Chapter 6 - Ethical and Social Impact of Information Systems.doc

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AACS4794 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 6

Chapter 6 Ethical and Social Impact of Information Systems

• Technology can be a doble!edged "#o$d%

• &'g'(al 'n)o$*a('on can be analy+ed, ($an"*'((ed and "ha$ed a*ong *any -eo-le%

• .( (h'" -o#e$)l ca-ab'l'(y c$ea(e" ne# o--o$(n'('e" )o$ b$ea/'ng (he la# o$ (a/'ng

bene)'(" a#ay )$o* o(he$"%

6.1 Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems

• E(h'c" 0 '" $e)e$$'ng (o (he -$'nc'-le o) $'gh( and #$ong (ha( 'nd'1'dal", ac('ng a" )$ee

*o$al agen(", "e (o *a/e cho'ce" (o g'de (he'$ beha1'o$%

• IT 2 IS $a'"e ne# e(h'cal 3e"('on" )o$ bo(h 'nd'1'dal" and "oc'e('e" beca"e (hey

c$ea(e o--o$(n'('e" )o$ 'n(en"e "oc'al change and (h" (h$ea(en e'"('ng d'"($'b('on"

o) -o#e$, *oney, $'gh(" and obl'ga('on"%

• Th'" '" "'*'la$ (o (ele-hone, elec($'c'(y, $ad'o, e(c #he$e (he"e can be "ed (o ach'e1e

"oc'al -$og$e"", b( '( can al"o be "ed (o co**'( c$'*e" and (h$ea(en che$'"hed "oc'al1ale"%

• 5hen "'ng IS, '( '" e""en('al (o a"/, #ha( '" (he e(h'cal and "oc'ally $e"-on"'ble

co$"e o) ac('on"

Model o) E(h'cal, Soc'al and Pol'('cal I""e"

% Accon(ab'l'(y and Con($ol8% In)o$*a('on R'gh(" and

Obl'ga('on"

% P$o-e$(y R'gh(" andobl'ga('on"

4% Sy"(e*" :al'(y

;% :al'(y o) <')e

Page o) 7

Political Issues

Polity

Social Issues

Society

Ethical Issues

Individual

IT IS1

!

"

# $

%igure 6.1

The $ela('on"h'-

o) e(h'cal, "oc'aland -ol'('cal

'""e"%




• E(h'cal, "oc'al and -ol'('cal '""e" a$e clo"ely l'n/ed%

• Soc'al 'n"('(('on" =)a*'ly, edca('on, o$gan'+a('on"> ha1e de1elo-ed #ell!honed $le"

o) beha1'o$, and (he"e a$e bac/ed by 'n (he -ol'('cal "ec(o$ (ha( -$e"c$'be" beha1'o$and -$o*'"e a(ho$'+e )o$ 1'ola('on"%

• The *odel '" "e)l )o$ 'den(')y'ng (he *a'n *o$al d'*en"'on" o) (he ?'n)o$*a('on"oc'e(y@, #h'ch c( ac$o"" 1a$'o" le1el" o) ac('on 0 'nd'1'dal, "oc'al, -ol'('cal%

ey" Technology T$end" Tha( E(h'cal I""e"

• E(h'cal '""e" long -$eceded 'n)o$*a('on (echnology%

• In)o$*a('on (echnology ha" "($eng(hened e(h'cal conce$n", and -( "($e"" on e'"('ng

"oc'al a$$ange*en(", and *ade e'"('ng la#" ob"ole(e%

• The$e a$e )o$ (echnolog'cal ($end" $e"-on"'ble )o$ (he"e e(h'cal "($e""e"B

a> Co*-('ng -o#e$ doble" e1e$y *on(h"

I( ha" *ade -o""'ble )o$ *o"( o$gan'+a('on" (o "e IS )o$ (he'$ co$e -$odc('on -$oce""e"%

Th", "y"(e* de-endenc'e", 1lne$ab'l'(y (o "y"(e* e$$o$" and -oo$ da(a 3al'(y ha1e

'nc$ea"ed%

b> Ad1ance" 'n da(a "(o$age (echn'3e" and $a-'dly decl'n'ng "(o$age co"("

