activity

of alignment of trolley to unloading area. With 55 Percent of rating, Normal

181

time achieved was 1.59 Minutes. With additional 20 percent allowances,

standard time required to perform the activity is 2.17 Minutes. This shows that

labour 6 takes more time to perform the activity as compared to the standard

time achieved.

vii) Average observed time taken by Labour 7 to perform the unloading of car body

parts from pallet specifically - Axle, Gear Box and JIT Parts is 4 Minutes. With

55 Percent rating, Normal time achieved is 2.20 Minutes. Standard time

achieved with addition of 20 Percent of allowances is 3 Minutes respectively.

This means that average observed time is more as compared to the standard time

required to perform the activity.

viii) Labour 8 takes average observed time of 3.64 Minutes to complete the activity

of sticking the packaging list to the unloaded car body shell and alignment of

pantograph to place car body shell on the SUZ pallet. With 55 Percent rating,

Normal time achieved is 2 Minutes. Standard time achieved with addition of 20

Percent of allowances is 2.73 Minutes respectively. This means that average

observed time is more as compared to the standard time required to perform the

activity. Labour 8 took more time as required to perform the activity.

ix) Average time taken by Labour 9 to perform the activity of unloading of car body

parts from the pallet specifically - Material box and trolley alignment is 4.61

Minutes. With 55 Percent rating, Normal time achieved is 2.53 Minutes.

Standard time achieved with addition of 20 Percent of allowances is 3.45

Minutes respectively. This means that average observed time is more as

compared to the standard time required to perform the activity and labour 8 took

more time as required to perform the activity.

x) Labour 10 takes the average observed time of 3.95 Minutes to complete the

activity to carry the car body shell SUZ Pallet to Assembly Line. Normal time

achieved with 55 percent of rating is 2.16 Minutes. With addition of 20 Percent

allowances, standard time required to perform the activity for Labour 10 is 2.95

Minutes respectively. This means that labour 10 takes more amount of time to

perform the activity as compared to the standard time.

182

xi) Average time taken by labour 11 to perform the activity of cleaning the car body

shell is 4.51 Minutes. Normal time achieved is 2.47 Minutes with rating of 55

Percent. With addition of 20 Percent allowances, Standard time required to

perform the activity for Labour 11 is 2.95 Minutes respectively. This means that

standard time required to perform the activity for Labour 11 is less as compared

to the actual observed time taken by the labour.

xii) Average observed time taken by labour 12 to complete the activity of unloading

bumper from the car body shell is 3.15 Minutes. For of 55 Percent rating,

Normal time achieved is 1.73 Minutes. With 20 Percent allowances, standard

time required to perform the activity is 2.36 Minutes respectively. Thus, it can

be said that, labour 12 takes more time as compared to the standard time

required to perform the activity.

xiii) Average observed time taken by labour 13 to complete the verification of

packaging list is 4.88 Minutes. For of 55 Percent rating, Normal time achieved

is 2.68 Minutes. With 20 Percent allowances, standard time required to perform

the activity is 3.66 Minutes respectively. Thus, it can be said that, labour 13

takes more time as compared to the standard time required to perform the

activity.

xiv) Labour 14 takes average observed time of 3.95 Minutes to complete the activity

as system operator i.e to enter the required information related to the container

unloaded. For of 55 Percent rating, Normal time achieved is 2.17 Minutes. With

20 Percent allowances, standard time required to perform the activity is 2.96

Minutes respectively. Thus, it can be said that, labour 13 takes more time as

compared to the standard time required to perform the activity.

xv) Average observed time taken by labour 15 to complete the activity of unloading

the car body pallet specifically - Bumper, Material unloading and scrap disposal

activity is 3.66 Minutes. For of 55 Percent rating, Normal time achieved is 2.01

Minutes. With 20 Percent allowances, standard time required to perform the

activity is 2.74 Minutes respectively. Thus, it can be said that, labour 15 takes

more time as compared to the standard time required to perform the activity.

