Upload
tayten
View
120
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 6 ANCIENT ROME and THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY. 509 B.C. – A.D. 476. Section 1: The Roman World Takes Shape. Rome Began as a small city-state in Italy Geography Peninsula centrally located in the Mediterranean Rome center of Italy Much easier to unify than Greece. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
CHAPTER 6ANCIENT ROME and
THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
509 B.C. – A.D. 476
Section 1: The Roman World Takes Shape Rome
Began as a small city-state in Italy Geography
Peninsula centrally located in the Mediterranean
Rome center of Italy Much easier to unify than Greece.
Mountains less rugged Broad, fertile plains
Peoples
Latins Roman ancestors Settled along the Tiber River
Herded and farmed Grew into Rome, “city on seven
hills” Shared peninsula with Greeks and
Etruscans
Etruscans
Ruled much of central Italy, including Rome itself.
Provided the alphabet to the Romans (acquired from the Greeks).
Provided the arch in building Adapted engineering techniques to drain the
marshy lands along the Tiber Etruscan gods and goddesses merged with
Roman deities.
The Roman Republic 509 B.C. Romans drove out the
Etruscans Date marks the founding of the
Roman state Republic a government in which
some officials were chosen by the people
“Thing of the people” Keep an individual from gaining
too much power
The Government Takes Shape Senate
Most powerful governing body Patricians
senate members Landholding upper class Served for life Made the laws
Senators, cont’d Consuls
Supervise the business of government and command the armies
Elected from the patrician class Could serve only one term Expected to consult with the senate Provided a system of checks on the
power of government
Cincinnatus Dictator
Chosen by senate in the event of war
Granted complete control over a government
Power to rule for 6 months
Cincinnatus, cont’d 16 days
Organized an army
Led to Romans to victory
Attended victory celebrations
Returned to his farmland
Plebians Demand Equality Plebeians
Farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders Bulk of the population; had little influence Government had the Roman laws inscribed
on 12 tablets and set up in the Forum, or marketplace.
Laws of the Twelve Tables Made it possible for plebians to appeal a
judgment handed down by a patrician judge.
Tribunes plebian elected officials to protect their interests
Roman Society Male the head of the household Wife, subject to his authority; not
allowed to administer her own affairs In later Roman times, women from all
classes ran businesses. Girls and boys learned to read and
write Jupiter Roman god who ruled over
the sky and all the other gods.
Expansion in Italy 270 B.C. Rome controlled most of the
Italian peninsula Legion basic military unit made of
about 5,000 men Roman armies
Consisted of citizen-soldiers who fought without pay and supplied their own weapons.
Conquered Lands People had to acknowledge Roman
leadership Pay taxes Supply soldiers for the Roman army Rome let them keep their own
customs, money and local government
Some gained full citizenship
Protection and Unification
Posted soldiers throughout the land Built a network of all-weather military
roads to link distant territories to Rome
Local peoples incorporated Latin into their languages and adopted many Roman customs and beliefs.
Section 2: From Republic to Empire Carthage
City-state on the northern coast of Africa
Settled by North Africans and Phoenician traders
Ruled over an empire that stretched across North Africa and the western Mediterranean
First Punic War Rome defeated Carthage and won Sicily,
Corsica, and Sardinia Second Punic War
Hannibal, Carthaginian general, led his army including dozens of war elephants, on an epic march across the Pyrenees, through France, and over the Alps into Italy.
Carthage gave up all its lands except those in Africa.
Wars with Carthage
Wars with Carthage, cont’d
Third Punic War Rome completely destroyed
Carthage. Survivors killed or sold into slavery. Romans poured salt over the earth
so nothing would grow there again.
Other Conquests Imperialism
Establishing control over foreign lands and peoples
Romans confronted the Hellenistic rulers who divided up the empire of Alexander the Great.
Provinces Lands under Roman rule
133 B.C. Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.
Social and Economic Effects Conquests and control of busy trade routes
brought incredible riches into Rome. Generals, officials, and traders amassed
fortunes from loot, taxes, and commerce. Latifundia huge estates bought up by newly
wealthy Roman citizens. Forced people captured in war to work as slaves
Widespread use of slave labor hurt small farmers.
Many farmers fell into debt and had to sell their land.
Social and Economic Effects, cont’d Landless farmers
flocked to Rome and other cities looking for jobs.