The"e ad1ance" 'n da(a "(o$age ha1e *ade (he $o('ne 1'ola('on o) 'nd'1'dal -$'1acy bo(h chea- and e))ec('1e%

Hge and eno$*o" da(a "(o$age "y"(e*" a$e chea- enogh )o$ $e(a'l'ng )'$*" (o "e

'n 'den(')y'ng c"(o*e$"%

c> &a(a analy"'" ad1ance"

I( enable" co*-an'e" (o )'nd o( *ch de(a'led -e$"onal 'n)o$*a('on%

5'(h con(e*-o$a$y and -!(o!da(e IT, co*-an'e" can a""e*ble and co*b'nen*e$o" -'ece" o) c"(o*e$ 'n)o$*a('on ea"'ly%

d> Ne(#o$/'ng ad1ance" and (he In(e$ne(

Co-y'ng da(a )$o* one loca('on (o ano(he$ and acce""'ng -e$"onal da(a )$o* $e*o(e

loca('on" a$e *ch ea"'e$%

Page 8 o) 7




6.! Ethics In &n Information Society

Re"-on"'b'l'(y, Accon(ab'l'(y and <'ab'l'(y

• E(h'cal cho'ce" a$e dec'"'on" *ade by 'nd'1'dal" #ho a$e $e"-on"'ble )o$ (he

con"e3ence" o) (he'$ ac('on"%• Re"-on"'b'l'(y 0 acce-('ng (he -o(en('al co"(", d('e" and obl'ga('on" )o$ (he dec'"'on"

one *a/e"%

• Accon(ab'l'(y 0 (he *echan'"*" )o$ acce""'ng $e"-on"'b'l'(y )o$ (he dec'"'on" *ade

and ac('on" (a/en%

• <'ab'l'(y 0 (he e'"(ence o) la#" (ha( -e$*'( 'nd'1'dal" (o $eco1e$ (he da*age" done

(o (he* by o(he$ "y"(e*" o$ o$gan'+a('on"%

• In)o$*a('on (echnolog'e" a$e )'l(e$ed (h$ogh "oc'al 'n"('(('on", o$gan'+a('on" and

'nd'1'dal"%

• 5ha(e1e$ 'n)o$*a('on "y"(e* '*-ac(" e'"( a$e -$odc(" o) 'n"('(('onal,

o$gan'+a('onal and 'nd'1'dal ac('on" and beha1'o$"%

• Re"-on"'b'l'(y )o$ (he con"e3ence" o) (echnology )all" clea$ly on (he 'n"('(('on",

o$gan'+a('on" and 'nd'1'dal *anage$" #ho choo"e (o "e (he (echnology%

• Ho# (o condc( an e(h'cal analy"'"

Iden(')y and de"c$'be clea$ly (he )ac("

&e)'ne (he con)l'c( and d'le**a and 'den(')y (he h'ghe$!o$de$ 1ale" 'n1ol1ed

Iden(')y (he "(a/eholde$"

Iden(')y (he $ea"onable o-('on"

Iden(')y (he -o(en('al con"e3ence" o) (he o-('on"

6." The 'oral (imensions of Information Systems

The *aDo$ e(h'cal, "oc'al and -ol'('cal '""e" $a'"ed by 'n)o$*a('on "y"(e*" 'nclde (he

)ollo#'ng *o$al d'*en"'on"B

a> In)o$*a('on $'gh(" and obl'ga('on"

• I( '" $e)e$ (o (he $'gh(" (ha( 'nd'1'dal" and o$gan'+a('on" ha1e #'(h $e"-ec( (o

'n)o$*a('on (ha( -e$(a'n" (o (he*%

5ha( 'n)o$*a('on $'gh(" do 'nd'1'dal" and o$gan'+a('on" -o""e" #'(h $e"-ec( (o

'n)o$*a('on abo( (he*"el1e"

5ha( can (hey -$o(ec(

5ha( obl'ga('on" do 'nd'1'dal" and o$gan'+a('on" ha1e conce$n'ng (h'"

'n)o$*a('on

• P$'1acy 0 (he cla'* o) 'nd'1'dal" (o be le)( alone, )$ee )$o* "$1e'llance o$

'n(e$)e$ence )$o* o(he$ 'nd'1'dal", o$gan'+a('on" o$ (he go1e$n*en(%

Page o) 7




• Eg% F$eedo* o) In)o$*a('on Ac(, 966 a" A*ended =; SC ;;8>, P$'1acy Ac( o)