183

6.6 Analysis of Labour Productivity in Trolley Filling Area (TFA) Section of

Logistic department based on application of Stop Watch Time Study

Method:

Trolley Filling Area is also called as Supermarket in Logistic section of

SAIPL. Supermarket concept is very useful and sophisticated method for storing and

issuing the material to assembly line. According to the production plan of next day,

material required for the production is stored in the super market area. Generally most

frequent and high value parts are stored in super market area. Filled trolley from

trolley filling area in supermarket is moved to trolley storing area. Trolley picking

person collects filled trolley from trolley filled area to assembly line as per the

requirement of tact. Empty trolley from assembly line is brought by trolley picking

person and kept in trolley filling area to fill the trolley. At present 17 Labours are

working in Trolley Filling Area. Out of 17 Labours, 5 labours (i.e.29 Percent) are

selected as sample based on random method. All the labour performs same activity of

filling the trolley with required material. Each labour respondent performs 11 activity

elements or movements to complete the assigned job of trolley filling. In other words,

trolley filling activity is divided into 11 sub-movements. Therefore, labour

productivity or time taken by all the 5 labours are measured separately as their activity

is divided into similar elements. Since each labour performs activity in different

nature, the work is measured and analysed accordingly. Observations, questionnaire,

personal interviews, discussions were used to collect primary data. To get accurate

results of time study, each labour respondent was observed and 10 cycle readings

were taken by the researcher for study purpose. Chart 6.6 shows 11 activity elements

observed by the researcher to complete trolley filling activity. Activity elements or a

movement shown in Chart 6.6 are considered for the study purpose. Time taken by

each of the 5 labour was observed and average of 10 number of cycles was considered

to arrive at accurate time study results. Time taken by each of 5 labour respondents is

referred to as labour productivity here. Thus, it can be said that there is work

measurement of labour in terms of time.

On the basis of activity elements or movements mentioned in chart 6.6,

collected data is interpreted and analysed as under:

184

1. Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour respondents to perform

Trolley Filling Activity

2. Standard time required by Labour respondents to complete Trolley Filling

Activity

Chart 6.6

Activity Elements performed by Labour Respondents

to complete Trolley Filling Activity

Sr.No Activity Elements

1 Walks towards trolley area

2 Carries empty trolley to supermarket

3 Opens material box

4 Picks material

5 Places material in trolley

6 Repeats step 4 & 5 till one side of trolley is filled

7 Turns the trolley to fill second side

8 Picks material

9 Places material in trolley

10 Repeats step 8 & 9 till II side of trolley is filled

11 Carries filled trolley to TFA

6.6.1 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to perform

activities in TFA Section:

The survey result of time taken by labour respondents in TFA is analysed in this

section. The maximum time and Minimum time taken by all the 5 labour respondents

in TFA section to complete the assigned job is analysed and interpreted by the

researcher. The maximum time is the highest time taken by each labour respondents

to complete the job among all the 10 cycles of observation reading. Minimum time is

the lowest time taken by labour respondents in completion of job from all the 10

185

cycles of observation reading. Table 6.9 and Figure 6.14 shows the maximum time

and minimum time taken by all the 5 labour respondents to complete the trolley filling

activity.

Table 6.9

Maximum and Minimum Time taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Trolley Filling Activity

Labour

No.

Maximum time

(Minutes)

Minimum time

(Minutes)

1 12.55 5.9

2 17.8 5.2

3 19.85 5.17

4 17.48 6.42

5 15.47 7.07

Average 16.6 5.95

Figure 6.14

Maximum and Minimum Time taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Trolley Filling Activity

0

5

10

15

20

12.55

17.819.85

17.4815.47

5.9 5.25.17

6.427.07

Maximum

time

(Minutes)

Minimum

time

(Minutes)

Labour Respondents in TFA Section

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X-Axis Labour Respondents in TFA Section

Y-Axis Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A-E Labour 1 to Labour 5

Observations:

It can be revealed from Table 6.9 and Figure 6.14 that

1. Labour 1 took maximum time of 12.55 minutes and minimum of 5.9 Minutes

to complete the trolley filling activity.

2. Labour 2 took maximum time of 17.8 Minutes and minimum time of 5.2

Minutes to complete the activity.

3. Maximum time taken by labour 3 to complete the activity is 19.85 Minutes and

minimum time taken to perform the activity is 5.17 Minutes.

4. Maximum time taken by labour 4 was to the extent of 17.48 Minutes and

minimum time taken to complete the activity was to the extent of 6.42 Minutes

5. Labour 5 took 15.47 Minutes of maximum time and 7.07 Minutes of minimum

time to complete the trolley filling activity.

6. It can be said that maximum time required to perform trolley filling activity is

16.6 Minutes and minimum time required to complete the activity is 5.95

Minutes.