Gap between poor and rich widened
New wealth increased corruption
Attempts at Reform Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Young patrician brothers Among the first to attempt reform
Tiberius, tribune, called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers
Gaius, tribune 10 years later, sought a wider range of reforms Use of public funds to buy grain to feed the
poor Killed in waves of street violence set off by
senators and their hired thugs.
Decline of the Republic Rome was plunged into a series of civil
wars Senate
Wanted to govern as it had in the past Popular political leaders
Wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms
Turmoil sparked slave uprisings and revolts among Rome’s allies
Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power Ambitious military
commander Completed the
conquest of Gaul –now France
“Veni, vidi, vici” Forced the senate to
make him dictator Absolute ruler of
Rome
Caesar’s Reforms Public works to employ the jobless Gave public land to the poor Reorganized the government of the provinces Granted Roman citizenship to more people Julian calendar Introduction of a new
calendar based on Egyptian knowledge; still our calendar today (with minor changes).
Assassination Caesar’s enemies
worried that he planned to make himself king of Rome
Plotted against him to save the republic
March 44 B.C. enemies stabbed him to death in the senate
Civil Wars Caesar’s death plunged
Rome into a new round of civil wars
Mark Antony Caesar’s chief general Octavian, Caesar’s
grandnephew Joined forces to track
down the murderers Quarreled, Octavian
defeated Antony and Cleopatra
Roman Empire and Roman Peace Octavian received the title of Augustus, or
“Exalted One” Declared him princeps, or first citizen Exercised absolute power and named his
successor Created an efficient well-trained civil service to
enforce the laws High level jobs open to talented men, regardless
of class Cemented the allegiance of cities and provinces
to Rome by allowing them a large measure of self-government.
Augustus Ordered a census,
population count, to make the tax system fair
Set up a postal service
Issued new coins to make trade easier
Jobless worked on building roads and temples and farmed the land
Bad Emperors and Good Emperors Caligula
Appointed his favorite horse as consul Nero
Viciously persecuted Christians and wan even blamed for setting a great fire that destroyed much of Rome
Hadrian Codified Roman law; built a wall across Britain to
hold back attackers Marcus Aurelius
Philosopher-king; stoic philosophy and commitment to duty
The Pax Romana “Roman Peace” 200 year span that began with Augustus and
ended with Marcus Aurelius Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and
prosperity to lands stretching from the Euphrates River in the east to Britain in the west.
Bread and Circuses Circus Maximus Rome’s largest
racecourse Chariot races Gladiator contests
Slaves trained to fight
Good fighter could win his freedom
Government provided free grain to feed the poor
Section 3: The Roman Achievement Greco-Roman Civilization
Rome absorbed ideas from Greek colonists in southern Italy
Blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization.
Trade and travel during Pax Romano helped spread.
Literature, Philosophy and History Aeneid
Written by Virgil after Augustus came to power; hoped to arouse patriotism and unite Rome
Satirize, make fun of Other poets, like Horace, used playful wit to
attack human folly. Livy, historian, sought to rouse patriotic
feeling and restore traditional Roman virtues by recalling images of Rome’s heroic past.
Stoics stressed the importance of duty and acceptance of one’s fate; showed concern for the well-being of all people.
Art and Architecture sculptors stressed
realism, and revealed an individual’s character
Romans beautified their homes with works of art.
Pompeii Mosaic picture
made from chips of colored stone or glass
Pantheon Most famous domed
structure Temple to all the
Roman gods Still stands in Rome
Technology and Science Romans excelled in engineering the
application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines. Built bridges, roads, harbors, and
aqueducts Aqueducts bridge-like stone structures
that brought water from the hills into Roman cities
Public baths To wash themselves and to hear the
latest news and exchange gossip
Roman Law Civil Law
System of law that applied to Roman citizens Law of Nations
Applied to all people under Roman rule When Rome extended citizenship across the
empire, the two systems merged. Accused allowed to face the accuser Presumed innocent until proven guilty Judges interpret the laws and make fair
decisions
Section 4: The Rise of Christianity Mystery Religions
Cult of Isis Offered women equal status with men
Mithras Championed good over evil and
offered life after death Rome tolerated the various religious
traditions As long as citizens showed loyalty to
Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor.
Divisions in Judea 63 B.C. Romans conquered Judea, where
most of the Jews of the time lived. Romans excused Jews from worshipping Roman
gods. Zealots
Called on Jews to revolt against Rome and reestablish an independent state.