974 a" A*ended =; SC ;;8a>, P$'1acy P$o(ec('on Ac( o) 97, e(c%

In(e$ne( Challenge" (o P$'1acy

• In)o$*a('on "en( o1e$ 1a"( ne(#o$/" *ay -a"" (h$ogh *any d'))e$en( co*-(e$"y"(e*" be)o$e '( $eache" '(" )'nal de"('na('on%

• Each o) (he"e "y"(e*" '" ca-able o) *on'(o$'ng, ca-($'ng and "(o$'ng

co**n'ca('on" (ha( -a"" (h$ogh '(%

• I( '" -o""'ble (o $eco$d *any onl'ne ac('1'('e", 'ncld'ng #h'ch 5eb "'(e" o$ 5eb

-age" a "e$ ha" 1'"'(ed, #ha( '(e*" (ha( -e$"on ha" 'n"-ec(ed o$ -$cha"ed o1e$ (he5eb%

• Tool" and de1'ce" (o *on'(o$ 1'"'(" (o (he 5o$ld 5'de 5eb =555> ha1e beco*e

-o-la$ beca"e (hey hel- o$gan'+a('on" de(e$*'ne #ho '" 1'"'('ng (he'$ 5eb "'(e"%

• 5eb "'(e" al"o "'ng ?cookie@ (echnology, a ('ny )'le de-o"'(ed on a co*-(e$ ha$d

d$'1e (o 'den(')y 1'"'(o$" 5eb b$o#"e$ "o)(#a$e and ($ac/ 1'"'(" (o (he 5eb "'(e%

• 5hen (he 1'"'(o$ $e($n" (o a "'(e (ha( ha" de-o"'(ed a coo/'e, (he 5eb "'(e "o)(#a$e

#'ll "ea$ch (he 1'"'(o$" co*-(e$, )'nd (he coo/'e and ?/no#@ #ha( (he -e$"on ha"

done 'n (he -a"(%

• Fo$ ea*-le, ') yo -$cha"e a boo/ on (he A*a+on%co* 5eb "'(e and $e($n la(e$

)$o* (he "a*e b$o#"e$, (he "'(e #'ll #elco*e yo by na*e and $eco**end o(he$

boo/" o) 'n(e$e"( ba"ed on #ha( yo -a"( -$cha"e"%

Techn'cal Sol('on"

• Fo$ leg'"la('on, "o*e (echnolog'e" a$e be'ng de1elo-ed (o -$o(ec( "e$ -$'1acy d$'ng

'n(e$ac('on" #'(h 5eb "'(e"%

•So*e (ool" a$e "ed )o$ enc$y-('ng e!*a'l, *a/'ng e!*a'l o$ 5eb "$)'ng ac('1'('e"a--ea$ anony*o" o$ -$e1en('ng "e$ co*-(e$" )$o* acce-('ng ?coo/'e"@%

Page 4 o) 7

Privacy Protection

%unction

(escription E)ample

Manag'ng Coo/'e" .loc/ o$ l'*'( coo/'e" )$o* be'ng -laced on (he "e$" co*-(e$

M'c$o"o)( In(e$ne(E-lo$e$ ; and 6

Coo/'eC$n"he$

Cloc/'ng Ad" Con($ol ad" (ha( -o- - ba"ed on "e$

-$o)'le" and -$e1en( ad" )$o* collec('ng

o$ "end'ng 'n)o$*a('on

.HO Co-

AdSb($ac(

Enc$y-('ng e!*a'l o$da(a

Sc$a*ble e!*a'l o$ da(a "o (ha( '( #'llno( be $eadable

P$e((y GoodP$'1acy =PGP>

Anony*o" Allo# "e$" (o "$) (he 5eb #'(ho(

be'ng 'den(')'ed o$ (o "end anony*o"

e!*a'l

Anony*'+e$%co*

Ta*le 6.1 P$'1acy -$o(ec('on (ool"