7. Labour 1 took maximum less time i.e. 12.55 Minutes to complete the activity

as compared to other maximum time of labours performing the same activity.

8. Labour 2 took minimum less time i.e.5.2 Minutes to complete the activity as

compared to other labours performing same activity.

187

Findings:

Maximum time taken by labour 1,2,3,4, and 5 is 12.55, 17.8, 19.85, 17.48 and

15.47 Minutes respectively, whereas, minimum time taken by labour to perform same

activity was to the extent of 5.9, 5.2, 5.17, 6.42 and 7.07 Minutes respectively.

Labour 1 took maximum 12.55 Minutes and minimum of 5.9 Minutes to complete the

activity as compared to other labours which shows that labour 1 performs with higher

productivity than other labours.

6.6.2 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete the activities in

TFA Section:

Table 6.10 gives measured values of observed average time, normal time and

standard time as well as allowances for all the selected 5 labours in TFA section.

Table 6.10

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to Complete Trolley Filling

Activity

Labour

No.

Average Observed

Time (Min)

Normal Time

(Min)

Allowances

(Min)

Standard Time

(Min)

1 9.47 8.36 1.89 10.26

2 9.89 8.73 1.98 10.71

3 9.84 8.69 1.97 10.66

4 11.36 10.03 2.27 12.30

5 10.63 9.38 2.13 11.50

188

Figure 6.15

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to Complete Trolley Filling

Activity

X-Axis Labour Respondents in TFA Section

Y-Axis

Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A-E Labour 1 to Labour 5

Observations:

It can be seen from table 6.10 and Figure 6.15 that

i. For labour 1 average observed time is 9.47 Minutes to complete his assigned

job. With the rating of 88 Percent, Normal time achieved for labour 1 is 8.36

Minutes. With the addition of 20 Percent allowances, the standard time for

labour 1 to complete trolley filling activity is 10.26 Minutes. Thus it can be

inferred that standard time required to complete assigned activity for labour 1

is 10.26 Minutes which is more as compared to the average time labour1 took

to complete his activity.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

9.47 9.89 9.84

11.36 10.6310.26 10.71 10.6612.3 11.5

Average

Observed

Time (in

Minutes)

Standard

Time (in

Minutes)

Labour Respondents in TFA Section

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ii. Average observed time taken by Labour 2 to complete his activity is 9.89

Minutes. At the rating of 88 percent, Normal time for labour 2 is 8.73 Minutes.

With addition of 20 Percent allowances standard time derived for labour 2 is

10.71 Minutes.

iii. Labour 3 takes average of 9.84 Minutes to complete the trolley filling activity.

With 88 percent of rating, normal time for Labour 3 is 9.84 Minutes. 20

Percent allowance addition results in 10.66 Minutes of standard time required

for labour 3 to complete his activity.

iv. Average time taken by labour 4 to complete the activity is to the extent of

11.36 Minutes. With 88 percent of rating, Normal time for Labour 4 is 10.03

Minutes. When 20 Percent allowance is added, standard time for labour 4 to

complete the trolley filling activity is 12.30 Minutes.

v. Labour 5 takes average of 10.63 Minutes to complete the trolley filling

activity. With 88 percent of rating, normal time for Labour 5 is 9.38 Minutes.

20 Percent allowance addition results in 11.50 Minutes of standard time

required for labour 5 to complete his activity.

Findings:

It can be stated that standard time for Labour 4 is highest (i.e.12.30 Min) and for

Labour 1 is lowest (i.e. 10.26 Minutes) as compared to other Labours performing

same activity of trolley filling. Thus, it can be said that the productivity for Labour 1

is high and productivity for labour 4 is lowest as compared to other labours.