Messiah, anointed king sent by God, would soon appear to lead to Jewish people to freedom.
Jewish Revolt A.D. 66 Roman forces
crushed the rebels Captured Jerusalem Destroyed the Jewish
temple Roman armies leveled
Jerusalem Many Jews decided to
leave Judea Jewish rabbis extended
and preserved the religious law as set forth in the Talmud
Jesus and His Message Founder of Christianity Gospels
First four books of the New Testament Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
Born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem Worshipped God and followed Jewish law Apostles, “a person sent forth”
Twelve close followers Roman authorities a revolutionary who might
lead the Jews in a rebellion against Roman rule.
Spread of Christianity Paul
Jew from Asia Minor Had never seen Jesus Had a vision in which Jesus spoke to him Spread the teachings of Jesus to gentiles, non-
Jews Journeyed around the Mediterranean and set up
churches from Mesopotamia to Rome. His letters explained difficult doctrines, judged
disputes, and expanded Christian teachings Apart of the new Testament
Persecution Rome did not tolerate Christianity Christians refused to make sacrifices to the
emperor or to honor the Roman gods. Roman rulers used Christians as scapegoats,
blaming them for social or economic ills. Thousands of Christians became martyrs,
people who suffer or die for their beliefs.
Reasons for Christianity’s Appeal Found comfort in Jesus’ message of love
Welcomed all people Equality, human dignity, and the promise of a
better life Incorporated the discipline and moderation of
Greek philosophy Christian documents written in Greek or
Latin, languages that many people understood
Impressed by the strength of Christians’ belief.
Triumph Persecution ended
with the Edict of Milan Emperor
Constantine Granted freedom
of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire
The Early Christian Church A person fully joined the Christian community
by renouncing evil in the rite of baptism. Through baptism sins were forgiven by the
grace of God Members of the community are equals Gather each Sunday as a thanksgiving to
God Eucharist
Sacred meal in which baptized ate bread and drank wine
Structure of the Church Each Christian community had its own priest Only men allowed to be members of the
clergy Bishop church official responsible for all
Christians in a diocese district or region under the care of a bishop.
Patriarch highest church official in a major city.
Divisions in the Church Bishops in Rome popes; began to claim
greater authority over all other bishops. Greek-speaking east patriarchs felt that the
five patriarchs should share spiritual authority as equals.
Heresies beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings. Church leaders met to decide official
Christian teachings. Sent out missionaries to convert people to
Christianity
Theology and Scholarship Theology talk or discourse about God. Clement and Origen
Leading scholars of the early Christian Church Lived and worked as teachers in Alexandria Both wrote in Greek Could reach a deeper understanding through
reflection Augustine
Bishop of Hippo in North Africa Wrote The City of God
Section 5: The Long Decline 180
Marcus Aurelius dies Pax Romana ends
Disruptive political pattern emerges 50 year period, 26 emperors reigned High taxes Poor farmers left their land to work for
wealthy landowners
Emperor Diocletian 284 A.D. Set out to restore order Divided the empire into two parts Kept control of the wealthier eastern part
himself Appointed a co-emperor to rule the western
provinces Retained absolute power Fixed prices for goods and services to slow
inflation
Emperor Constantine 312 A.D. Granted toleration to
Christians Built a new capital,
Constantinople Made the east
portion of the empire the center of the power
Foreign Invasions Huns
Nomadic people, migrating across Central Asia Dislodge Germanic peoples in their path Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and others crossed into
Roman territory seeking safety Roman legions were hard pressed to halt
invading peoples Surrendered Britain, France and Spain
Rome Defeated 410
Visigoth general Alaric overran Italy and plundered Rome
434 Attila, Hun leader “scourge of God” Embarked on a savage campaign of conquest
across much of Europe 476 “fall of Rome”
Odoacer ousted the emperor in Rome
Causes of the Fall of Rome Military Causes
Roman legions lacked the discipline and training of past Roman armies.
Use of mercenaries foreign soldiers serving for pay
Political Causes Government became more oppressive
and authoritarian lost support of the people
Corrupt officials Frequent civil wars Dividing the empire
Causes of the Fall of Rome Economic Causes
Heavy taxes Reliance on slave labor discouraged Romans
from exploring new technology Farmers abandoned their land Middle classes sank into poverty War and epidemic diseases swept the empire
Social Causes Decline of patriotism Upper classes devoted to luxury and self-interest