Ethical Issues

nde$ #ha( c'$c*"(ance" "hold I =yo> a""al( (he -$'1acy o) o(he$" &o #e ha1e (o 'n)o$* -eo-le #ha( #e a$e ea1e"d$o--'ng =l'"(en 'n>

Social Issues

In #ha( a$ea" o) l')e "hold #e a" a "oc'e(y enco$age -eo-le (o (h'n/ (hey a$e 'n

?-$'1a(e (e$$'(o$y@ a" o--o"ed (o -bl'c 1'e#

Shold #e a" a "oc'e(y enco$age -eo-le (o de1elo- e-ec(a('on" o) -$'1acy #hen"'ng e!*a'l

Political Issue

Shold #e allo# F.I o$ any 'n1e"('ga(o$" (o *on'(o$ e!*a'l #hen (hey ""-ec(ed

c$'*'nal"

b> P$o-e$(y R'gh("B In(ellec(al -$o-e$(y

• In(ellec(al -$o-e$(y 0 'n(ang'ble -$o-e$(y c$ea(ed by 'nd'1'dal" o$ co$-o$a('on" (ha(

'" "bDec( (o -$o(ec('on" nde$ ($ade "ec$e(, co-y$'gh( and -a(en( la#%

• T$ade "ec$e( 0 '( $e)e$" (o any 'n(ellec(al #o$/ -$odc( 0 a )o$*la

=-$oced$e"2-$oce""e">, de1'ce, -a((e$n o$ co*-'la('on o) da(a 0 "ed )o$ a b"'ne""

-$-o"e%

• Co-y$'gh( 0 a "(a((o$y g$an( (ha( -$o(ec(" c$ea(o$" o) 'n(ellec(al -$o-e$(y aga'n"(

co-y'ng by o(he$" )o$ any -$-o"e )o$ a *'n'** o) 7 yea$"%

• Pa(en( 0 A legal doc*en( (ha( g$an( (he o#ne$ an ecl"'1e *ono-oly on (he 'dea"

beh'nd an 'n1en('on )o$ 8 yea$"%

Ethical Issues

I( '" conce$n" (he -$o(ec('on o) 'n(ellec(al -$o-e$(y "ch a" "o)(#a$e, d'g'(al

boo/", d'g'(al *"'c and e(c%

Shold I =yo> co-y )o$ *y o#n "e a -'ece o) "o)(#a$e o$ o(he$ d'g'(al con(en(

*a(e$'al -$o(ec(ed by ($ade "ec$e(, co-y$'gh(, and2o$ -a(en( la#

Social Issues

The ea"e #'(h #h'ch "o)(#a$e and d'g'(al con(en( can be co-'ed con($'b(e" (o*a/'ng " a "oc'e(y o) la#b$ea/e$"%

The"e $o('ne (he)(" (h$ea(en "'gn')'can(ly (o $edce (he "-eed #'(h #h'ch ne#'n)o$*a('on (echnolog'e" can and #'ll be 'n($odced and (he$e)o$e, (h$ea(en

)$(he$ ad1ance" 'n -$odc('1'(y and "oc'al #ell!be'ng%

Page ; o) 7




Political Issues

Th'" *a'nly conce$n" (he c$ea('on o) ne# -$o-e$(y -$o(ec('on *ea"$e" (o -$o(ec('n1e"(*en(" *ade by c$ea(o$" o) ne# "o)(#a$e, d'g'(al boo/" and d'g'(al

en(e$(a'n*en(%

Eg, M'c$o"o)( and ,4 o(he$ "o)(#a$e and 'n)o$*a('on con(en( )'$*" a$e

$e-$e"en(ed by (he So)(#a$e and In)o$*a('on Ind"($y A""oc'a('on =SIIA>, #h'chlobb'e" )o$ ne# la#" and en)o$ce*en( o) e'"('ng la#" (o -$o(ec( 'n(ellec(al

-$o-e$(y a$ond (he #o$ld%

c> Accon(ab'l'(y and con($ol

• Along #'(h -$'1acy and -$o-e$(y la#", ne# 'n)o$*a('on (echnolog'e" a$e challeng'ng

e'"('ng l'ab'l'(y la# and "oc'al -$ac('ce" )o$ hold'ng 'nd'1'dal" and 'n"('(('on"accon(able%