6.7 Analysis of Labour Productivity in Catwalk Section of Logistic department

based on application of Stop Watch Time Study Method:

Catwalk section is one of the important sections of logistic department. It is

part of stores area where material received is stored in boxes on shelf. It means that

the basic function of this section is to store the material boxes received from mother

plant in systematic and scientific way. At present 5 labours are working in this

190

section. All the 5 Labours (i.e.100 Percent) are selected as sample size for study

purpose. Out of 5, 3 labours respondents perform activity of filling the bin, whereas, 2

labour respondents perform box picking activity. Labour respondents 1, 2 and 3 does

18 activities or movements (motion), while completing their assigned job (i.e filling

the bin). On other hand, labour No.4 and 5 does 12 activities or movements (i.e

Motion) during their completion of box picking activity. In other words, filling the bin

activity is divided into 18 sub movement and picking box activity is divided into 12

sub movements. Therefore, labour productivity or time taken by first 3 labour

respondents are measured separately as their activity is one and divided into equal and

same movements. The nature of movement of first labour respondents is same. Other

2 labour respondents work nature is different. Hence, their work is separately

measured and analyzed accordingly. Observations, questionnaire, personal interviews,

discussions were used to collect the primary data. To understand and measure how

much time a labour takes to fill bin with material, systematical movement wise 10

readings were taken on 18 elements or movements. These 18 elements are shown in

chart 6.7. Activity elements or movements given in above chart are considered in this

study and time taken by labour on each element or movement is measured 10 times on

the basis of stop watch time study method in minutes. The time taken by each labour

to perform 18 activity elements or movements is referred as labour productivity. On

other sense, this is a work measurement of labour in terms of time.

Similar exercise is undertaken on labour 4 and 5 performing box picking

activity.

Time taken by labour 4 and 5 on box picking activity is measured on the basis

of stop watch time study method after classifying this activity into 12 elements or

movements.

191

Chart 6.7

Activity Elements Performed by Labour Respondents to complete

Bin Filling Activity of Catwalk Section

Sr.No Activity Elements

1 Collect empty bin from stores

2 Walk towards work table

3 Place empty bin on Work table

4 Pick material box

5 Place material box on the table

6 Remove tag from material box

7 Stick tag on empty bin

8 Pick up the cutter

9 Cut the packaging of material box

10 Cut the covering of materials

11 Pick up material from box

12 Place material in bin

13 Repeat steps 14 & 15 till the bin is full

14 Pick the filled bin

15 Walk towards trolley

16 place the filled bin on trolley

17 Reach to work station

18 remove the empty empty box from work table

Chart 6.8 presents what activity elements or movements are considered in this

study by the researcher.

192

Chart 6.8

Activity Elements Performed by Labour Respondents

to Complete Box Picking Activity of Catwalk Section

Sr.No Activity Elements

1 Pick the card from table

2 Pick the material box

3 carry material box to Work Table

4 Place material box on Work table

5 Move towards rack

6 Pick up material box from rack

7 Reach towards Work table

8 Place the material box on Work table

9 Pick the filled material box

10 Walks towards trolley

11 Place the material box on trolley

12 Repeat steps 10 and 11 till the trolley is full

On the basis of activity elements or movements mentioned in chart 6.7 and

chart 6.8, collected data is interpreted and analysed as under:

6.7.1 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to Complete

Bin Filling Activity in Catwalk Section:

The survey result of time taken by labour respondents 1, 2 and 3 in performing

Bin Filling Activity is presented in Table 6.11 and Figure 6.16.

193

Table 6.11

Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Bin Filling Activity in Catwalk Section

Labour

No.

Maximum time

(in Minutes)

Minimum Time

(in Minutes)

1 8.7 6.92

2 8.5 6.53

3 6.55 4.73

Average 7.9 6.06

Figure 6.16

Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Bin Filling Activity in Catwalk Section

X-Axis Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Y-Axis

Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A-C Labour 1 to Labour 3

0

5

10 8.7 8.5

6.556.92 6.53

4.73

Maximum

Time (in

Minutes)

Minimum

Time

(in

Minutes)

Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Tim

e t

ak

en b

yL

ab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts i

n M

inu

tes

Labour Respondents in Catwalk SectionLabour Respondents in Catwalk Section

B C

194

Observations:

Table 6.11 and Figure 6.16 shows that

1. Labour 1 took maximum 8.70 minutes and minimum 6.92 minutes to complete

bin filling activity. On the other hand, for the same activity labour 2 took

maximum and minimum 8.50 minutes and 6.53 minutes respectively.

Moreover, time taken by labour 3 to perform similar activity was maximum

and minimum to the extent of 6.55 minutes and 4.73 minutes respectively. This

indicates that on an average, maximum and minimum time required to perform

the bin filling activity is 7.91 minutes and 6.06 minutes using stop watch

method without adding rating factor and allowances.

2. Labour 3 took less time as compared to labour 1 and 2 with respect to

maximum as well as minimum time. Among the 3 labours average time taken

by labour is also less as compared to labour 1 and 2 respectively. This means

that the productivity of labour 3 is higher than that of labour 1 and 2.