• 5ho can and #'ll be held accon(able and l'able )o$ (he ha$* done de (o 'nd'1'dal

and collec('1e 'n)o$*a('on and -$o-e$(y $'gh("

Ethical Issues

The cen($al l'ab'l'(y!$ela(ed e(h'cal '""e $a'"ed by ne# 'n)o$*a('on (echnolog'e"

'" #he(he$ 'nd'1'dal" and o$gan'+a('on" (ha( c$ea(e, -$odce and "ell "y"(e*"=bo(h ha$d#a$e and "o)(#a$e> a$e *o$ally $e"-on"'ble )o$ (he con"e3ence" o)

(he'$ "e%

I) "o, nde$ #ha( cond'('on" 5ha( l'ab'l'('e" "hold (he "e$ a""*e

Social Issues

Shold 'nd'1'dal" and o$gan'+a('on" be enco$aged (o de1elo- (he'$ o#n bac/-

de1'ce" (o co1e$ l'/ely o$ ea"'ly an('c'-a(ed "y"(e* )a'l$e"

Can "oc'e(y allo# ne(#o$/" and blle('n boa$d" (o -o"( 'nacc$a(e and *'"lead'ng

'n)o$*a('on (ha( #'ll ha$* *any -e$"on"

Political Issues

The deba(e be(#een 'n)o$*a('on -$o1'de$", #ho #an( (o be $el'e1ed o) l'ab'l'(y a"

*ch a" -o""'ble and "e$1'ce "e$", #ho #an( o$gan'+a('on" (o be held$e"-on"'ble )o$ -$o1'd'ng h'gh!3al'(y "y"(e* "e$1'ce"%

Shold leg'"la('on '*-o"e l'ab'l'(y o$ $e"($'c( l'ab'l'(y on "e$1'ce -$o1'de$"

d> Sy"(e* :al'(yB &a(a :al'(y and Sy"(e* E$$o$"

• 5ha( "(anda$d" o) da(a and "y"(e* 3al'(y "hold be de*and (o -$o(ec( 'nd'1'dal

$'gh(" and (he "a)e(y o) "oc'e(y

• A( #ha( -o'n( "hold "y"(e* *anage$" "ay, ? S(o- (e"('ng, #e1e done all #e can (o

-$o(ec( (h'" "o)(#a$e@

• Ind'1'dal" and o$gan'+a('on" *ay be held $e"-on"'ble )o$ a1o'dable and )o$e"eeable

con"e3ence", #h'ch (hey ha1e a d(y (o -e$ce'1e and co$$ec(%

Ethical Issues

Shold I =o$ yo> $elea"e "o)(#a$e o$ "e$1'ce" )o$ con"*-('on by o(he$"

Page 6 o) 7




A( #ha( -o'n( can yo conclde (ha( yo$ "o)(#a$e o$ "e$1'ce ach'e1e" an

econo*'cally and (echnolog'cally ade3a(e le1el o) 3al'(y

Social Issue

A" a "oc'e(y, do #e #an( (o enco$age -eo-le (o bel'e1e (ha( "y"(e*" a$e -e$)ec(

(ha( da(a e$$o$" a$e '*-o""'ble

Political Issues

Shold Na('onal In"('((e o) Sc'ence and Technology =NIST> (o de1elo- 3al'(y

"(anda$d" o) "o)(#a$e, ha$d#a$e and da(a

Shold o$ go1e$n*en( o$ Cong$e"" -n'"h -oo$ "y"(e* 3al'(y

e> :al'(y o) <')e

• The nega('1e "oc'al co"(" o) 'n($odc'ng 'n)o$*a('on (echnolog'e" and "y"(e*" a$e

beg'nn'ng (o *on( along #'(h (he -o#e$ o) (echnology%• The"e nega('1e con"e3ence" can be e($e*ely ha$*)l (o 'nd'1'dal", "oc'e('e" and

-ol'('cal 'n"('(('on"%

• Th", balanc'ng -o#e$, $a-'d'(y o) change =$edced $e"-on"e ('*e (o co*-e('('on>

and *a'n(a'n'ng bonda$'e" =)a*'ly, #o$/ and le'"$e> a$e '*-o$(an( (o 3al'(y o) l')e%

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