Findings:

Similar exercise is undertaken on labour 4 and 5 performing box picking

activity.

Time taken by labour 4 and 5 on box picking activity is measured on the basis

of stop watch time study method after classifying this activity into 12 elements or

movements.

Average maximum time taken by labour 1,2 and 3 to complete Bin filling

activity was 8.70, 8.50 and 6.55 minutes respectively, whereas, average minimum

time taken by labour 1, 2 and 3 to complete same activity where to the extent of 6.92,

6.53 and 4.73 minutes respectively. Labour 3 takes less time as compared to labour 1

and 2 and productivity of labour 3 is higher than that of labour 1 and 2 respectively.

195

6.7.2 Standard Time taken by Labour Respondents to complete the Bin Filling

Activity in Catwalk Section:

Standard time is the time allowed to an operator to carry out a specified task

under specified condition and at defined level of performance. Average observed time

is the average of time calculated for 10 number of cycle readings for each labour as

observed by the researcher while application of stop watch time study. As discussed

in introduction section, synthetic rating method is used to calculate the rating for each

labour. Normal time is the time which is derived by taking the product of average

observed time and rating factor. Since no Labour can work continuously, 20 Percent

allowances are added to the average observed time so as to derive standard time.

Standard time is the summation of normal time and 20 percent allowance derived for

each labour. Table 6.12 and Figure 6.17 gives measured values of observed average

time, normal time and standard time as well as allowances for labour 1, 2 and 3 in

catwalk section performing bin filling activity.

Table 6.12

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Bin Filling Activity in Catwalk Section

Labour

No.

Average

Observed Time

(Min)

Normal

Time (Min)

Allowances

(Min)

Standard

Time

(Min)

1 7.86 4.90 1.57 6.48

2 7.46 4.65 1.49 6.15

3 5.65 3.52 1.13 4.65

196

Figure 6.17

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Bin Filling Activity in Catwalk Section

X-Axis Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Y-Axis

Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A-C Labour 1 to Labour 3

Observations:

It can be seen from Table 6.12 and Figure 6.17 that

i. For labour 1 average observed time is 7.86 Minutes to complete his assigned job

of bin filling. With the rating of 62 Percent, Normal time achieved for labour 1 is

4.90 Minutes. With the addition of 20 Percent allowances, the standard time for

labour 1 to complete bin filling activity is 6.48 Minutes. Thus it can be inferred

that standard time required to complete assigned activity for labour 1 is 6.48

Minutes which is less as compared to the average time labour1 took to complete

his activity.

ii. Average observed time taken by Labour 2 to complete his activity is 7.46

Minutes. At the rating of 62 percent, Normal time for labour 2 is 4.65 Minutes.

0

2

4

6

8

7.867.46

5.656.48 6.15

4.65

Average

Observed

Time (in

Minutes)

Standard

Time (in

Minutes)

Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Tim

e t

ak

en b

yL

ab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts i

n M

inu

tes

Tim

e t

ak

en b

yL

ab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts i

n M

inu

tes

Tim

e t

ak

en b

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ab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts i

n M

inu

tes

B CA

197

With addition of 20 Percent allowances standard time derived for labour 2 is 6.15

Minutes.

iii. Labour 3 takes average of 5.65 Minutes to complete bin filling activity. With 62

percent of rating, normal time for Labour 3 is 3.52 Minutes. 20 Percent allowance

addition results in 4.65 Minutes of standard time required for labour 3 to complete

his activity which is less as compared to Labour 1 and 2.

Findings:

Standard time for Labour 3 is less (i.e.4.65 Min) as compared to Labour 1 and

2. Labour 3 takes less time to complete the same activity that is performed by labour 1

and 2.

6.7.3 Maximum and Minimum time taken by Labour Respondents to Complete

Box Picking Activity in Catwalk Section:

The survey result of time taken by labour respondents 4 and 5 in performing

box picking activity is presented in Table 6.13 and Figure 6.18.

Table 6.13

Maximum and Minimum Time Taken by Labour to

Complete Box Picking Activity

Labour No. Maximum time

(in Minutes)

Minimum time

(in Minutes)

4 8.65 6.68

5 7.63 5.03

Average 8.14 5.86

198

Figure 6.18

Maximum and Minimum Time Taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Box Picking Activity in Catwalk Section

X-Axis Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Y-Axis

Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A Labour 4

B Labour 5

Observations:

Table 6.13 and Figure 6.18 shows that -

1. Labour 4 took maximum 8.65 minutes and minimum 6.68 minutes to complete box

picking activity. On the other hand, for the same activity labour 5 took maximum

and minimum 7.63 Minutes and 5.03 Minutes respectively. This indicates that on

an average, maximum and minimum time required to complete the box picking

activity is 8.14 Minutes and 5.86 Minutes using stop watch method without adding

rating factor and allowances.

0

2

4

6

8

108.65

7.636.68

5.03

Maximum

time (in

Minutes)

Minimum

time (in

Minutes)

Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Tim

e t

ak

en b

yL

ab

ou

r

Res

po

nd

ents

in

Min

ute

s

BA

199

2. Labour 5 took less time as compared to labour 4 with respect to maximum as well

as minimum time. Among the 2 labours average time taken by labour 5 is also less

as compared to labour 4. This means that the productivity of labour 4 is higher than

that of labour 4.

Findings:

It can be stated from Table 6.13 and Figure 6.18 that average maximum time

taken by labour 4 and 5 to complete box picking activity was 8.14 Minutes

respectively, whereas, average minimum time taken by labour 4 and 5 to complete

same activity was to the extent of 5.86 minutes respectively. Labour 5 takes less time

as compared to labour 4 and productivity of labour 5 is higher than that of labour 4

respectively.

6.7.4 Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to Complete Box Picking

Activity in Catwalk Section:

Table 6.14 and Figure 6.19 gives measured values of observed average time,

normal time and standard time as well as allowances for labour 4 and 5 in catwalk

section performing Box Picking Activity.

Table 6.14

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents to

Complete Box Picking Activity in Catwalk Section

Labour

No.

Average

Observed

Time (Min)

Normal

Time

(Min)

Allowances

(Min)

Standard

Time (Min)

4 7.64 4.76 1.53 6.29

5 6.43 4.01 1.29 5.30

200

Figure 6.19

Standard Time Taken by Labour Respondents

to Complete Box Picking Activity in Catwalk Section

X-Axis Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Y-Axis

Time taken by Labour Respondents in

Minutes

Alternatives

A Labour 4

B Labour 5

Observations:

It can be seen from table 6.14 and Figure 6.19 that -

i. For labour 4 average observed time is 7.64 Minutes to complete his activity of box

Picking. With the rating of 62 Percent, Normal time achieved for labour 4 is 4.76

Minutes. With the addition of 20 Percent allowances, the standard time for labour 4

to complete activity is 6.29 Minutes.

ii. Labour 5 takes average of 6.43 Minutes to complete box picking activity. With 62

percent of rating, normal time for Labour 5 is 4.01 Minutes. 20 Percent allowance

0

2

4

6

87.64

6.436.29

5.3

Average

Observed

Time (in

Minutes)

Standard

Time (in

Minutes)Labour Respondents in Catwalk Section

Tim

e t

ak

en b

yL

ab

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Res

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BA

201

addition results in 5.30 Minutes of standard time required for labour 5 to complete

his activity which is less as compared to Labour 4.

Findings:

Thus, it can be stated that the standard time for Labour 5 is less (i.e. 5.30

Minutes) as compared to Labour 4. Labour 5 takes less time to complete the same

activity that is performed by labour 4.

6.8 Analysis of Social and Technical barriers associated with Labour

Respondents while application of Stop Watch Time Study Method:

The process of determining a standard time for completing an assigned job is

complex. Labour setting is far from easy. Each custom, high skill or no skill labour

environment has inherent barriers that often prevent the stop watch (traditional) time

study from quickly obtaining accurate data. These barriers can be divided into two

categories: Social and Technical.

6.8.1 Responses of Labour Respondents towards Social Barriers involved in

application of Stop Watch Time Study Method:

Social barriers consist of (i) Hierearchy or organization culture (ii) Lack of full

support (iii) Reluctance to measure and (iv) fear of job loss. Of these 4, only 3 social

barriers are considered for study purpose. Organization culture barrier is not studied

by the researcher. The question were asked to sample labour respondents on

reluctance to measure work, fear of job loss and support provided for application of

stop watch time study method. The social barriers associated with Stop Watch Time

Study method implementation is presented in Figure 6.20.

202

Figure 6.20

Social Barriers associated with application of Stop Watch Time Study Method

It was asked to sample labour respondents to state their positive or negative

responses on social barriers experienced by them while application of stop watch time

study method. A response of labour towards social barrier involved in application of

Stop Watch Time Study Method is presented in Table 6.15 and Figure 6.21.

Table 6.15

Responses of Labour Respondents towards Social Barriers involved

in application of Stop Watch Time Study Method (N= 25)

Sr.No Social Barriers

Responses of labours

Yes No To some extent

Nos. Percent Nos. Percent Nos. Percent

1

Reluctance to

Measure 2 8 19 76 4 16

2 Fear of Job loss 3 12 17 68 5 20

3 Lack of Support 3 12 18 72 4 16

Average 3 12 18 72 4 16

Reluctance

to Measure

Lack of full

Support

Fear of Job

Loss

Social Barriers

203

Figure 6.21

Responses of Labour Respondents towards Social Barriers involved

in application of Stop Watch Time Study Method (N= 25)

X-Axis Social Barriers involved

in application of Stop Watch Time Study

Method

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Reluctance to Measure

B Fear of Job loss

C Lack of Support

Observations:

It can be seen from Table 6.15 and Figure 6.21 that -

1. Out of 25 respondents, 2 (8 Percent) are reluctant to measure, 19 (76 Percent) are

not reluctant to measure and 4 (16 respondents) are to some extent reluctant to

measure their work respectively. It means that labour of all the selected sections do

not create any kind of hurdles and do not feel any pressure on them as majority of

labours (i.e. 76 Percent) are not reluctant when their work is measured using stop

watch time study method.

0

5

10

15

20

2 (8%) 3(12%) 3(12%)

19(76%)17 (68%) 18(72%)

4 (16%) 5(20%) 4(16%)

Yes

No

To some

extentSocial barriers

Res

po

nse

s o

f L

ab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts

A B C

204

2. Out of 25 respondents, 03 (12 Percent) agreed that they fear job loss when their

work is measured using stop watch time study method, 17 (68 Percent) do not

agree and 5 (20 Percent) said they agree to some extent to the fear of job loss due

to application of time study. It means that majority of the respondents (i.e. 68

Percent) do not fear job loss when their work is measured. On the other hand, they

fully supported to implement stop watch time study method to measure work.

3. When it was asked to the respondents whether they show lack of support attitude

when their work is measured using Stop Watch time study method, majority of the

respondents i.e.18 (72 Percent) stated that they do not show lack of support instead

they agree to provide full support to measure their work by application of stop

watch time study method. This means that majority of the labour feel that the work

should be measured and process should be improved using proper work

measurement method.

4. Overall result on social barriers shows that only 03 (12 Percent) agreed that they

face the above discussed social barrier in implementation of stop watch time study

method. On the other hand, 18 (72 Percent) respondents have not faced or

overcome the social barriers and 4 (16 Percent) respondents have faced social

barriers to some extent. It means that majority of the respondents (72 percent) have

overcome the social barriers and do not create any hurdles in work measurement

when stop watch time study method is applied in SAIPL.

6.8.2 Responses of Labour Respondents towards Technical Barriers involved in

application of Stop Watch Time Study Method:

The variation of work method, shortage of needed samples and ambiguity of

process elements is referred to as technical barriers here. Whether labour respondents

in all the selected sections faced any type of technical barriers to measure their work

using stop watch time study method. Because higher the technical barrier, lower the

productivity and longer time to complete assigned job. Figure 6.22 shows technical

barriers considered for the study purpose.

205

Figure 6.22

Technical Barriers associated with application of Stop Watch Time Study

Method

Variation of Work Method

Ambiguity of Process elements Shortage of needed Samples

In practice, high skill industry is not only tedious but it also lacks accuracy.

Variations in base time may be observed due to method being used to complete

assigned job. Such variations are prevalent in an auto industry, because each high skill

job often employee individuals who complete difficult task in a variety of styles or

ways.

Secondly, more the number of observed readings, more likely it is that average

of those times will be an accurate estimate of how long the task will take. Generally

10 number of observation readings per variable per operator is recommended

according to ILO. In today‟s setting, a traditional work measurement process is often

conducted by a person in the organization, as part of a larger improvement plan.

Hence, there can be shortage of sample number of readings that can lead to inaccurate

results. He may report less or more or inaccurate reading to higher authority and to

labour also. So when there is difference in reading and reporting it is called shortage

of sample which constitutes to technical barrier in work measurement using stop

watch application method.

Thirdly, unless the person timing a labour is familiar with the work or job

carried out by labour, operator cannot determine independent elements of the activity.

Independence in this sense means that the variability of one element is unrelated to

the variability of the other elements. Without determining independent tasks and

timing them separately the variability of time estimates cannot be explained. For

Technical

Barrier

BaBarrier

s

206

example, if a complete job is timed at once, and the observed times range from very

long to very short, the operator/ observer cannot determine which portion of the job

caused this wide range. One or two independent task likely caused the problem, but

the observer or operator has no way of knowing because he or she cannot separate the

task originally. Whether labours of all the selected section in SAIPL have faced such

technical situation is studied by the researcher.

Researcher would like to know the opinions of labour on technical barriers

which are considered for study purpose. It was asked to the labours that do you

experienced any:

(i) Variation in application of stop watch time study method.

(ii) Shortage of needed sample in application of Stop Watch Time Study method,

and

(iii) Ambiguity in activity elements when stop watch time study method is applied.

Table 6.16 and Figure 6.23 shows the summary of survey conducted related to

technical barriers observed / experienced by labour in implementation of stop watch

time study method.

Table 6.16

Responses of Labour Respondents towards Technical Barriers

involved in application of Stop Watch Time Study Method

Sr.No Technical Barriers

Responses of labour

Yes No

To some

extent

Nos. Percent Nos. Percent Nos. Percent

1

Variation in application

of Stop watch time

study method and time

measurement 6 24 10 40 9 36

2

Variation in shortage of

needed samples 4 16 16 64 5 20

3

Ambiguity in activity

elements 3 12 18 72 4 16

Average 3 12 16 64 6 24

207

Figure 6.23

Responses of Labour Respondents towards Technical Barriers

involved in application of Stop Watch Time Study Method

X-Axis Technical Barriers involved

in application of Stop Watch Time Study

Method

Y-Axis Responses of Labour Respondents

Alternatives

A Variation in application of Stop watch time

study method and time measurement

B Variation in shortage of needed samples

C Ambiguity in activity elements

Observations:

Table 6.16 and Figure 6.23 shows that,

1. Out of 25 sample respondents, 6 (24 Percent), 10 (40 Percent), and 9 (36

Percent) agreed, discussed and to some extent agreed on variation in

application of stop watch time study method and time measurement. This

means that majority of labour sample respondents (i.e. 40 Percent) stated that

0

5

10

15

20

6 (24%)4(16%) 3(12%)

10 (40%)

16(64%)

18(72%)

9 (36%)

5(20%)4(16%)

Yes

No

To some

extentTechnical barriers

Res

pon

ses

of

Lab

ou

r

Res

pon

den

ts

A B C

208

there is no variation in time measurement and application of stop watch time

study method.

2. Regarding shortage of needed samples, it was observed that out of 25 sample

labour respondents, 04 (16 Percent) agreed, 16 (64 Percent) did not agreed and

5 (20 Percent) agreed to some extent that there is shortage of needed sample to

measure work using stop watch time study method.

3. For ambiguity in activity elements, it was seen that the out of 25 labour

respondents, 63 (12 Percent) agreed, 18 (72 Percent) are not agreed and 4 (16

Percent) agreed to some extent that there is ambiguity in activity elements

carried out to measure the work using stop watch time study method. It means

that majority of respondents (i.e 72 Percent) state that there was no ambiguity

observed in the activity elements to measure work.

4. Overall regarding technical barriers it was observed that, majority of the

respondents (64 percent) stated that they have not created any kind of technical

hurdles in application of stop watch time study method. On other hand, they are

fully supporting to measure their work performance.

209

References:

1. United States Agency for International Development, „Measuring

Competitiveness and Labour Productivity in Cambodia‟s garment industry‟.

Nathan Associates Inc. and its Parther Organisations, 2005, P.17.

2. International Labour Organisation, „Introduction to Work Study‟, Universal

Book Corporation, 3rd

Edition, 1986, PP.248.

3. Nor Diana Hashim, „Time Study Method Implementation in Manufacturing

Industry‟, A B.E Report, Universiti Technikal Malaysia, Melaka, 2008.